TED2019
Nanfu Wang: What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy
Nanfu Wang: Kako je bilo odrastati u Kini u doba politike jednog djeteta
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Kineska politika jednog djeteta završila je 2015. godine, ali tek počinjemo spoznavati kako je bilo živjeti pod tim programom, kaže TED-ova suradnica i snimateljica dokumentarnih filmova Nanfu Wang. Pomoću snimki iz svog filma "Nacija jednog djeteta" dijeli neispričane priče koje odaju složene posljedice ove politike i izlaže zastrašujuću moć promidžbe.
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmaker
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Nanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
My name is Nanfu.
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Zovem se Nanfu.
00:15
In Chinese, "nan" means "man."
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Na kineskom "nan" znači "muškarac".
00:18
And "fu" means "pillar."
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A "fu" znači "stup".
00:21
My family had hoped for a boy,
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Moja obitelj nadala se dječaku
00:23
who would grow up
to be the pillar of the family.
to be the pillar of the family.
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koji bi postao stup obitelji kada odraste.
00:27
And when I turned out to be a girl,
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I kada se ispostavilo da sam djevojčica,
00:29
they named me Nanfu anyway.
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svejedno su me nazvali Nanfu.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:33
I was born in 1985,
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Rođena sam 1985. godine,
00:35
six years before China announced
its one-child policy.
its one-child policy.
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a šest godina prije toga Kina je najavila
politiku jednog djeteta po obitelji.
politiku jednog djeteta po obitelji.
00:40
Right after I was born,
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Odmah nakon mog rođenja,
00:43
the local officials came
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
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predstavnici vlasti su naredili mojoj
majci da se podvrgne sterilizaciji.
majci da se podvrgne sterilizaciji.
00:48
My grandpa stood up to the officials,
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Moj djed se suprotstavio vlastima
00:51
because he wanted a grandson
to carry on the family name.
to carry on the family name.
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jer je želio unuka koji bi
nastavio obiteljsko ime.
nastavio obiteljsko ime.
Naposljetku je mojim roditeljima
dozvoljeno imati drugo dijete,
dozvoljeno imati drugo dijete,
00:55
Eventually, my parents were allowed
to have a second child,
to have a second child,
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ali morali su pričekati pet godina
01:00
but they had to wait for five years
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te platiti znatnu kaznu.
01:02
and pay a substantial fine.
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Odrastajući, moj brat i ja
01:05
Growing up, my brother and I
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bili smo okruženi djecom iz obitelji
s jednim djetetom.
s jednim djetetom.
01:08
were surrounded by children
from one-child families.
from one-child families.
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01:13
I remember feeling a sense of shame
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Sjećam se doživljaja srama
jer sam imala mlađega brata.
01:16
because I had a younger brother.
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01:19
I felt like our family did something wrong
for having two children.
for having two children.
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Osjećala sam kao da je naša obitelj
učinila nešto loše jer ima dvoje djece.
učinila nešto loše jer ima dvoje djece.
Tada nisam dovodila u pitanje
01:24
At the time, I didn't question
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01:25
where this sense of shame
and guilt came from.
and guilt came from.
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otkud dolaze ti osjećaji srama i krivnje.
01:31
A year and a half ago,
I had my own first child.
I had my own first child.
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Prije godinu i pol dana
dobila sam svoje prvo dijete.
dobila sam svoje prvo dijete.
01:34
It was the best thing
that ever happened in my life.
that ever happened in my life.
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Bila je to najbolja stvar
koja mi se ikad dogodila.
koja mi se ikad dogodila.
Postajanje majkom
01:38
Becoming a mother
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bacilo je novu perspektivu
na moje djetinjstvo
na moje djetinjstvo
01:39
gave me a totally new perspective
on my own childhood,
on my own childhood,
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i vratilo mi je sjećanja na
moje djetinjstvo u Kini.
moje djetinjstvo u Kini.
01:43
and it brought back
my memories of early life in China.
my memories of early life in China.
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Posljednja tri desetljeća
01:49
For the past three decades,
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svaki član moje obitelji morao je
tražiti dozvolu od vlasti
tražiti dozvolu od vlasti
01:51
everyone in my family had to apply
for a permission from the government
for a permission from the government
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kako bi mogao imati dijete.
01:56
to have a child.
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I pitala sam se
01:58
And I wondered
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kako je bilo ljudima koji su živjeli
u vrijeme politike jednog djeteta.
u vrijeme politike jednog djeteta.
01:59
what it was like for people
who lived under the one-child policy.
who lived under the one-child policy.
