TEDIndia 2009
Aditi Shankardass: A second opinion on developmental disorders
Aditi Shankardass: 关于学习障碍的思考
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儿童的发展障碍可以通过观察他们的行为诊断出来，但是阿迪提 珊卡妲丝认为我们应该直接看一看他们的大脑。她解释了她实验室中非凡的脑电图设备怎样揭露以往的误诊，并从此改变了孩子们的生活。
Aditi Shankardass - Neuroscientist
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Aditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
When I was 10 years old,
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我十岁的时候，
00:19
a cousin of mine took me on a tour of his medical school.
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我的一个表兄带我参观了他上的医学院。
00:22
And as a special treat,
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作为一次特别优待
00:24
he took me to the pathology lab
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他带我去了病理学实验室
00:26
and took a real human brain
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拿出一个真正的人脑
00:28
out of the jar
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从一个罐子里
00:30
and placed it in my hands.
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把它放在了我手里。
00:32
And there it was,
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就是这
00:34
the seat of human consciousness,
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这里就是人们意识的载体
00:36
the powerhouse of the human body,
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人们身体的司令部
00:38
sitting in my hands.
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它就在我手中
00:40
And that day I knew that when I grew up,
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这一天我知道当我长大
00:42
I was going to become a brain doctor,
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我会成为一名研究大脑的医生
00:44
scientist, something or the other.
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科学家，或者是其他的什么，
00:47
Years later, when I finally grew up,
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几年之后，当我真地长大了，
00:50
my dream came true.
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我的梦想实现了。
00:52
And it was while I was doing my Ph.D.
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就在我做
00:54
on the neurological causes
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关于儿童阅读障碍的神经学起因
00:56
of dyslexia in children
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的博士论文时
00:58
that I encountered a startling fact
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我发现了一个令人吃惊的现象
01:00
that I'd like to share with you all today.
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今天我想以此与你们分享。
01:04
It is estimated that one in six children,
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据估计有六分之一的儿童，
01:06
that's one in six children,
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六分之一呀，
01:09
suffer from some developmental disorder.
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受发展障碍的影响。
01:13
This is a disorder that
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这是一种
01:15
retards mental development in the child
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妨碍儿童智力发展，
01:17
and causes permanent mental impairments.
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甚至导致智力永久损伤的疾病。
01:21
Which means that each and every one of you here today
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这意味着今天在座的各位中每六个人中就有一个人
01:24
knows at least one child that is suffering
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知道至少一个孩子正在受
01:27
from a developmental disorder.
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发展障碍疾病的折磨。
01:30
But here's what really perplexed me.
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但是困扰我的还不是这个。
01:32
Despite the fact that each
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尽管每一种
01:34
and every one of these disorders
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每一种疾病
01:36
originates in the brain,
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都可以在大脑中找到根源，
01:39
most of these disorders
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但大部分
01:41
are diagnosed solely on the basis
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只能通过可观察到的
01:43
of observable behavior.
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行为来确诊。
01:46
But diagnosing a brain disorder
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诊断一种脑部疾病
01:48
without actually looking at the brain
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却不直接查看大脑
01:51
is analogous to treating a patient with a heart problem
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就像是治疗心脏病人
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based on their physical symptoms,
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根据他们的身体症状，
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without even doing an ECG or a chest X-ray
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而不做心电图或者胸部X-光片
01:59
to look at the heart.
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来查看心脏。
02:01
It seemed so intuitive to me.
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我凭直觉感到
02:04
To diagnose and treat a brain disorder accurately,
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要准确地诊断治疗脑部疾病
02:07
it would be necessary to look at the brain directly.
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直接查看大脑是很必要的。
02:10
Looking at behavior alone
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直接观察行为本身
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can miss a vital piece of the puzzle
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就可能错过至关重要的信息
02:15
and provide an incomplete, or even a misleading,
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而仅仅提供一种不完整，
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picture of the child's problems.
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甚至能让人误解的构想。
02:21
Yet, despite all the advances in medical technology,
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但是，尽管有先进的医疗技术，
02:24
the diagnosis of brain disorders
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要诊断出六分之一
02:26
in one in six children
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患病儿童的病因
02:28
still remained so limited.
