TED2009
Kary Mullis: A next-gen cure for killer infections
Kary Mullis: Uue põlvkonna ravim tapjabakterite vastu
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Ravimresistentsed bakterid on surmavad, seda isegi tipphaiglates. Nüüdsest ootab tõsiseid infektsioone tekitavaid baktereid nagu stafülokokk ja antraks aga ees suur üllatus. Nobeli auhinna laureaat keemik Kary Mullis, kes kaotas oma hea sõbra bakteri tõttu, mille vastu ka tugevad antibiootikumid olid jõuetud, valgustab uut radikaalset ravimeetodit, mille tulemused on väga paljulubavad.
Kary Mullis - Biochemist
Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way to copy a strand of DNA. (His technique, called PCR, jump-started the 1990s' biorevolution.) He's known for his wide-ranging interests -- and strong opinions. Full bio
Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way to copy a strand of DNA. (His technique, called PCR, jump-started the 1990s' biorevolution.) He's known for his wide-ranging interests -- and strong opinions. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
So it was about four years ago, five years ago,
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4-5 aasta eest Philadelphias
oli mul laval kaasas sarnane kott.
oli mul laval kaasas sarnane kott.
00:21
I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was,
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00:23
with a bag similar to this.
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00:26
And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag.
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Võtsin seal selle molekuli kotist välja
00:29
And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well,
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öeldes, et ega te seda
molekuli eriti ju ei tunne,
molekuli eriti ju ei tunne,
00:32
but your body knows it extremely well.
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aga teie keha tunneb seda väga hästi.
00:35
And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time,
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Arvasin, et keha ei salli seda molekuli,
sest selle vastu on kõrge immuunsus.
00:39
because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope.
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See molekul on galaktoos-alfa epitoop.
00:42
And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them
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Sea südameklappidel on neid palju,
00:46
is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.
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seetõttu ei ole just lihtne inimesele
sea südameklappi siirdada.
sea südameklappi siirdada.
00:50
Actually our body doesn't hate these.
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Tegelikult me keha neid ei vihkagi.
00:52
Our body loves these. It eats them.
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Me keha armastab neid,
ta sööb neid.
00:55
I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry.
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Meie immuunsüsteemi rakud on alati näljas
00:58
And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things
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ja kui antikeha haakub
rakus ühe sellise külge,
rakus ühe sellise külge,
01:02
on the cell, it means "that's food."
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antakse sõnum: "See on toit".
01:05
Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this
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Mõtlesin selle üle, et meie immuunsüsteem
01:07
immune response to this ridiculous molecule
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reageerib sellele tühisele molekulile,
01:10
that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff.
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mida keha ise ei tooda,
aga mis on olemas teistel loomadel.
01:14
But I said we can't get rid of it,
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Aga lahti me sellest ka ei saa,
01:17
because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves
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sest kõik, kes on proovinud
südameklappe siirdada,
südameklappe siirdada,
01:19
found out you can't get rid of that immunity.
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teavad, et immuunreaksioon on vältimatu.
01:21
And I said, why don't you use that?
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Mul tuli mõte, et seda
võiks kuidagi ära kasutada.
võiks kuidagi ära kasutada.
01:23
What if I could stick this molecule,
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Mis oleks, kui ma võtaksin selle molekuli,
01:26
slap it onto a bacteria
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haagiksin selle patogeense bakteri külge,
01:28
that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs?
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mis on just mu kopsudesse tunginud?
01:32
I mean I could immediately tap into
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Saaksin kohe ära kasutada
automaatset immuunvastust,
automaatset immuunvastust,
01:34
an immune response that was already there,
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01:36
where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it --
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mis ei vaja tekkimiseks 5-6 päeva aega,
01:39
it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on.
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vaid ründaks koheselt seda,
mille külge too molekul on haagitud.
mille külge too molekul on haagitud.
01:42
It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you,
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Umbes sama loogika alusel,
01:44
like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A.,
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kui liikluspolitsei, kes su
Los Angeleses kinni peab
Los Angeleses kinni peab
01:48
and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car,
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ja poetab auto tagaistmele
kotikese marihuaanaga
kotikese marihuaanaga
01:51
and then charges you for possession of marijuana.
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ja arreteerib su marihuaana omamise eest.
01:54
It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.
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Igatahes väga kiire ja efektiivne moodus
inimeste liiklusest kõrvaldamiseks.
inimeste liiklusest kõrvaldamiseks.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
02:00
So you can take a bacteria
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Samuti saab võtta bakteri,
kes ise midagi sellist ei tooda,
kes ise midagi sellist ei tooda,
02:02
that really doesn't make these things at all,
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02:04
and if you could clamp these on it really well
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aga kui see õnnestub talle külge pookida,
02:06
you have it taken off the street.
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siis on see liiklusest eemaldatud.
02:08
And for certain bacteria
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Ja on baktereid, mille puhul
olemasolevad võtted enam ei toimi.
olemasolevad võtted enam ei toimi.
02:10
we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore.
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02:12
Our antibiotics are running out.
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Tõhusad antibiootikumid
hakkavad ammenduma.
hakkavad ammenduma.
02:14
And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too.
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Ja on näha, et ka maailm
hakkab end ammendama.
hakkab end ammendama.
