TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
Aditi Šankardas: Drugo mišljenje o poremećajima učenja
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Smetnje u razvoju kod dece najčešće su dijagnostikove posmatranjem ponašanja, ali Aditi Šankardas (Aditi Shankardass) zna da treba da gledmao direktno u njihov mozak. Ona objašnjava kako je izvanredan EEG uređaj u njenoj laboratoriji otkrio pogrešne dijagnoze i promenio živote dece.
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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Kada sam imala 10 godina,
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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moj rođak me je odveo u obilazak svoje medicinske škole.
00:22
And as a special treat,
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I kao posebnu nagradu,
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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odveo me je u patološku laboratoriju
00:26
and took a real human brain
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i uzeo pravi ljudski mozak
00:28
out of the jar
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iz tegle
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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i stavio ga u moje ruke.
00:32
And there it was,
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I tu je bio,
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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centar ljudske svesti,
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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akumulator ljudskog tela,
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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u mojim rukama.
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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I tog dana sam znala da kada porastem,
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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postaću doktor za mozak,
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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naučnik, jedno ili drugo.
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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Godinama kasnije, kada sam konačno odrasla,
00:50
my dream came true.
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moj san se ostvario.
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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I tokom mog doktorata
00:54
on the neurological causes
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na temu neuroloških uzroka
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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disleksije kod dece
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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naišla sam na zapanjujuću činjenicu
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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koju bih volela da podelim sa vama danas.
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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Procenjeno je da jedno od šestoro dece,
01:06
that's one in six children,
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to je jedno od šestoro dece,
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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pati od nekog razvojnog poremećaja.
01:13
This is a disorder that
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Ovo je poremećaj koji
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retards mental development in the child
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unazađuje mentalni razvoj deteta,
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and causes permanent mental impairments.
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i izaziva trajne mentalne nedostatke.
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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Što znači da svako od vas ovde danas
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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zna bar jedno dete koje pati
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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od razvojnog poremećaja.
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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Ali evo šta me je stvarno zbunjivalo.
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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Uprkos činjenici da
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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svaki od ovih poremećaja
01:36
originates in the brain,
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nastaje u mozgu,
01:39
most of these disorders
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većina ovih poremećaja
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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se isključivo dijagnostikuje na osnovu
01:43
of observable behavior.
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vidljivog ponašanja.
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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Ali dijagnostikovati poremećaj u mozgu
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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bez stvarnog gledanja u mozak
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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je isto kao lečenje pacijenta sa srčanim problemom
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based on their physical symptoms,
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zasnovano na njegovim fizičkim simptomima,
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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bez EKGa ili rendgenskog snimka grudi
01:59
to look at the heart.
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kako bi se videlo srce.
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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Izgledalo mi je intuitivno.
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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Za tačno dijagnostikovanje i lečenje poremećaja na mozgu,
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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potreban je direktan pogled na mozak.
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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Gledajući samo ponašanje,
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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može da nam promakne značajan delić slagalice
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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i da imamo nepotpunu, ili čak pogrešnu,
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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sliku dečijih problema.
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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Ipak, uprkos svom napretku medicinske tehnologije,
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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dijagnostikovanje moždanih poremećaja,
02:26
in one in six children
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kod jednog od šestoro dece,
02:28
still remained so limited.
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i dalje je bilo ograničeno.
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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A onda sam naišla na tim na Harvardu
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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koji je uzeo jednu od ovi naprednih medicinskih tehnologija
02:38
and finally applied it,
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i konačno je primenio,
02:40
instead of in brain research,
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umesto za istraživanje mozga,
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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na polje dijagnostikovanja poremećaja na mozgu kod dece.
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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Njihova revolucionarna tehnologija
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records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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pravi zapis EEGa ili električne aktivnosti
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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mozga u stvarnom vremenu,
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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dozvoljavajući nam da gledamo mozak
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as it performs various functions
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dok izvodi različite funkcije
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and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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i da potom registrujemo i najmanju abnormalnost
03:01
in any of these functions:
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u bilo kojoj od ovih funkcija,
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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vid, pažnja, jezik, sluh.
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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Program se zove Mapiranje električne
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Activity Mapping
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aktivnosti mozga
03:10
then triangulates the source
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i on deli izvor
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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te abnormalnosti u mozgu.
03:14
And another program called
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I još jedan program zvan
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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Mapiranje statističke verovatnoće
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then performs mathematical calculations
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potom izvodi matematičke proračune
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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da utvrdi da li je bilo koja od ovih abnormalnosti
03:23
are clinically significant,
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klinički značajna,
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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dozvoljavajući nam da obezbedimo mnogo tačnije
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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neurološke dijagnoze
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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dečijih simptoma.
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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Tako da sam postala načelnik tima
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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za neurofiziologiju na klinici.
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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I mi smo konačno u mogućnosti da iskoristimo ovu tehnologiju
03:38
towards actually helping
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u pravcu stvarnog pomaganja
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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deci sa moždanim poremećajima.