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依然不是件容易的事。
02:32
And then I came across a team at Harvard University
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之后我便遇到了哈佛大学的一个小组，
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that had taken one such advanced medical technology
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他们已经研发出了先进的医疗技术
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and finally applied it,
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并最终把这种技术
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instead of in brain research,
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应用到了诊断儿童脑部疾病中
02:42
towards diagnosing brain disorders in children.
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而不是应用到脑部研究。
02:46
Their groundbreaking technology
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他们极具创造力的技术
02:48
records the EEG, or the electrical activity
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记录下了脑电图或实时的
02:51
of the brain, in real time,
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脑部电波活动，
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allowing us to watch the brain
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这可以让我们观察大脑
02:56
as it performs various functions
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在它履行各种功能时
02:59
and then detect even the slightest abnormality
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然后就我们就可以发现一些轻微的反常之处
03:01
in any of these functions:
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在下面的这些功能中，
03:03
vision, attention, language, audition.
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视觉，注意力，语言，听觉。
03:06
A program called Brain Electrical
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有一项叫做大脑电波
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Activity Mapping
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活动图谱的工程
03:10
then triangulates the source
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会找出大脑中的
03:12
of that abnormality in the brain.
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反常的地方
03:14
And another program called
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另一项叫做
03:16
Statistical Probability Mapping
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统计概率图谱的工程
03:18
then performs mathematical calculations
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用数学计算的办法
03:21
to determine whether any of these abnormalities
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来算出这些反常是否
03:23
are clinically significant,
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在临床上有用，
03:25
allowing us to provide a much more accurate
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如果有用就给我们提供了一种更准确的
03:27
neurological diagnosis
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神经诊断方法
03:29
of the child's symptoms.
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对儿童的症状。
03:31
And so I became the head of neurophysiology
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就这样我成为了这个团队中
03:34
for the clinical arm of this team,
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临床分支的领导者。
03:36
and we're finally able to use this technology
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最终我们可以用这种技术
03:38
towards actually helping
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来帮助那些有大脑障碍的
03:40
children with brain disorders.
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儿童。
03:42
And I'm happy to say that I'm now in the process
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我很高兴现在我正在
03:44
of setting up this technology here in India.
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将这项技术在印度建立起来。
03:48
I'd like to tell you about one such child,
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我想告诉你这样一个孩子，
03:51
whose story was also covered by ABC News.
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他的故事也被ABC新闻报道过。
03:55
Seven-year-old Justin Senigar
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七岁的查斯丁 西尼加
03:57
came to our clinic with this diagnosis
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来到我们诊所
03:59
of very severe autism.
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他被诊断患有严重的自闭症。
04:01
Like many autistic children,
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像许多自闭症儿童一样
04:03
his mind was locked inside his body.
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他的思想被禁闭在身体中。
04:06
There were moments when he would
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就曾出现过他经常
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actually space out for seconds at a time.
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独自发呆几秒钟的情况。
04:11
And the doctors told his parents
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医生告诉他的父母
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he was never going to be able
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他再也不能
04:15
to communicate or interact socially,
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与人交流了，
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and he would probably never have too much language.
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他可能不太会说话了。
04:21
When we used this groundbreaking EEG technology
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当我们用这种创造性的脑电图技术
04:24
to actually look at Justin's brain,
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查看查斯丁的大脑时
04:27
the results were startling.
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结果令人吃惊。
04:30
It turned out that Justin was almost
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它显示查斯丁几乎没有自闭症。
04:32
certainly not autistic.
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他正在受癫痫的折磨
04:34
He was suffering from brain seizures
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他正在受癫痫的折磨
04:37
that were impossible to see with the naked eye,
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而这几乎不可能用肉眼发现，
04:40
but that were actually causing symptoms
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却引起了像自闭症
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that mimicked those of autism.
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一样的症状。
04:45
After Justin was given anti-seizure medication,
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在治疗查斯丁的癫痫时，
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the change in him was amazing.
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他的变化很惊人。
04:51
Within a period of 60 days,
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60天之内，
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his vocabulary went from two to three words
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他的词汇量从两三个单词
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to 300 words.
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提高到300个单词。
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And his communication and social interaction
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他的沟通和社交能力
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were improved so dramatically
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也得到了极大地提高，
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that he was enrolled into a regular school
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因而他入学了
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and even became a karate super champ.
