TED2009
Bill Gates: Mosquitos, malaria and education
Bill Gates unplugged
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Bill Gates speră să rezolve câteva dintre cele mai presante probleme ale lumii folosind un nou tip de filantropie. În acest pasionat şi amuzant discurs de 18 minute, el ne cere să ne orientăm atenţia asupra două întrebări majore şi asupra felului în care am putea răspunde la aceste întrebări.
Bill Gates - Philanthropist
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
A passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation,
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Săptămâna trecută am scris o scrisoare despre activitatea fundaţiei,
00:18
sharing some of the problems.
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în care am prezentat unele dintre probleme.
00:21
And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that --
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Iar Warren Buffet mi-a recomandat să fac acest lucru --
00:24
being honest about what was going well, what wasn't,
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cu sinceritate, relatand despre lucrurile bune si mai putin bune,
00:27
and making it kind of an annual thing.
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si sa o fac anual.
00:30
A goal I had there was to draw more people in to work on those problems,
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Unul dintre scopuri a fost sa atrag mai multi oameni spre rezolvarea acestor probleme
00:33
because I think there are some very important problems
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fiindca cred ca sunt probleme foarte importante
00:36
that don't get worked on naturally.
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care nu se rezolva in mod natural.
00:39
That is, the market does not drive the scientists,
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Adica, piata nu determina oamenii de stiinta,
00:44
the communicators, the thinkers, the governments
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comunicatorii, ganditorii, guvernele,
00:47
to do the right things.
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sa faca lucrurile juste.
00:50
And only by paying attention to these things
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Si doar atragand atentia asupra acestor lucruri
00:53
and having brilliant people who care and draw other people in
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si avand oameni straluciti carora le pasa si atrag alti oameni
00:57
can we make as much progress as we need to.
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putem progresa atat cat avem nevoie.
00:59
So this morning I'm going to share two of these problems
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Deci, in aceasta dimineata voi impartasi doua dintre aceste probleme
01:02
and talk about where they stand.
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si voi vorbi despre stadiul in care ne aflam.
01:05
But before I dive into those I want to admit that I am an optimist.
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Dar inainte de a incepe vreau sa admit ca sunt un optimist.
01:09
Any tough problem, I think it can be solved.
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Cred ca orice problema dificila poate fi rezolvata.
01:13
And part of the reason I feel that way is looking at the past.
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Si motivul pentru care cred este ceea ce vad cand ma uit in urma.
01:16
Over the past century, average lifespan has more than doubled.
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De-a lungul secolului trecut, durata medie de viata s-a dublat.
01:21
Another statistic, perhaps my favorite,
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Alta statistica, probabil preferata mea,
01:24
is to look at childhood deaths.
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este cea privind moartea infantila.
01:27
As recently as 1960, 110 million children were born,
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In 1960, s-au nascut 110 milioane de copii,
01:33
and 20 million of those died before the age of five.
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si 20 de milioane dintre acestia au murit inainte de a implini varsta de cinci ani.
01:37
Five years ago, 135 million children were born -- so, more --
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Acum cinci ani, s-au nascut 135 milioane de copii--deci, mai multi--
01:41
and less than 10 million of them died before the age of five.
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si mai putin de 10 milioane dintre acestia au murit inainte de a implini varsta de 5 ani.
01:47
So that's a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate.
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Deci, rata mortii infantile s-a redus la jumatate.
01:52
It's a phenomenal thing.
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Este un lucru fenomenal.
01:54
Each one of those lives matters a lot.
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Fiecare dintre aceste vieti conteaza foarte mult.
01:57
And the key reason we were able to it was not only rising incomes
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Si motivul principal pentru care am reusit a fost nu numai acela ca am crescut veniturile
02:02
but also a few key breakthroughs:
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dar si cateva descoperiri esentiale:
02:05
vaccines that were used more widely.
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Vaccinurile au dobandit o folosinta mai larga.
02:08
For example, measles was four million of the deaths
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De exemplu, pojarul a cauzat 4 milioane de morti
02:11
back as recently as 1990
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in 1990
02:13
and now is under 400,000.
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si acum numarul de morti este sub 400.000.
02:16
So we really can make changes.
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Deci chiar putem schimba lucrurile.
02:18
The next breakthrough is to cut that 10 million in half again.
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Urmatoarea performanta este sa reducem la jumatate acele 10 milioane.
02:22
And I think that's doable in well under 20 years.
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Si cred ca acest obiectiv poate fi atins in mai putin de 20 de ani.