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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I srećna sam da kažem da sam trenutno u procesu
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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postavljanja ove tehnologije ovde u Indiji.
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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Želim da vam kažem o jednom takvom detetu,
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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čiju su priču prenele ABC vesti.
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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Sedmogodišnji Džastin Senigar
03:57
came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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došao je na našu kliniku sa dijagnozom
03:59
of very severe autism.
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ozbiljnog autizma.
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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Kao kod mnoge autistične dece,
04:03
his mind was locked inside his body.
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njegov um je bio zatvoren unutar njegovog tela.
04:06
There were moments when he would
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Postojali su momenti kada bi se on
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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zapravo isključio na nekoliko sekundi.
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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I doktori su rekli njegovim roditeljima
04:13
he was never going to be able
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da nikada neće biti u stanju
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to communicate or interact socially,
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da komunicira ili da bude socijalno aktivan,
04:17
and he would probably never have too much language.
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i da verovatno nikada neće mnogo govoriti.
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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Kada smo iskoristili ovu revolucionarnu EEG tehnologiju
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to actually look at Justin's brain,
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da pogledamo u Džastinov mozak,
04:27
the results were startling.
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rezultati su bili zapanjujući.
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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Ispostavilo se da Džastin skoro sigurno
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certainly not autistic.
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nije autističan.
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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Patio je od moždanih napada
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that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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koje je bilo nemoguće videti golim okom,
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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ali koji su ustvari izazivali simptome
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that mimicked those of autism.
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slične onima kod autizma.
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After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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Nakon što je Džastinu dat lek protiv napada,
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the change in him was amazing.
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promena u njemu je bila neverovatna.
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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Za period od 60 dana.
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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njegov rečnik je sa dve-tri reči prešao
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to 300 words.
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na 300 reči.
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And his communication and social interaction
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I njegova komunikacija i interakcija u društvu
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were improved so dramatically
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toliko dramatično su napredovali,
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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da se on uključio u redovnu školu
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and even became a karate super champ.
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i čak postao super šampion u karateu.
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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Istraživanje pokazuje da 50 posto dece,
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almost 50 percent of children
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skoro 50 posto dece
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diagnosed with autism
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kojima je dijagnostikovan autizam,
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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ustvari pati od skrivenih moždanih napada.
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These are the faces of the children
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Ovo su lica dece
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that I have tested
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koje sam testirala
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with stories just like Justin.
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sa pričama poput Džastinove.
05:27
All these children
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Sva ova deca
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came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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su došla na našu kliniku sa dijagnozom
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of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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autizma, poremećajem pažnje,
05:34
mental retardation, language problems.
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mentalne nedovoljne razvijenosti, problemima sa jezikom.
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Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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Umesto toga, naš EEG skener je otkrio
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very specific problems hidden within their brains
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vrlo specifične probleme sakrivene u njihovim mozgovima
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that couldn't possibly have been detected
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koji nikako nisu mogli biti otkriveni
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by their behavioral assessments.
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procenom njihovog ponašanja.
05:49
So these EEG scans
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Dakle ove EEG slike
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enabled us to provide these children
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omogućile su da obezbedimo ovoj deci
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with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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mnogo precizniju neurološku dijagnozu
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and much more targeted treatment.
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i mnogo usmereniji tretman.
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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Previše dugo, deca sa razvojnim poremećajima
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have suffered from misdiagnosis
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pate od pogrešnih dijagnoza
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while their real problems have gone undetected
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dok njihovi stvarni problemi prolaze neotkriveni
06:07
and left to worsen.
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i ostavljeni da se pogoršaju.
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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I previše dugo, ova deca i njihovi roditelji
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have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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pate od nepotrebne frustracije i očaja.
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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Ali sada smo u novoj eri neuronauke,
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one in which we can finally look
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u kojoj konačno možemo da gledamo
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directly at brain function in real time
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direktno u moždane funkcije u realnom vremenu
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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bez rizika ili sporednih efekata, neinvazivno,
06:27
and find the true source
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i da pronađemo pravi izvor
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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mnogih poremećaja kod dece.
06:32
So if I could inspire
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Dakle, ako mogu da inspirišem
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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čak i deo vas u publici danas
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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da podeli ovaj novi dijagnostički pristup
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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sa samo jednim roditeljem čije dete
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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pati od nekog oblika razvojnog poremećaja,
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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onda možda još jedna slagalica
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in one more brain will be solved.
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u još jednom mozgu može biti rešena.
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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Još jedan um će biti otključan.
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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I još jedno dete čija je dijagnoza pogrešna
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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ili neregistrovana u sistemu
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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će ostvariti svoj potencijal
06:59
while there's still time
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dok još ima vremena
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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za oporavak mozga.
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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I sve to jednostavnim gledanjem detetovih moždanih talasa.
07:06
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:08
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com