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并成为了空手道超级冠军。
05:09
Research shows that 50 percent of children,
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研究表明一半
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almost 50 percent of children
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几乎一半
05:13
diagnosed with autism
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被诊断患有自闭症的儿童
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are actually suffering from hidden brain seizures.
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实际上是受着隐秘的癫痫的折磨。
05:20
These are the faces of the children
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这是一些我检测过的
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that I have tested
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儿童的脸。
05:24
with stories just like Justin.
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有着像查斯丁一样故事的
05:27
All these children
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所有这些孩子
05:29
came to our clinic with a diagnosis
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被诊断
05:31
of autism, attention deficit disorder,
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患有自闭症，注意力缺失，
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mental retardation, language problems.
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智力障碍，语言问题来到我们的诊所。
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Instead, our EEG scans revealed
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而我们脑电图扫描显示
05:41
very specific problems hidden within their brains
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他们的大脑中隐藏着一些问题
05:44
that couldn't possibly have been detected
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这些问题很可能不会通过
05:46
by their behavioral assessments.
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对他们行为的估测来发现。
05:49
So these EEG scans
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因此这些脑电图扫描
05:51
enabled us to provide these children
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让我们对这些孩子做出了
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with a much more accurate neurological diagnosis
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更为准确的精神诊断
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and much more targeted treatment.
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更具针对性的治疗。
06:00
For too long now, children with developmental disorders
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有发展障碍的儿童被误诊
06:03
have suffered from misdiagnosis
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而他们真正的问题却没有被发现
06:05
while their real problems have gone undetected
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并变得更严重，
06:07
and left to worsen.
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这种情况持续太久了。
06:09
And for too long, these children and their parents
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这些孩子和他们的父母受挫折和绝望的折磨
06:12
have suffered undue frustration and desperation.
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太久了。
06:15
But we are now in a new era of neuroscience,
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但现在我们处在一个神经科学的新时代，
06:18
one in which we can finally look
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在这个时代我们可以
06:21
directly at brain function in real time
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实时地直接查看大脑的功能状态
06:24
with no risks and no side effects, non-invasively,
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这不会有危险或副作用，没有侵害性，
06:27
and find the true source
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并找到如此
06:29
of so many disabilities in children.
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这些儿童智力障碍的真正原因。
06:32
So if I could inspire
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如果今天我可以
06:34
even a fraction of you in the audience today
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通过与一位孩子患有发展障碍的父母分享
06:37
to share this pioneering diagnostic approach
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这种先进的诊断办法
06:40
with even one parent whose child
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让在座的各位中一小部分人
06:42
is suffering from a developmental disorder,
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感到备受鼓舞的话
06:45
then perhaps one more puzzle
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那也许又一个人脑中的疑惑
06:47
in one more brain will be solved.
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会被消除。
06:49
One more mind will be unlocked.
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又一个思想会被解放。
06:51
And one more child who has been misdiagnosed
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又一个被误诊的或是
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or even undiagnosed by the system
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没有被该系统诊断的孩子
06:56
will finally realize his or her true potential
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会意识到他或她的潜力
06:59
while there's still time
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那就是这仍然还有时间
07:01
for his or her brain to recover.
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让他或她的大脑恢复正常。
07:03
And all this by simply watching the child's brainwaves.
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所有这些只需通过观察这个孩子的脑电波。
07:06
Thank you.
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谢谢。
07:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aditi Shankardass - NeuroscientistAditi Shankardass is pioneering the use of EEG technology to give children with developmental disorders their most accurate diagnosis.
Why you should listen
Aditi Shankardass is a neuroscientist trained across three disciplines of the field: neurophysiology, neuroanatomy and neuropsychology. She has also worked across different levels of the field, from cellular to cognitive neuroscience, and been based in research labs as well as diagnostic clinics. Currently, she leads the Neurophysiology Lab of the Communicative Disorders Department at California State University.
Much of Shankardass' work has been devoted to the use of an advanced form of digital quantitative EEG (electroencephalography) technology that records the brain's activity in real time, and then analyzes it using complex display schematics and statistical comparisons to norms, enabling far more accurate diagnoses for children with developmental disorders. She is also actively involved in public outreach to increase understanding of brain disorders as a board member of the Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation and a consultant for the BBC Science Line.
Aditi Shankardass | Speaker | TED.com