02:26
Why? Well there's only a few diseases
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De ce? Sunt doar cateva boli
02:30
that account for the vast majority of those deaths:
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care sunt responsabile pentru marea majoritate a acestor decese:
02:33
diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.
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diarea, pneumonia si malaria.
02:39
So that brings us to the first problem that I'll raise this morning,
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Si asa ajungem la prima problema pe care o voi ridica in aceasta dimineata,
02:44
which is how do we stop a deadly disease that's spread by mosquitos?
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care este: "cum stopam o boala mortala care este raspandita de tantari?
02:51
Well, what's the history of this disease?
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Care este istoria acestei boli?
02:53
It's been a severe disease for thousands of years.
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A fost o maladie grava pentru mii de ani.
02:56
In fact, if we look at the genetic code,
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De fapt, daca ne uitam la codul genetic,
02:59
it's the only disease we can see
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este singura boala pentru care
03:02
that people who lived in Africa
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oamenii care au trait in Africa
03:04
actually evolved several things to avoid malarial deaths.
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au dezvoltat cateva raspunsuri pentru a evita decesele din cauza malariei.
03:08
Deaths actually peaked at a bit over five million in the 1930s.
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Decesele au depasit cu putin 5 milioane in anii 1930.
03:14
So it was absolutely gigantic.
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Deci a fost realmente o cifra gigantica.
03:17
And the disease was all over the world.
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Si boala se raspandise in toata lumea.
03:20
A terrible disease. It was in the United States. It was in Europe.
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O boala teribila. Se raspandise in Statele Unite. Se raspandise in Europa.
03:23
People didn't know what caused it until the early 1900s,
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Pana la inceputul anilor 1900, oamenii nu ii cunosteau cauza
03:26
when a British military man figured out that it was mosquitos.
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dar, un militar britanic si-a dat seama ca era cauzata de tantari.
03:32
So it was everywhere.
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Deci era peste tot.
03:34
And two tools helped bring the death rate down.
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Si doua instrumente au ajutat la reducerea ratei deceselor.
03:38
One was killing the mosquitos with DDT.
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Unul a fost uciderea tantarilor cu DDT.
03:41
The other was treating the patients with quinine, or quinine derivatives.
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Cel de-al doilea a constat in tratarea pacientilor cu chinina sau derivati ai acesteia.
03:46
And so that's why the death rate did come down.
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De aceea rata deceselor a scazut.
03:50
Now, ironically, what happened was
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Ironia este ca
03:53
it was eliminated from all the temperate zones,
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a fost eliminata din zonele cu clima temperata
03:56
which is where the rich countries are.
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unde se afla tarile bogate.
03:57
So we can see: 1900, it's everywhere.
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Deci, putem observa: In anul 1900 este peste tot.
03:59
1945, it's still most places.
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In anul 1945, este in cele mai multe locuri.
04:03
1970, the U.S. and most of Europe have gotten rid of it.
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In anul 1970, Statele Unite si cea mai mare parte a Europei au scapat de ea.
04:06
1990, you've gotten most of the northern areas.
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In anul 1990 a fost eradicata din cea mai mare parte a zonelor nordice.
04:09
And more recently you can see it's just around the equator.
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Si recent putem vedea ca este raspandita doar in jurul ecuatorului.
04:15
And so this leads to the paradox that
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Si aceasta duce la paradoxul ca,
04:19
because the disease is only in the poorer countries,
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deoarece maladia se manifesta doar in tarile sarace,
04:21
it doesn't get much investment.
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nu se investeste mult in tratarea acesteia.
04:25
For example, there's more money put into baldness drugs
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De exemplu, se investesc mai multi bani in medicamente pentru stoparea pierderii parului
04:29
than are put into malaria.
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decat in medicamente pentru eradicarea malariei.
04:32
Now, baldness, it's a terrible thing.
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Pierderea parului este un lucru groaznic.
04:35
(Laughter)
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Rasete.
04:38
And rich men are afflicted.
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Si loveste barbatii bogati.
04:41
And so that's why that priority has been set.
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Si de aceea a devenit o prioritate.
04:47
But, malaria --
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Dar, malaria---
04:49
even the million deaths a year caused by malaria
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chiar si un milion de decese cauzate de malarie
04:51
greatly understate its impact.
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reprezinta o subestimare importanta a impactului acesteia.
04:53
Over 200 million people at any one time are suffering from it.
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Peste 200 de milioane de oameni sufera din cauza acesteia la un moment dat.
04:56
It means that you can't get the economies in these areas going
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Inseamna ca economiile din aceste zone nu functioneaza
05:01
because it just holds things back so much.
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din cauza malariei.
05:04
Now, malaria is of course transmitted by mosquitos.
