TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
Aditi Shankardass: Unha segunda opinión sobre os trastornos de aprendizaxe.
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Normalmente, os trastornos de desenvolvemento nos nenos son diagnosticados mediante a observación do seu comportamento. Aditi Shankardass soubo que deberiamos observar directamente nos seus cerebros e explica como o sorprendente aparello EEG do seu laboratorio revelou erros nos diagnósticos, transformando así a vida dos nenos.
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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Cando eu tiña 10 anos
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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un primo meu levoume a visita-la súa escola de medicina
00:22
And as a special treat,
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E especialmente
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he took me to the pathology lab
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levoume ao laboratorio de patoloxía.
00:26
and took a real human brain
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Colleu un cerebro humano real,
00:28
out of the jar
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sacouno do frasco
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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e púxoo nas miñas mans.
00:32
And there it was,
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E alí estaba,
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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o asento da conciencia humana,
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the powerhouse of the human body,
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o centro do poder do corpo humano,
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sitting in my hands.
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colocado nas miñas mans.
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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E ese día souben que cando medrara,
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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ía convertirme nunha doutora do cerebro,
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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ou científica, una cousa ou a outra.
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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Anos máis tarde, cando finalmente medrei,
00:50
my dream came true.
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o meu soño fíxose realidade.
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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E foi mentres facía o meu doutorado
00:54
on the neurological causes
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sobre as causas neurolóxicas
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of dyslexia in children
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da dislexia nos nenos,
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that I encountered a startling fact
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cando atopei un feito sorprendente
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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que me gustaría compartir hoxe con todos vós.
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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Estímase que un de cada seis nenos,
01:06
that's one in six children,
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sí, un de cada seis nenos,
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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padece algún trastorno de desenvolvemento.
01:13
This is a disorder that
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Este é un trastorno que
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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retrasa o desenvolvemento mental do neno
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and causes permanent mental impairments.
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e causa discapacidades mentais permanentes.
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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O que significa que todos e cada un de vós que estades hoxe aquí
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knows at least one child that is suffering
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coñecedes alomenos un neno que sofre
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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un trastorno de desenvolvemento.
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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Pero aquí ven o que realmente me deixou perplexa:
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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a pesar do feito de que todos
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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e cada un destes trastornos
01:36
originates in the brain,
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teñen orixe no cerebro,
01:39
most of these disorders
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a maioría deles
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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soamente se diagnostican basándose
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of observable behavior.
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no comportamento observable.
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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Pero diagnosticar un trastorno cerebral
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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sen realmente ver o cerebro
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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é o mesmo que tratar un paciente cun problema de corazón
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based on their physical symptoms,
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baseándose nos seus síntomas físicos,
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without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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sen tan sequera facerlle un ECG ou unha radiografía de tórax
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to look at the heart.
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para ve-lo corazón.
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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Era algo tan intuitivo para min.
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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Para diagnosticar e tratar un tarstorno cerebral con precisión,
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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cumpriría observar directamente o cerebro.
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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Se nos fixamos soamente no comportamento
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can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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perdemos a peza clave do puzzle
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and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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e teremos un diagnóstico incompleto,
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picture of the child's problems.
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ou mesmo un erróneo, do problema do neno.
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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Nembargantes, a pesar de tódolos avances en tecnoloxía médica,
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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a diagnose de trastornos cerebrais
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in one in six children
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nun de cada seis nenos
02:28
still remained so limited.
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aínda parecía moi limitada.
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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E entón atopei un equipo da Universidade de Harvard
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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que atopara tecnoloxía médica avanzada
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and finally applied it,
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e finalmente a aplicara,
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instead of in brain research,
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en lugar de en investigacións cerebrais,
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towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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na diagnose de trastornos cerebrais en nenos.
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Their groundbreaking technology
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A súa tecnoloxía innovadora
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records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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rexistrou a EEG ou actividade eléctrica
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of the brain, in real time,
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do cerebro en tempo real,
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allowing us to watch the brain
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permitíndonos observa-lo cerebro
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as it performs various functions
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mentras realiza varias funcións
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and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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para entón detecta-la máis sutil anomalía
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in any of these functions:
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en calquera destas funcións:
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vision, attention, language, audition.
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vision, atención, linguaxe e audición.
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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Un programa chamado Cartografía da Actividade
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Activity Mapping
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Eléctrica do Cerebro
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then triangulates the source
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triangula a fonte
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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desta anomalía no cerebro.
03:14
And another program called
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E outro programa chamado
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Statistical Probability Mapping
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Cartografía das Probabilidades Estatísticas
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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realiza despois cálculos matemáticos
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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para determinar se algunha destas anomalías
03:23
are clinically significant,
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son clínicamente significativas,
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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permitíndonos a nós proporcionar unha diagnose neurolóxica
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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moito máis precisa
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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dos síntomas do neno.
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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E entón convertinme na xefa de neurofisioloxía
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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na rama clínica deste equipo.
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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Agora somos capaces de usar esta tecnoloxía
03:38
towards actually helping
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axudando de verdade
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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a nenos con trastornos cerebrais.
