TED2012
Christina Warinner: Tracking ancient diseases using ... plaque
Christina Warinner: Praćenje drevnih bolesti pomoću plaka
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Zamislite što bismo sve mogli saznati o bolestima proučavajući povijest ljudskih bolesti od drevnih hominida do sadašnjosti. No kako? TED Fellow Christina Warinner je arheološka genetičarka i otkrila je spektakularno novo pomagalo - mikrobnu DNK u fosiliziranom zubnom plaku.
Christina Warinner - Archaeological geneticist
Christina Warinner is a researcher at the University of Zurich, where she studies how humans have co-evolved with environments, diets and disease. Full bio
Christina Warinner is a researcher at the University of Zurich, where she studies how humans have co-evolved with environments, diets and disease. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Have you ever wondered
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Jeste li se ikad zapitali
00:17
what is inside your dental plaque?
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što se nalazi unutar vašeg zubnog plaka?
00:20
Probably not, but people like me do.
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Vjerojatno niste, no ljudi poput mene jesu.
00:22
I'm an archeological geneticist
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Ja sam arheološka genetičarka
00:24
at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine
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u Centru za evolucijsku medicinu
00:26
at the University of Zurich,
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Sveučilišta u Zurichu
00:28
and I study the origins and evolution of human health and disease
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i proučavam porijeklo i evoluciju ljudskog zdravlja i bolesti
00:31
by conducting genetic research
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provođenjem genetskih istraživanja
00:33
on the skeletal and mummified remains of ancient humans.
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na koštanim i mumificiranim ostacima drevnih ljudi.
00:36
And through this work, I hope to better understand
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Kroz taj rad nadam se da ću bolje razumjeti
00:39
the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies,
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evolucijsku ranjivost naših tijela,
00:41
so that we can improve
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kako bismo mogli poboljšati
00:44
and better manage our health in the future.
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i bolje upravljati našim zdravljem u budućnosti.
00:46
There are different ways to approach evolutionary medicine,
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Postoje različiti pristupi evolucijskoj medicini,
00:49
and one way is to extract human DNA
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a jedan je od njih izvlačenje ljudske DNK
00:51
from ancient bones.
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iz drevnih kostiju.
00:53
And from these extracts,
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Iz tih uzoraka
00:55
we can reconstruct the human genome at different points in time
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možemo rekonstruirati ljudski genom u različitim vremenskim točkama
00:58
and look for changes that might be related to adaptations,
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i tražiti promjene koje bi mogle biti povezane s prilagodbama,
01:01
risk factors and inherited diseases.
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rizične čimbenike i nasljedne bolesti.
01:04
But this is only one half of the story.
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No to je samo polovica priče.
01:07
The most important health challenges today
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Najvažnije današnje zdravstvene izazove
01:10
are not caused by simple mutations in our genome,
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ne uzrokuju jednostavne mutacije našeg genoma,
01:13
but rather result from a complex and dynamic interplay
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nego su posljedica složene i dinamične međuigre
01:16
between genetic variation,
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između genskih varijacija,
01:18
diet, microbes and parasites
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prehrane, bakterija i parazita
01:20
and our immune response.
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te naše imunološke reakcije.
01:22
All of these diseases
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Sve te bolesti
01:24
have a strong evolutionary component
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posjeduju snažnu evolucijsku komponentu
01:26
that directly relates to the fact
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izravno povezanu s činjenicom
01:28
that we live today in a very different environment
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da danas živimo u mnogo različitijoj okolini
01:30
than the ones in which our bodies evolved.
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od one u kojoj su naša tijela evoluirala.
01:33
And in order to understand these diseases,
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Kako bismo razumjeli te bolesti
01:35
we need to move past studies of the human genome alone
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moramo se odmaknuti od samog proučavanja ljudskog genoma
01:38
and towards a more holistic approach
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prema holističkom pristupu
01:40
to human health in the past.
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ljudskom zdravlju u prošlosti.
01:42
But there are a lot of challenges for this.
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No za to se moramo suočiti s mnogim izazovima.
01:44
And first of all, what do we even study?
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Kao prvo, što zapravo proučavamo?