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Bineinteles, malaria este transmisa de tantari.
05:08
I brought some here, just so you could experience this.
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Am adus cativa aici, doar ca sa puteti experimenta.
05:13
We'll let those roam around the auditorium a little bit.
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Haideti sa ii lasam sa cutreiere prin sala un pic.
05:17
(Laughter)
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Rasete.
05:20
There's no reason only poor people should have the experience.
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Nu doar oamenii saraci ar trebui sa aiba aceasta experienta.
05:23
(Laughter) (Applause)
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Rasete. Aplauze.
05:30
Those mosquitos are not infected.
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Acesti tantari nu sunt infectati.
05:35
So we've come up with a few new things. We've got bed nets.
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Deci am inventat cateva lucruri noi. Cum ar fi plasele de pat pentru tantari.
05:39
And bed nets are a great tool.
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Acestea sunt un instrument nemaipomenit.
05:42
What it means is the mother and child stay under the bed net at night,
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Asta inseamna ca mama si copilul sunt protejati de aceste plase noaptea
05:45
so the mosquitos that bite late at night can't get at them.
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astfel incat tantarii care inteapa noaptea tarziu nu ii pot atinge.
05:50
And when you use indoor spraying with DDT
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Cand folosim DDT
05:55
and those nets
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si aceste plase
05:56
you can cut deaths by over 50 percent.
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decesele se reduc cu 50 %.
05:59
And that's happened now in a number of countries.
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Si asta s-a intamplat intr-un numar de tari.
06:02
It's great to see.
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E nemaipomenit.
06:04
But we have to be careful because malaria --
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Dar trebuie sa fim atenti deoarece in cazul malariei--
06:07
the parasite evolves and the mosquito evolves.
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parazitul evolueaza si tantarul evolueaza.
06:12
So every tool that we've ever had in the past has eventually become ineffective.
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Deci fiecare instrument pe care l-am avut in trecut a devenit inefectiv in cele din urma.
06:16
And so you end up with two choices.
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Deci am ramas cu doua posibilitati.
06:19
If you go into a country with the right tools and the right way,
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Daca mergem intr-o tara cu instrumentele adecvate si le folosim in mod corect,
06:23
you do it vigorously,
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si o facem cu vigoare,
06:26
you can actually get a local eradication.
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putem obtine chiar o eradicare locala.
06:29
And that's where we saw the malaria map shrinking.
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Si iata unde am vazut harta malariei micsorandu-se.
06:31
Or, if you go in kind of half-heartedly,
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Dar, daca mergem nu prea convinsi,
06:34
for a period of time you'll reduce the disease burden,
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pentru o perioada de timp vom reduce povara maladiei,
06:37
but eventually those tools will become ineffective,
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dar in cele din urma aceste instrumente vor deveni ineficiente,
06:41
and the death rate will soar back up again.
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si rata deceselor va creste din nou.
06:44
And the world has gone through this where it paid attention and then didn't pay attention.
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Iar lumea a trecut prin perioade cand a fost atenta si apoi nu s-a mai interesat.
06:49
Now we're on the upswing.
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Acum suntem pe o panta ascendenta.
06:51
Bed net funding is up.
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Creste finantarea pentru plase pentru tantari.
06:54
There's new drug discovery going on.
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Se descopera noi medicamente.
06:57
Our foundation has backed a vaccine that's going into phase three trial
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Fundatia noastra a sprijinit un vaccin care va intra in faza a treia de expertiza
07:01
that starts in a couple months.
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care va incepe in cateva luni.
07:02
And that should save over two thirds of the lives if it's effective.
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Si daca este efectiv, acesta ar terbui sa salveze peste 2/3 din vieti.
07:05
So we're going to have these new tools.
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Deci vom avea aceste noi instrumente.
07:08
But that alone doesn't give us the road map.
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Dar numai acesta nu ne arata drumul de urmat.
07:11
Because the road map to get rid of this disease
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Fiindca planul pentru a scapa de aceasta maladie
07:14
involves many things.
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presupune multe lucruri.
07:16
It involves communicators to keep the funding high,
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Implica comunicatori pentru a pastra un nivel inalt al finantarii,
07:19
to keep the visibility high,
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pentru a pastra un nivel inalt de visibilitate,
07:21
to tell the success stories.
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pentru a spune povestile de succes.
07:23
It involves social scientists,
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Implica cercetatori in stiinte sociale,
07:25
so we know how to get not just 70 percent of the people to use the bed nets,
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astfel incat sa stim cum sa facem ca nu numai 70% din persoane sa foloseasca plase
07:28
but 90 percent.