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Pa sam odlučila snimiti
dokumentarni film o tome.
dokumentarni film o tome.
02:04
So I decided to make
a documentary about it.
a documentary about it.
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Jedna od osoba s kojima
sam razgovarala
sam razgovarala
02:08
One of the people I interviewed
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bila je primalja koja je porodila
svu novorođenčad u mome selu,
svu novorođenčad u mome selu,
02:10
was the midwife who delivered
all of the babies born in my village,
all of the babies born in my village,
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uključujući i mene.
02:16
including myself.
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Imala je 84 godine kada smo razgovarale.
02:18
She was 84 years old
when I interviewed her.
when I interviewed her.
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Pitala sam je,
02:22
I asked her,
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"Možeš li se sjetiti koliko si djece
porodila u svom radnom vijeku?"
porodila u svom radnom vijeku?"
02:24
"Do you remember how many babies
you delivered throughout your career?"
you delivered throughout your career?"
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Nije mi mogla dati konačan broj poroda.
02:28
She didn't have a number for deliveries.
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02:31
She said she had performed
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Ali rekla mi je da je obavila
02:34
60,000 forced abortions
and sterilizations.
and sterilizations.
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60 tisuća prisilnih pobačaja
i sterilizacija.
i sterilizacija.
02:40
Sometimes, she said,
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Ponekad, kazala mi je,
02:43
a late-term fetus
would survive an abortion,
would survive an abortion,
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fetus kasnog stadija bi preživio pobačaj
02:46
and she would kill the baby
after delivering it.
after delivering it.
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te bi ubila dijete nakon što
bi ga porodila.
bi ga porodila.
02:49
She remembered how her hands would tremble
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Sjeća se drhtanja svojih ruku
02:53
as she did the work.
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dok je obavljala svoj posao.
02:55
Her story shocked me.
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Šokirala me njezina priča.
02:57
When I set out to make the film,
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Kada sam odlučila snimiti film,
03:00
I expected it would be a simple story
of perpetrators and victims.
of perpetrators and victims.
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očekivala sam jednostavnu priču
o počiniteljima i žrtvama.
o počiniteljima i žrtvama.
03:04
People who carried out the policy
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O ljudima koji su provodili politiku
03:06
and people who are living
with the consequences.
with the consequences.
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i o ljudima koji žive s
njezinim posljedicama.
njezinim posljedicama.
03:09
But that wasn't what I saw.
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Ali to nisam vidjela.
03:12
As I was finishing
my interview with the midwife,
my interview with the midwife,
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Završavajući razgovor s primaljom,
03:15
I noticed an area in her house
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zapazila sam dio njezine kuće
03:17
that was decorated
with elaborate homemade flags.
with elaborate homemade flags.
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ukrašen bogatim ručno izrađenim zastavama.
03:21
And each flag has a picture
of a baby on it.
of a baby on it.
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A svaka zastava nosila je sliku djeteta.
03:26
These were flags
that were sent by families
that were sent by families
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Te zastave slale su joj obitelji
03:29
whom she helped treat
their infertility problems.
their infertility problems.
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kojima je pomogla kod
liječenja neplodnosti.
liječenja neplodnosti.
03:33
She explained that she had had enough
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Objasnila je kako se bila zasitila
03:36
of performing abortions
and sterilizations --
and sterilizations --
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izvođenja pobačaja i sterilizacija --
03:38
that the only work she did now
was to help families have babies.
was to help families have babies.
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i da je od tada radila samo kako bi
pomogla obiteljima da dobiju dijete.
pomogla obiteljima da dobiju dijete.
03:44
She said she was full of guilt
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Kaže da je osjećala duboku krivnju
03:47
for carrying out the one-child policy,
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zbog sudjelovanja u politici
jednog djeteta.
jednog djeteta.
03:50
and she hoped that by helping
families have babies,
families have babies,
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Nadala se da će pomagajući obiteljima
da dobiju dijete
da dobiju dijete
03:53
she could counteract
what she did in the past.
what she did in the past.
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moći poništiti ono što je
činila u prošlosti.
činila u prošlosti.
03:57
It became clear to me
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
she, too, was a victim of the policy.
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Postalo mi je jasno
da je i ona bila žrtva te politike.
da je i ona bila žrtva te politike.
04:02
Every voice was telling her
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Svaki glas joj je govorio
04:05
that what she did was right
and necessary for China's survival.
and necessary for China's survival.
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da je to što čini ispravno i nužno
kako bi Kina preživjela.
kako bi Kina preživjela.
04:10
And she did what she thought
was right for her country.
was right for her country.