01:47
Skeletons are ubiquitous; they're found all over the place.
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Kosturi su sveprisutni, ima ih posvuda.
01:50
But of course, all of the soft tissue has decomposed,
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No, naravno da se svo meko tkivo razgradilo,
01:53
and the skeleton itself
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a sam kostur
01:55
has limited health information.
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nudi ograničene informacije o zdravlju.
01:57
Mummies are a great source of information,
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Mumije su odličan izvor podataka,
01:59
except that they're really geographically limited
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samo što su ograničene geografski
02:02
and limited in time as well.
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i vremenski.
02:04
Coprolites are fossilized human feces,
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Koproliti su fosilizirani ljudski izmet
02:07
and they're actually extremely interesting.
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i zapravo su vrlo zanimljivi.
02:09
You can learn a lot about ancient diet and intestinal disease,
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Možete saznati mnogo o drevnoj prehrani i bolestima probavnog sustava,
02:12
but they are very rare.
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no vrlo su rijetki.
02:14
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:17
So to address this problem,
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Kako bismo se pozabavili tim problemom,
02:19
I put together a team of international researchers
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okupila sam međunarodni istraživački tim
02:21
in Switzerland, Denmark and the U.K.
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u Švicarskoj, Danskoj i Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu
02:23
to study a very poorly studied, little known material
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da bi proučavao slabo istražen i malo poznat materijal
02:29
that's found on people everywhere.
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koji pronalazimo na ljudima svugdje.
02:31
It's a type of fossilized dental plaque
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To je vrsta fosiliziranog zubnog plaka
02:34
that is called officially dental calculus.
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koja se službeno naziva zubni kalkulus.
02:37
Many of you may know it by the term tartar.
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Mnogi od vas ga znaju pod nazivom kamenac.
02:39
It's what the dentist cleans off your teeth
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To je ono što zubar čisti s vaših zuba
02:41
every time that you go in for a visit.
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svaki put kad ga posjetite.
02:43
And in a typical dentistry visit,
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Kod tipičnog posjeta zubaru
02:45
you may have about 15 to 30 milligrams removed.
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mogli bi vam ukloniti 15 do 30 miligrama.
02:48
But in ancient times before tooth brushing,
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No u drevno doba, prije pranja zuba četkicom,
02:51
up to 600 milligrams might have built up on the teeth
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na zubima se moglo nakupiti do 600 miligrama
02:54
over a lifetime.
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tijekom životnog vijeka.
02:56
And what's really important about dental calculus
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Kod zubnog je kamenca doista važno
02:59
is that it fossilizes just like the rest of the skeleton,
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to što se on fosilizira poput ostatka kostura,
03:02
it's abundant in quantity before the present day
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količinski ga ima mnogo prije suvremenog doba
03:05
and it's ubiquitous worldwide.
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i sveprisutan je diljem svijeta.
03:07
We find it in every population around the world at all time periods
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Pronalazimo ga u svakoj populaciji diljem svijeta u svim vremenskim razdobljima
03:10
going back tens of thousands of years.
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desecima tisuća godina unazad.
03:12
And we even find it in neanderthals and animals.
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Pronalazimo ga čak i kod neandertalaca i životinja.
03:15
And so previous studies
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Prethodne su se studije
03:17
had only focused on microscopy.
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usredotočavale samo na mikroskopiju.
03:19
They'd looked at dental calculus under a microscope,
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Pregledali bi zubni kamenac pod mikroskopom
03:21
and what they had found was things like pollen
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i pronalazili stvari poput peludi,
03:24
and plant starches,
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biljnog škroba,
03:26
and they'd found muscle cells from animal meats
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mišićnih stanica iz životinjskog mesa
03:28
and bacteria.
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i bakterije.
03:30
And so what my team of researchers, what we wanted to do,
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Moj je istraživački tim želio
03:33
is say, can we apply
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primijeniti, recimo,
03:35
genetic and proteomic technology
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genetsku i proteomsku tehnologiju
03:37
to go after DNA and proteins,
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da bismo krenuli u potragu za DNK i bjelančevinama
03:39
and from this can we get better taxonomic resolution
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iz kojih bismo mogli dobiti bolju taksonomsku razlučivost
03:42
to really understand what's going on?