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ci 90%.
07:30
We need mathematicians to come in and simulate this,
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Avem nevoie de matematicieni care sa faca simulari ale acestui proces,
07:33
to do Monte Carlo things to understand how these tools combine and work together.
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pentru a intelege cum aceste instrumente interactioneaza si functioneaza impreuna.
07:39
Of course we need drug companies to give us their expertise.
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Bineinteles, avem nevoie de expertiza companiilor de medicamente.
07:42
We need rich-world governments to be very generous in providing aid for these things.
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Avem nevoie de guverne bogate care sa furnizeze un ajutor generos pentru aceste lucruri.
07:47
And so as these elements come together,
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Si cum aceste elemente se aduna,
07:50
I'm quite optimistic
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sunt destul de optimist
07:53
that we will be able to eradicate malaria.
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ca vom fi capabili sa eradicam malaria.
07:57
Now let me turn to a second question,
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Acum ma voi ocupa de a doua intrebare,
08:00
a fairly different question, but I'd say equally important.
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a intrebare destul de diferita, dar as spune la fel de importanta.
08:04
And this is: How do you make a teacher great?
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Si aceasta este: Cum creezi un profesor bun?
08:07
It seems like the kind of question that people would spend a lot of time on,
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Pare genul de intrebare cu care oamenii ar pierde mult timp
08:12
and we'd understand very well.
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si am intelege foarte bine de ce este necesar acest lucru.
08:15
And the answer is, really, that we don't.
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Si raspunsul este ca, de fapt, ca nu intelegem.
08:19
Let's start with why this is important.
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Sa incepem cu de ce este important.
08:22
Well, all of us here, I'll bet, had some great teachers.
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Toti cei de aici, pariez, au avut niste profesori grozavi.
08:26
We all had a wonderful education.
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Toti am primit o educatie minunata.
08:29
That's part of the reason we're here today,
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Acesta este unul din motivele pentru care ne aflam azi aici.
08:32
part of the reason we're successful.
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unul din motivele pentru care avem succes.
08:34
I can say that, even though I'm a college drop-out.
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Pot sa spun asta, desi m-am lasat de facultate.
08:37
I had great teachers.
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Am avut profesori extraordinari.
08:40
In fact, in the United States, the teaching system has worked fairly well.
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De fapt, in Statele Unite, sistemul de invatamant a functionat destul de bine.
08:45
There are fairly effective teachers in a narrow set of places.
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Exista profesori destul de eficienti intr-un grup de locuri destul de restrans.
08:50
So the top 20 percent of students have gotten a good education.
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Deci primii 20% din studenti au primit o educatie buna.
08:53
And those top 20 percent have been the best in the world,
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Si aceste 20% au fost cele mai bune din lume,
08:57
if you measure them against the other top 20 percent.
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daca le compari cu celelalte 20%.
09:00
And they've gone on to create the revolutions in software and biotechnology
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Iar ei au creat revolutii in software si biotehnologie
09:05
and keep the U.S. at the forefront.
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si sa mentina Statele Unite in frunte.
09:09
Now, the strength for those top 20 percent
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Acum, puterea celor 20% din varf
09:12
is starting to fade on a relative basis,
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incepe sa paleasca relativ,
09:15
but even more concerning is the education that the balance of people are getting.
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dar si mai ingrijoratoare este educatia pe care majoritatea oamenilor o primesc.
09:21
Not only has that been weak. it's getting weaker.
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Nu numai aceasta a fost slaba; devine si mai slaba.
09:26
And if you look at the economy, it really is only providing opportunities now
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Si daca te uiti la economie, aceasta furnizeaza oportunitati acum
09:30
to people with a better education.
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numai oamenilor cu o educatie mai buna.
09:33
And we have to change this.
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Si trebuie sa schimbam acest lucru.
09:36
We have to change it so that people have equal opportunity.
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Trebuie sa o schimbam astfel incat oamenii sa beneficieze de aceleasi oportunitati.
09:39
We have to change it so that the country is strong
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Trebuie sa o schimbam astfel incat tara sa ramana puternica
09:42
and stays at the forefront
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si sa ramana in fruntea
09:44
of things that are driven by advanced education,
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lucrurilor care sunt influentate de educatia avansata,
09:47
like science and mathematics.
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ca stiintele si matematica.
09:49
When I first learned the statistics,
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Cand am aflat statisticile pentru prima data
09:52
I was pretty stunned at how bad things are.
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am fost uimit de cat de rau merg lucrurile.
09:55
Over 30 percent of kids never finish high school.
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Peste 30% dintre copii nu termina niciodata liceul.