02:17
So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now --
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50 aasta pärast poleks vist enam vahet,
02:20
streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant --
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kui kõikjal vohaks
streptokokk ja muud sarnane,
streptokokk ja muud sarnane,
02:23
because we won't be here. But if we are --
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sest meid siis enam pole.
Kui aga siiski oleme...
02:25
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
02:27
we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.
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siis on meil bakteritega midagi ette võtta.
02:29
So I started working with this thing,
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Võtsime selle asja koos mitmete
kaastöötajatega ette.
kaastöötajatega ette.
02:33
with a bunch of collaborators.
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02:35
And trying to attach this to things that were
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Püüdsime haakida seda teiste asjade külge,
02:38
themselves attached to certain specific target zones,
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mis ise kinnitusid teatud sihtmärkidele
02:42
bacteria that we don't like.
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bakteritele, mis meile ei meeldi.
02:44
And I feel now like George Bush.
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Tunnen end nüüd nagu George Bush,
02:48
It's like "mission accomplished."
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kui ta ütles: "Ülesanne täidetud!"
Minu tehtud asi võis olla küll rumal,
nii nagu temal omal ajal,
nii nagu temal omal ajal,
02:50
So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time.
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02:53
But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work.
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aga põhimõtteliselt see asi toimib.
02:57
And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.
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Ja see tapab baktereid, see õgib neid.
03:01
This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there,
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See asjandus kinnitub nagu pildil
olev väike roheline kolmnurk.
olev väike roheline kolmnurk.
03:05
sort of symbolizing this right now.
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Seda saab kinnitada DNA aptameerile
03:08
You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer.
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03:11
And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically
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ja DNA aptameer haakub
konkreetse valitud sihtmärgi külge,
konkreetse valitud sihtmärgi külge,
03:13
to a target that you have selected for it.
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03:15
So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like,
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Näiteks mõne kurja bakteri külge
03:19
like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular,
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nagu stafülokoki külge,
mis on mulle eriti vastik,
mis on mulle eriti vastik,
03:22
because it killed a professor friend of mine last year.
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kuna tappis mullu mu professorist sõbra.
03:25
It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it.
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Ta ei reageeri ühelegi antibiootikumile.
Mulle see ei meeldi.
03:28
And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it.
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Teen valmis aptameeri,
millel on see asjandus küljes,
millel on see asjandus küljes,
03:31
That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body,
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mis oskab stafülokokki
organismist üles leida
organismist üles leida
03:34
and will alert your immune system to go after it.
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ja annab immuunsüsteemile
käsu seda rünnata.
käsu seda rünnata.
03:37
Here's what happened. See that line on the very top
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Siin on näha, kuidas asi toimib.
Näete ülemist joon väikeste täppidega?
03:40
with the little dots?
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03:42
That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned
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Need on hiired, keda sõbrad teadlased
Texasest Brooksi Õhuväebaasist
Texasest Brooksi Õhuväebaasist
03:45
by our scientist friends down in Texas,
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03:47
at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax.
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on mürgitanud antraksiga.
03:50
And they had also been treated with a drug that we made
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Samu hiiri raviti meie tehtud ravimiga,
03:53
that would attack anthrax in particular,
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mis ründab just antraksit,
andes immuunsüsteemile vastava käsu.
03:56
and direct your immune system to it.
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03:58
You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line --
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Nagu näete seal ülemisel joonel,
04:00
that's a 100 percent survival rate.
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jäid need kõik hiired ellu, 100 protsenti.
04:02
And they actually lived another 14 days,
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Nad elasid veel 14 kuni 28 päeva
04:05
or 28 when we finally killed them,
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enne kui me nad lõpuks
surmasime ja lahkasime
surmasime ja lahkasime
04:07
and took them apart and figured out what went wrong.
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et saada teada, mis läks valesti,
04:10
Why did they not die?
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miks nemad ära surnud?
04:12
And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore.
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Nad ei surnud sellepärast,
et neil antraksit enam polnud.
et neil antraksit enam polnud.
04:15
So we did it. Okay?
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Seega, saime hakkama, eks ole?
04:17
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
04:19
Mission accomplished!
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Ülesanne täidetud!
04:21
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kary Mullis - BiochemistKary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing a way to copy a strand of DNA. (His technique, called PCR, jump-started the 1990s' biorevolution.) He's known for his wide-ranging interests -- and strong opinions.
Why you should listen
In the early 1980s, Kary Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, an elegant way to make copies of a DNA strand using the enzyme polymerase and some basic DNA "building blocks." The process opened the door to more in-depth study of DNA -- like the Human Genome Project. Mullis shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing this technique.
As he tells it, after winning the Nobel Prize, his next career move was to learn how to surf. It's typical of Mullis, whose scientific method is to get deeply curious about a topic, work it out from first principles, and then imagine the next giant leap forward. As he puts it in his Nobel autobiography, revised several times since 1993, "I read a lot, and think a lot, and I can talk about almost anything. Being a Nobel laureate is a license to be an expert in lots of things as long as you do your homework."
Most recently, he's been taking a hard look at immunity; a recent patent from his company Altermune describes the redirection of an existing immune response to a new pathogen.
Kary Mullis | Speaker | TED.com