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da bismo doista razumjeli što se događa.
03:44
And what we found
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Otkrili smo
03:46
is that we can find many commensal and pathogenic bacteria
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da možemo naći mnoge komenzalne i patogene bakterije
03:48
that inhabited the nasal passages and mouth.
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koje su živjele u nosnim prolazima i ustima.
03:51
We also have found immune proteins
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Također smo pronašli imunološke proteine
03:54
related to infection and inflammation
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povezane s infekcijama i upalama
03:57
and proteins and DNA related to diet.
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i proteine i DNK povezane s prehranom.
04:00
But what was surprising to us, and also quite exciting,
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No iznenadilo nas je, i poprilično uzbudilo,
04:03
is we also found bacteria
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to što smo također pronašli bakterije
04:05
that normally inhabit upper respiratory systems.
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koje inače žive u gornjem dišnom sustavu.
04:07
So it gives us virtual access to the lungs,
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To nam praktički daje pristup plućima
04:10
which is where many important diseases reside.
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gdje se nalaze mnoge važne bolesti.
04:13
And we also found bacteria
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Također smo pronašli i bakterije
04:15
that normally inhabit the gut.
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koje inače žive u crijevima.
04:17
And so we can also now virtually gain access
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Tako sad možemo praktički pristupiti
04:20
to this even more distant organ system
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tom još udaljenijem organskom sustavu
04:22
that, from the skeleton alone,
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koji se, izuzev samog kostura,
04:24
has long decomposed.
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davno razgradio.
04:26
And so by applying ancient DNA sequencing
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Tako primjenom sekvenciranja drevne DNK
04:28
and protein mass spectrometry technologies
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i tehnologija masene spektrometrije proteina
04:30
to ancient dental calculus,
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na drevni zubni kamenac,
04:32
we can generate immense quantities of data
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možemo dobiti ogromne količine podataka
04:35
that then we can use to begin to reconstruct a detailed picture
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koje možemo upotrijebiti za rekonstrukciju detaljne slike
04:38
of the dynamic interplay
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dinamičkog uzajamnog djelovanja
04:40
between diet, infection and immunity
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između prehrane, infekcija i imuniteta
04:42
thousands of years ago.
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prije više tisuća godina.
04:44
So what started out as an idea,
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Što je započelo kao ideja,
04:46
is now being implemented
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sad se primjenjuje
04:48
to churn out millions of sequences
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da bi izbacilo milijune sekvenci
04:50
that we can use to investigate
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koje možemo upotrijebiti da bismo istražili
04:52
the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease,
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dugotrajnu evolucijsku povijest ljudskog zdravlja i bolesti,
04:55
right down to the genetic code of individual pathogens.
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sve do genetskog koda pojedinih patogena.
04:58
And from this information
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Iz tih podataka
05:00
we can learn about how pathogens evolve
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možemo saznati kako patogeni evoluiraju
05:02
and also why they continue to make us sick.
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i zašto se od njih i dalje razbolijevamo.
05:05
And I hope I have convinced you
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Nadam se da sam vas uvjerila
05:07
of the value of dental calculus.
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u vrijednost zubnog kamenca.
05:09
And as a final parting thought,
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Kao konačna misao na rastanku
05:11
on behalf of future archeologists,
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u ime budućih arheologa
05:14
I would like to ask you to please think twice
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željela bih vas zamoliti da dvaput razmislite
05:17
before you go home and brush your teeth.
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prije no što odete kući i operete zube.
05:19
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
05:21
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:23
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christina Warinner - Archaeological geneticistChristina Warinner is a researcher at the University of Zurich, where she studies how humans have co-evolved with environments, diets and disease.
Why you should listen
Tna analyzes DNA from the bones and teeth of ancient people to study human evolution in response to changes in infectious disease, diet and the environment over the last 10,000 years. Using samples from ancient skeletons and mummies, she investigates how and why lactase persistence, alcohol intolerance and HIv-resistance have evolved in different populations around the world. As an archaeogeneticist, she’s particularly interested in bridging the gap between archaeology, anthropology and the biomedical sciences.
Christina Warinner | Speaker | TED.com