09:58
And that had been covered up for a long time
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Si acest fenomen a fost ascuns pentru o lunga perioada de timp
10:01
because they always took the dropout rate as the number
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fiindca au calculat rata de renuntare ca numarul
10:04
who started in senior year and compared it to the number who finished senior year.
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celor care au inceput clasa a IX-a si l-au comparat cu numarul celor au terminat-o.
10:09
Because they weren't tracking where the kids were before that.
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Fiindca ei nu au urmareau unde erau copiii inainte de aceasta.
10:11
But most of the dropouts had taken place before that.
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Dar cele mai multe renuntari aveau loc inainte de aceasta.
10:14
They had to raise the stated dropout rate
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Au trebuit sa mareasca rata de renuntare oficiala
10:17
as soon as that tracking was done
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de indata ce au facut aceasta statistica
10:19
to over 30 percent.
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la peste 30 %
10:21
For minority kids, it's over 50 percent.
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Pentru copiii apartinand minoritatilor nationale, rata de renuntare este de peste 50%.
10:25
And even if you graduate from high school,
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Si chiar daca absolveau liceul,
10:28
if you're low-income,
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daca aveau venituri mici,
10:31
you have less than a 25 percent chance of ever completing a college degree.
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aveau mai putin de 25% sanse sa termine vreodata facultatea.
10:35
If you're low-income in the United States,
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Daca ai venituri mici in Statele Unite,
10:40
you have a higher chance of going to jail
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ai o sansa mai mare sa mergi la inchisoare
10:44
than you do of getting a four-year degree.
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decat sa obtii o diploma de licenta.
10:46
And that doesn't seem entirely fair.
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Asta nu pare prea corect.
10:49
So, how do you make education better?
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Deci, cum sa imbunatatim educatia?
10:52
Now, our foundation, for the last nine years, has invested in this.
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Fundatia noastra, in ultimii noua ani, a investit in aceasta directie.
10:56
There's many people working on it.
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Multi oameni lucreaza la aceasta problema.
10:59
We've worked on small schools,
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Am lucrat cu scoli mici,
11:02
we've funded scholarships,
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am finantat burse,
11:04
we've done things in libraries.
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am ajutat biblioteci.
11:06
A lot of these things had a good effect.
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Multe lucruri au avut un efect bun.
11:08
But the more we looked at it, the more we realized that having great teachers
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Dar cu cat aprofundam problema, cu atat mai mult ne dadeam seama ca lucrul principal
11:11
was the very key thing.
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era sa ai profesori buni.
11:14
And we hooked up with some people studying
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Si ne-am alaturat unor oameni care studiaza
11:17
how much variation is there between teachers,
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ce diferenta exista intre profesori
11:20
between, say, the top quartile -- the very best --
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adica, sa spunem, intre primul sfert-cei mai buni-
11:23
and the bottom quartile.
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si ultimul sfert.
11:25
How much variation is there within a school or between schools?
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Cat de mare este diferenta intr-o scoala sau intre scoli?
11:28
And the answer is that these variations are absolutely unbelievable.
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Si raspunsul este ca aceste diferente sunt de necrezut.
11:33
A top quartile teacher will increase the performance of their class --
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Un profesor din primul sfert va imbunatati performanta clasei lui,
11:38
based on test scores --
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conform rezultatelor testelor,
11:41
by over 10 percent in a single year.
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cu peste 10 la suta intr-un singur an.
11:43
What does that mean?
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Ce inseamna asta?
11:44
That means that if the entire U.S., for two years,
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Asta inseamna ca daca in Statele Unite, pentru doi ani,
11:47
had top quartile teachers,
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ar fi doar profesori din primul sfert,
11:50
the entire difference between us and Asia would go away.
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intreaga diferenta dintre noi si Asia ar disparea.
11:54
Within four years we would be blowing everyone in the world away.
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In patru ani am spulbera pe oricine din lume.
12:00
So, it's simple. All you need are those top quartile teachers.
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Deci, este simplu. Nu avem nevoie decat de profesori din primul sfert.
12:05
And so you'd say, "Wow, we should reward those people.
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Si ati spune, "Wow, ar trebui sa ii recompensam pe acesti oameni.
12:09
We should retain those people.
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Ar trebui sa ii pastram pe acesti oameni.
12:12
We should find out what they're doing and transfer that skill to other people."
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Ar trebui sa aflam ce fac si sa transferam aceste competente catre alte persoane."
12:15
But I can tell you that absolutely is not happening today.
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Dar pot sa va spun ca acest lucru nu se intampla deloc astazi.
