TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
アディティ・シャンカーダス： 学習障害に対するセカンドオピニオン
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子どもの発達障害の一般的な診断の仕方は、彼らの行動を観察することですが、アディティ・シャンカーダスは脳を直接見るべきだと言います。シャンカーダスの研究所にある驚くべき脳波図計が従来の間違った診断を明らかにし、子どもたちの人生を変えた様子を語ります。
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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私が10歳のとき 医学生のいとこが
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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彼の大学を案内してくれました
00:22
And as a special treat,
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特別にと 病理学研究室に
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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私を入れてくれたのです
00:26
and took a real human brain
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彼は 瓶に入っていた―
00:28
out of the jar
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人間の脳を取りだし
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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私の手にのせてくれました
00:32
And there it was,
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そこには
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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人間の意識の源―
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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人間の体を司るものが
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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のっていました
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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そのときです
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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大人になったら 神経学者か
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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科学者になると確信しました
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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それから何年も経過して
00:50
my dream came true.
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私の夢は叶いました
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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博士号のテーマは
00:54
on the neurological causes
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神経に起因する―
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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子どもの失読症 でした
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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そのときに私が直面した―
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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驚きの事実を今日はお話しします
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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６人に１人の子どもが
01:06
that's one in six children,
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発達障害を抱えると
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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推定されています
01:13
This is a disorder that
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発達障害とは 子どもの
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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精神的発達が遅滞し
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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一生続く精神障害の原因となるものです
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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この会場にいる皆さん誰もが
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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発達障害の子どもを
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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１人は知っている計算になります
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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しかし 私が困惑したのは
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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このような障害は
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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例外なく
01:36
originates in the brain,
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脳から発生しているのに
01:39
most of these disorders
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そのケースのほとんどが
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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目に見える行動だけを基準に
01:43
of observable behavior.
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診断されているのです
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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実際に脳を見ず
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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脳の障害を診断するのは
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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心臓に問題がある患者の心電図や
01:54
based on their physical symptoms,
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胸部のX線写真さえ撮らずに
01:56
without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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身体的症状を頼りに
01:59
to look at the heart.
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治療するようなものです
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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脳障害の正しい診断や
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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適切な治療には まず脳を見る必要がある―
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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というのが私の直感でした
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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行動だけを観察していると
02:12
can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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子どもの問題の
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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肝心な部分を見逃したり
02:18
picture of the child's problems.
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ときには誤った理解に至ります
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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しかし これだけ医療技術が進歩しているにも関わらず
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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６人に１人が抱える―
02:26
in one in six children
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脳障害の診断法は
02:28
still remained so limited.
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あまりにも決まりきったものでした
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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そんなとき ハーバード大学のチームを知ることになりました
02:35
that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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彼らは ある高度な医療技術を
02:38
and finally applied it,
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脳の研究ではなく
02:40
instead of in brain research,
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脳障害をもつ子どもの診断に
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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適用するところまで来たのです
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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その革新的な技術とは
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records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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脳波 すなわち脳の電気活動を
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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リアルタイムで記録します
02:54
allowing us to watch the brain
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脳の様々な働きを
02:56
as it performs various functions
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観察することができて
02:59
and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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視覚 注意力 言語 聴覚を司る働きの
03:01
in any of these functions:
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異常が少しでもあれば
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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見つけ出すことができます
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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脳電気活動図と呼ばれる―
03:08
Activity Mapping
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プログラムで
03:10
then triangulates the source
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異常な電気信号の
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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場所を特定します
03:14
And another program called
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統計的確率マッピングという
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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別のプログラムが
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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数学的計算を行い
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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異常を示すものが
03:23
are clinically significant,
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臨床的に重要かどうか 判定します
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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子どもの脳神経の症状に
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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正確な診断を
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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下すことができるのです
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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そんなわけで私は神経生理を扱う―
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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部門を指揮することになりました
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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この技術を用いて
03:38
towards actually helping
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脳障害をもつ子どもたちを
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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やっと助けられるようになりました
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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インドでも この技術を
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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立ち上げる最中であることを嬉しく思います
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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ある男の子の話を紹介します
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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ABCニュースでも取り上げられた―
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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７歳のジャスティンです
03:57
came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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彼は我々の診療所に来る前
03:59
of very severe autism.