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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Podo dicir que agora estou en proceso
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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de sacar esta tecnoloxía aquí na India.
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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Gustaríame contarlles o caso dun destes nenos,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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cuxa historia foi tamén cuberta polo noticiero ABC News.
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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Con sete anos, Justin Senigar
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came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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chegou á nosa clínica cunha diagnose
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of very severe autism.
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de autismo moi severo.
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Like many autistic children,
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Como moitos nenos autistas
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his mind was locked inside his body.
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tiña a mente atrapada no seu corpo.
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There were moments when he would
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De feito, había momentos nos que
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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a súa mente se ausentaba durante varios segundos.
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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E os doutores dixéronlle aos pais
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he was never going to be able
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que nunca chegaría a ser capaz
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to communicate or interact socially,
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de comunicarse ou interactuar socialmente,
04:17
and he would probably never have too much language.
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e que probablemente nunca tería demasiada linguaxe.
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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Cando utilizamos esta innovadora tecnoloxía EEG
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to actually look at Justin's brain,
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para realmente mira-lo cerebro de Justin,
04:27
the results were startling.
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os resultados foron asombrosos.
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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Resultou que Justin non era autista,
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certainly not autistic.
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autista, prácticamente seguro.
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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Padecía convulsións cerebrais
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that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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que eran imposibles de ver cos ollos,
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but that were actually causing symptoms
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pero que de feito lle estaban provocando síntomas
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that mimicked those of autism.
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que imitaban aos do autismo.
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After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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Despois de darlle a Justin unha menciña anticonvulsiva,
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the change in him was amazing.
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o cambio nel foi impresionante.
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Within a period of 60 days,
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En menos de 60 días,
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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o seu vocabulario pasou de dúas ou tres palabras
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to 300 words.
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a 300 palabras.
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And his communication and social interaction
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E a súa comunicación e interacción social
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were improved so dramatically
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mellorou dunha maneira tan drástica,
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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que foi inscrito nunha escola normal
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and even became a karate super champ.
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e mesmo se converteu nun super campión de karate.
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Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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Os estudos mostran que o 50 por cento dos nenos,
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almost 50 percent of children
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case o 50 por cento dos nenos
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diagnosed with autism
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diagnosticados con autismo
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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en realidade sufren convulsións cerebrais ocultas.
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These are the faces of the children
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Estas son as caras dos nenos
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that I have tested
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que examinei
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with stories just like Justin.
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con historias como a de Justin.
05:27
All these children
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Todos estes nenos
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came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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chegaron á nosa clínica con diagnoses
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of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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de autismo, trastornos por déficit de atención,
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mental retardation, language problems.
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retraso mental, problemas de linguaxe...
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Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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Sen embargo, o noso escáner EEG revelou
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very specific problems hidden within their brains
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problemas moi específicos escondidos nos seus cerebros
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that couldn't possibly have been detected
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que posiblemente non poderían ser detectados
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by their behavioral assessments.
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mediante unha valoración baseada no comportamento.
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So these EEG scans
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Por tanto, estes escáners
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enabled us to provide these children
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permítennos darlle a estes nenos
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with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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unha diagnose neurolóxica moito máis precisa
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and much more targeted treatment.
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e un tratamento moito máis dirixido.
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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Durante moito tempo, os nenos con trastornos de desenvolvemento
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have suffered from misdiagnosis
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sufriron diagnóses quivocadas
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while their real problems have gone undetected
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mentres que os seus problemas reais non se detectaban
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and left to worsen.
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e seguían empeorando.
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And for too long, these children and their parents
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E durante moito tempo, estes nenos e os seus pais
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have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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sufriron a frustación e a desesperación.
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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Pero agora estamos nunha nova era da neurociencia,
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one in which we can finally look
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unha na que por fin podemos observar
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directly at brain function in real time
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directamente un cerebro funcionando en tempo real,
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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sen riscos e sen efectos colaterais, de maneira non invasiva,
06:27
and find the true source
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e atopa-la verdadeira fonte
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of so many disabilities in children.
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de tantas incapacidades nos nenos.
06:32
So if I could inspire
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Así que se eu puidera inspirar
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even a fraction of you in the audience today
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aínda que fose a una fracción de vós no público hoxe
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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para promover este enfoque de diagnose pioneiro
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with even one parent whose child
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aínda que sexa cun pai cun fillo
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is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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que sufre un trastorno de desenvolvemento,
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then perhaps one more puzzle
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entón quizáis un puzzle máis
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in one more brain will be solved.
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nun cerebro máis se resolverá.
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One more mind will be unlocked.
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Unha mente máis será desbloqueada.
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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E un neno máis que foi diagnosticado erroneamente,
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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ou mesmo non diagnosticado polo sistema,
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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poderá finalmente sacar o seu verdadeiro potencial
06:59
while there's still time
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mentres todavía hai tempo
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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para que o seu cerebro se recupere.
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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E todo isto pola simple observación das ondas cerebrais dos nenos.
07:06
Thank you.
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Grazas.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com