12:20
What are the characteristics of this top quartile?
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Care sunt caracteristicile acestui prim sfert?
12:23
What do they look like?
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Cum arata ei?
12:25
You might think these must be very senior teachers.
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Ati putea crede ca sunt profesori cu experienta.
12:28
And the answer is no.
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Raspunsul este nu.
12:30
Once somebody has taught for three years
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Odata ce cineva a predat pentru trei ani
12:33
their teaching quality does not change thereafter.
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calitatea predarii nu se mai schimba.
12:38
The variation is very, very small.
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Diferenta este foarte, foarte mica.
12:41
You might think these are people with master's degrees.
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Ati putea crede ca aceste persoane au diplome de master.
12:46
They've gone back and they've gotten their Master's of Education.
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S-au intors la facultate si au obtinut diplome de Master in Educatie.
12:49
This chart takes four different factors
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Acest grafic ia in considerare patru factori diferiti
12:52
and says how much do they explain teaching quality.
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si arata cat de mult acesti factori explica calitatea predarii.
12:55
That bottom thing, which says there's no effect at all,
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Cel mai putin important factor, care spune ca nu este nici un efect,
12:58
is a master's degree.
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este diploma de master.
13:02
Now, the way the pay system works is there's two things that are rewarded.
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Dar doua lucruri sunt recompensate de sistemul de salarizare.
13:06
One is seniority.
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Unul este vechimea.
13:08
Because your pay goes up and you vest into your pension.
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Fiindca salariul creste si este investit in pensie.
13:11
The second is giving extra money to people who get their master's degree.
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Al doilea este de a bani in plus celor care au obtinut o diploma de master.
13:14
But it in no way is associated with being a better teacher.
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Dar sistemul de salarizare nu este asociat in nici un fel cu calitatea de a fi un bun profesor.
13:17
Teach for America: slight effect.
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Preda pentru America: efect minim.
13:20
For math teachers majoring in math there's a measurable effect.
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Pentru profesorii de matematica care au absolvit o facultate de matematica, efectul poate fi masurat.
13:24
But, overwhelmingly, it's your past performance.
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Dar, in mod coplesitor, este o performanta din trecut.
13:29
There are some people who are very good at this.
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Anumite persoane sunt foarte bune la asta.
13:32
And we've done almost nothing
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Dar nu am facut nimic
13:35
to study what that is
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pentru a studia ce este aceasta
13:38
and to draw it in and to replicate it,
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sa o descriem si sa o reproducem,
13:41
to raise the average capability --
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pentru a creste capacitatea medie
13:44
or to encourage the people with it to stay in the system.
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sau pentru a incuraja oamenii sa stea in sistem.
13:47
You might say, "Do the good teachers stay and the bad teacher's leave?"
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V-ati putea intreba, "Profesorii buni stau si cei incompetenti pleaca?"
13:50
The answer is, on average, the slightly better teachers leave the system.
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Raspunsul este ca, in medie, profesorii ceva mai buni parasesc sistemul.
13:53
And it's a system with very high turnover.
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Si este un sistem cu o rata foarte mare.
13:57
Now, there are a few places -- very few -- where great teachers are being made.
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Exists putine locuri, foarte putine, unde se instruiesc profesori foarte buni.
14:03
A good example of one is a set of charter schools called KIPP.
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Un exemplu foarte bun este un grup de ....scoli numit KIPP.
14:08
KIPP means Knowledge Is Power.
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KIPP inseamna Cunostintele sunt Putere.
14:11
It's an unbelievable thing.
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Este un lucru de necrezut.
14:14
They have 66 schools -- mostly middle schools, some high schools --
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Au 66 de scoli, mai ales scoli secundare, cateva licee,
14:17
and what goes on is great teaching.
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si predarea este exceptionala.
14:21
They take the poorest kids,
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Iau copii foarte saraci,
14:24
and over 96 percent of their high school graduates go to four-year colleges.
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si peste 96% din absolventii lor de liceu merg la facultate.
14:28
And the whole spirit and attitude in those schools
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Atitudinea in aceste scoli
14:31
is very different than in the normal public schools.
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este foarte diferita de cea din scolile publice.
14:34
They're team teaching. They're constantly improving their teachers.
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Ei lucreaza in echipa. Ei isi imbunatatesc in mod constant profesorii.
14:38
They're taking data, the test scores,
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Ei iau datele, rezultatele testelor,
14:41
and saying to a teacher, "Hey, you caused this amount of increase."
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si spun unui profesor, "Ai determinat aceasta crestere."
14:44
They're deeply engaged in making teaching better.