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I činila je što je smatrala ispravnim
za svoju zemlju.
za svoju zemlju.
04:14
I know how strong that message was.
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Znam koliko je ta poruka bila jaka.
04:17
It was everywhere
around myself when I grew up.
around myself when I grew up.
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Bila je svuda oko mene
dok sam odrastala.
dok sam odrastala.
04:20
It was printed on matches,
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Bila je ispisana na šibicama,
04:23
playing cards,
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igraćim kartama,
04:24
textbooks, posters.
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udžbenicima, plakatima.
04:27
The propaganda praising
the one-child policy
the one-child policy
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Promidžba u službi slavljenja
politike jednog djeteta
politike jednog djeteta
bila je svuda oko nas.
04:29
was everywhere around us.
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[Svatko tko odbije sterilizaciju
bit će smjesta uhićen.]
bit će smjesta uhićen.]
04:30
[Anyone who refuses to sterilize
will be arrested.]
will be arrested.]
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Kao i prijetnje protiv
odbijanja poslušnosti.
odbijanja poslušnosti.
04:33
And so were the threats
against disobeying it.
against disobeying it.
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04:35
The message seeped into our minds
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Poruka se usadila
u naše umove toliko snažno
u naše umove toliko snažno
04:38
so much so that I grew up
feeling embarrassed
feeling embarrassed
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da sam odrastala osjećajući sram
04:41
for having a younger brother.
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jer imam mlađeg brata.
04:45
With each person I filmed,
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Kod svake osobe koju sam snimala,
04:49
I saw how their minds and hearts
can be influenced by the propaganda,
can be influenced by the propaganda,
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vidjela sam kako njihova srca i umovi
mogu pasti pod utjecaj promidžbe
mogu pasti pod utjecaj promidžbe
i kako njihova volja za požrtvovnošću
u svrhu većeg dobra
u svrhu većeg dobra
04:55
and how their willingness
to make sacrifices for the greater good
to make sacrifices for the greater good
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može biti iskorištena za nešto
vrlo mračno i tragično.
vrlo mračno i tragično.
05:00
can be twisted into something
very dark and tragic.
very dark and tragic.
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To se ne događa samo u Kini.
05:04
China is not the only place
where this happens.
where this happens.
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Nema zemlje na svijetu
u kojoj ne postoji promidžba.
u kojoj ne postoji promidžba.
05:08
There is no country on earth
where propaganda isn't present.
where propaganda isn't present.
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A u društvima koja bi trebala biti
otvorenija i slobodnija od Kine,
otvorenija i slobodnija od Kine,
05:14
And in societies that are supposed to be
more open and free than China,
more open and free than China,
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može biti još teže prepoznati
kako ta promidžba izgleda.
kako ta promidžba izgleda.
05:18
it can be even harder to recognize
what propaganda looks like.
what propaganda looks like.
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Skriva se pred golim okom
u vidu novinarskih izvješća,
u vidu novinarskih izvješća,
05:23
It hides in plain sight as news reports,
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TV reklama, političkih kampanja
05:27
TV commercials, political campaigning
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05:31
and in our social media feeds.
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i na našim društvenim mrežama.
05:34
It works to change our minds
without our knowledge.
without our knowledge.
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Djeluje tako da mijenja naše umove
bez našeg znanja.
bez našeg znanja.
Svako društvo je slabo na prihvaćanje
promidžbe kao istine,
promidžbe kao istine,
05:40
Every society is vulnerable
to accepting propaganda as truth,
to accepting propaganda as truth,
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05:45
and no society where propaganda
replaces the truth
replaces the truth
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i nijedno društvo u kojem
promidžba zamjenjuje istinu
promidžba zamjenjuje istinu
ne može biti istinski slobodno.
05:48
can be truly free.
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05:50
Thank you.
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Hvala.
05:51
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nanfu Wang - Documentary filmmakerNanfu Wang uncovers untold stories about human rights in China.
Why you should listen
Nanfu Wang's Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hooligan Sparrow -- which follows maverick activist Ye Haiyan as she faces government surveillance and harassment after advocating for sexually abused schoolgirls -- was shortlisted for a 2017 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. She also directed and produced I Am Another You, winner of the Special Jury Prize at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, and her latest film, One Child Nation, which explores the history of China's birth policy and its profound effects on generations of Chinese parents and children. It won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival.
Originally from a remote village in China, Wang overcame poverty and a lack of access to formal education en route to earning three master's degrees from Shanghai University, Ohio University and New York University. She teaches editing at the School of Visual Arts as well as cinematography at New York University.
Nanfu Wang | Speaker | TED.com