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重度の自閉症と診断されていました
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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自閉症の子どもに多いように
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his mind was locked inside his body.
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彼は心を閉ざしていました
04:06
There were moments when he would
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ジャスティンは時に
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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うわの空になることもありました
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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両親は医師から
04:13
he was never going to be able
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ジャスティンが社会性を身につけるのは
04:15
to communicate or interact socially,
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無理だろうと言われていました
04:17
and he would probably never have too much language.
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また 言葉の習得の難しさも指摘されていました
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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我々が 革新的な脳波技術を使って
04:24
to actually look at Justin's brain,
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ジャスティンの脳を実際に観察したとき
04:27
the results were startling.
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驚く結果が出ました
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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ジャスティンが自閉症ではないと
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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ほぼ確実に言える結果が出たのです
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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肉眼だけでは特定できない―
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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てんかん発作を患っていましたが
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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自閉症の症状に類似した―
04:42
that mimicked those of autism.
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症状を引き起こしていました
04:45
After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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抗てんかん薬を飲んでから
04:48
the change in him was amazing.
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驚く変化がありました
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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60日もしないうちに
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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彼の言葉は数える程度から
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to 300 words.
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300に増えました
04:58
And his communication and social interaction
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コミュニケーションも
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were improved so dramatically
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劇的に向上し
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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普通の学校に入り
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and even became a karate super champ.
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空手でも優秀な成績を収めました
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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自閉症と診断された―
05:11
almost 50 percent of children
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子どものうちの約半数は
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diagnosed with autism
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目に見えないてんかん発作が
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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原因だという研究結果が出ています
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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これは私が検査をした―
05:22
that I have tested
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子どもたちです
05:24
with stories just like Justin.
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皆 ジャスティンと同じ境遇にいたのです
05:27
All these children
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どの子どもたちも
05:29
came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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我々の診療所を訪れる前に
05:31
of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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自閉症 注意欠陥障害 知的障害
05:34
mental retardation, language problems.
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言語障害という診断を受けていました
05:38
Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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私たちの脳波スキャナーで
05:41
very specific problems hidden within their brains
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脳に隠れた特定の問題があることがわかりました
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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彼らの行動を判断するだけでは
05:46
by their behavioral assessments.
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絶対に発見できなかった問題です
05:49
So these EEG scans
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このような脳波スキャンは
05:51
enabled us to provide these children
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子どもたちに より正確な
05:53
with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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脳神経の診断をすることができ
05:56
and much more targeted treatment.
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より適した治療をすることができます
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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発達障害の子どもたちは
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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長いこと誤診のために
06:05
while their real problems have gone undetected
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本来の問題を見いだしてもらえず
06:07
and left to worsen.
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悪化するまま見捨てられてきました
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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そして このような子どもと親は長い間
06:12
have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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ひどい苛立ちと絶望感に苛まれてきました
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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しかし我々は神経科学の新しい時代におり
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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リアルタイムで脳の機能を
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directly at brain function in real time
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じかに見れるようになりました
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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それに伴うリスクや副作用はなく
06:27
and find the true source
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障害をもつ多くの子どもたちの
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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本当の原因を痛みを伴わずに突き止められます
06:32
So if I could inspire
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皆さんが
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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発達障害に苦しむお子さんがいる方を
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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一人でもご存じなら
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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この革新的な
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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診断方法を ぜひお伝えください
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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一人でも多くの悩みが
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in one more brain will be solved.
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解消できるかもしれません
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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もう１人の子どもの心が扉が開き
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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誤診されていた子ども―
06:53
or even undiagnosed by the system
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または従来の方法で 診断さえされていなかった―
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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子どもの本当の可能性に気づけるのです
06:59
while there's still time
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そこにはまだ
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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回復するだけの時間があります
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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方法は簡単 彼らの脳波を観察するだけです
07:06
Thank you.
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ありがとう
07:08
(Applause)
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（拍手）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com