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Sunt profund angajati in imbunatatirea predarii.
14:48
When you actually go and sit in one of these classrooms,
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Daca te duci si stai in una dintre aceste clase,
14:51
at first it's very bizarre.
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la inceput, ti se pare bizar.
14:54
I sat down and I thought, "What is going on?"
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M-am asezat si m-am gandit, "Ce se petrece?"
14:57
The teacher was running around, and the energy level was high.
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Profesorul era in continua miscare, si nivelul energiei era ridicat.
15:00
I thought, "I'm in the sports rally or something.
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M-am gandit, "Sunt la o demonstratie sportiva sau ceva de genul asta.
15:03
What's going on?"
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Ce se intampla?"
15:05
And the teacher was constantly scanning to see which kids weren't paying attention,
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Si profesorul se uita in mod constant sa vada cine nu era atent,
15:08
which kids were bored,
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cine era plictisit,
15:10
and calling kids rapidly, putting things up on the board.
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si chema la ordine copiii repede, .....
15:13
It was a very dynamic environment,
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Era un mediu foarte dinamic,
15:15
because particularly in those middle school years -- fifth through eighth grade --
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fiindca, in special, in scoala secundara-- din clasa a cincea pana in clasa a opta--
15:18
keeping people engaged and setting the tone
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sa tii copiii ocupati si sa dai tonul
15:21
that everybody in the classroom needs to pay attention,
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astfel incat toti cei din clasa sa fie atenti,
15:24
nobody gets to make fun of it or have the position of the kid who doesn't want to be there.
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nimeni sa nu se distreze sau sa se comporte ca si cum nu ar vrea sa fie aici,
15:30
Everybody needs to be involved.
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Toti trebuie sa fie implicati.
15:32
And so KIPP is doing it.
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Si cei de la KIPP asta fac.
15:35
How does that compare to a normal school?
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Care este diferenta fata de o scoala obisnuita?
15:38
Well, in a normal school, teachers aren't told how good they are.
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Ei bine, intr-o scoala obisnuita, profesorilor nu li se spune cat de buni sunt.
15:42
The data isn't gathered.
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Nu se strag informatii pe aceasta tema,.
15:45
In the teacher's contract,
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In contractul profesorului,
15:47
it will limit the number of times the principal can come into the classroom --
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se va limita numarul de inspectii pe care directorul scolii le poate face
15:51
sometimes to once per year.
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cateodata la doar o data pe an.
15:53
And they need advanced notice to do that.
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Si trebuie sa anunte in prealabil intentia de a face o inspectie.
15:56
So imagine running a factory where you've got these workers,
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Deci imaginati-va cum merge o fabrica unde lucreaza acesti muncitori,
15:59
some of them just making crap
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in care cativa dintre ei nu sunt buni de nimic
16:02
and the management is told, "Hey, you can only come down here once a year,
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iar managementului i se spune, "Poti veni aici doar o data pe an,
16:06
but you need to let us know, because we might actually fool you,
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dar trebuie sa ne anunti, fiindca te-am putea insela,
16:08
and try and do a good job in that one brief moment."
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incercand sa ne facem treaba in acel scurt moment."
16:12
Even a teacher who wants to improve doesn't have the tools to do it.
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Chiar si un profesor care vrea sa se perfectioneze nu dispune de instrumentele pentru a face acest lucru.
16:17
They don't have the test scores,
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Nu au rezultatele testelor,
16:19
and there's a whole thing of trying to block the data.
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si sunt tot felul de incercari pentru a bloca accesul la date.
16:22
For example, New York passed a law
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De exemplu, statul New York a adoptat o lege
16:25
that said that the teacher improvement data could not be made available and used
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care prevede ca datele privind perfectionarea profesorilor nu pot fi facute publice si folosite
16:30
in the tenure decision for the teachers.
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la luarea deciziilor privind titularizarea profesorilor.
16:34
And so that's sort of working in the opposite direction.
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Intr-un fel se poate spune ca se merge in directia opusa.
16:37
But I'm optimistic about this,
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Dar, sunt optimist
16:39
I think there are some clear things we can do.
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si cred ca sunt cateva lucruri clare pe care le putem face.
16:43
First of all, there's a lot more testing going on,
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In primul rand, se fac tot mai multe teste
16:47
and that's given us the picture of where we are.
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si acestea ne vor da arata clar unde ne aflam.
16:50
And that allows us to understand who's doing it well,
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Si ne vor permite sa intelegem cine isi face treaba bine,
16:54
and call them out, and find out what those techniques are.
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si sa ii chemam pentru a afla care le sunt tehnicile.
16:57
Of course, digital video is cheap now.
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Bineinteles, video-ul digital este ieftin acum.
17:00
Putting a few cameras in the classroom
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Instalarea a catorva camere in salile de clasa
17:02
and saying that things are being recorded on an ongoing basis
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si inregistrarea lectiilor in mod continuu
17:08
is very practical in all public schools.
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este o metoda foarte practica in toate scolile publice.
17:10
And so every few weeks teachers could sit down
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Deci la fiecare cateva saptamani profesorii le-ar putea urmari
17:13
and say, "OK, here's a little clip of something I thought I did well.
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si ar putea spune, "OK, in clipul acesta vad ca am facut ceva bun.
17:16
Here's a little clip of something I think I did poorly.
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In clipul acesta vad ca nu am fost in forma optima.
17:19
Advise me -- when this kid acted up, how should I have dealt with that?"
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Spune-mi, cum ar fi trebuit sa ma port cu copilul acesta?
17:22
And they could all sit and work together on those problems.
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Si ei ar putea sa rezolve impreuna aceste probleme.
17:26
You can take the very best teachers and kind of annotate it,
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Am putea face o lista a celor mai buni profesori
17:30
have it so everyone sees who is the very best at teaching this stuff.
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astfel incat oricine sa poata vedea cine este cel mai bun intr-un anumit domeniu.
17:34
You can take those great courses and make them available
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Putem prelua aceste cursuri si le putem face disponibile
17:36
so that a kid could go out and watch the physics course, learn from that.
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astfel incat un copil sa poate viziona si invata un curs de fizica.
17:41
If you have a kid who's behind,
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Daca avem un copil care a ramas in urma,
17:43
you would know you could assign them that video to watch and review the concept.
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am putea sa ii repartizam acel video pentru a-l viziona si invata conceptul.
17:47
And in fact, these free courses could not only be available just on the Internet,
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Si, de fapt, aceste cursuri gratis ar putea fi disponibile nu numai pe Internet,
17:51
but you could make it so that DVDs were always available,
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dar si pe DVD.
17:55
and so anybody who has access to a DVD player can have the very best teachers.
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astfel incat oricine are acces la un DVD player poate avea acces la cei mai buni profesori.
18:02
And so by thinking of this as a personnel system,
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Si astfel daca concepem acest sistem ca fiind unul de cadre,
18:07
we can do it much better.
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putem sa il imbunatatim.
18:09
Now there's a book actually, about KIPP --
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De fapt, exista o carte, despre KIPP--
18:11
the place that this is going on --
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locul unde se petrec toate acestea--
18:13
that Jay Matthews, a news reporter, wrote -- called, "Work Hard, Be Nice."
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scrisa de Jay Matthews, un reporter de stiri, intitulata, "Lucreaza din greu, Fii bun."
18:18
And I thought it was so fantastic.
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Si mi s-a parut fantastic.
18:20
It gave you a sense of what a good teacher does.
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Iti da o idee despre ceea ce face un profesor bun.
18:24
I'm going to send everyone here a free copy of this book.
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Voi trimite o copie a acestei carti gratis tuturor.
18:27
(Applause)
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Aplauze.
18:32
Now, we put a lot of money into education,
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Dam multi bani pentru educatie,
18:35
and I really think that education is the most important thing to get right
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si realmente cred ca educatia este cel mai important lucru pe care sa il facem bine
18:41
for the country to have as strong a future as it should have.
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pentru ca tara sa aiba viitorul pe care ar trebui sa il aiba.
18:46
In fact we have in the stimulus bill -- it's interesting --
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De fapt, avem un proiect al legii stimulentelor, este interesant,
18:48
the House version actually had money in it for these data systems,
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versiunea Camerei Reprezentatilor chiar prevedea sa se aloce bani pentru aceste sisteme de date,
18:51
and it was taken out in the Senate
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dar a fost retrasa din Senat
18:53
because there are people who are threatened by these things.
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fiindca sunt oameni care sunt amenintati de aceste lucruri.
18:56
But I -- I'm optimistic.
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Dar sunt optimist.
18:58
I think people are beginning to recognize how important this is,
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Cred ca oamenii incep sa recunoasca cat de important este,
19:02
and it really can make a difference for millions of lives, if we get it right.
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si ca realmente putem schimba milioane de vieti, daca ne facem treaba bine.
19:09
I only had time to frame those two problems.
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Nu am avut timp sa prezint decat aceste doua probleme.
19:12
There's a lot more problems like that --
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Sunt mult mai multe probleme ca acestea--
19:14
AIDS, pneumonia -- I can just see you're getting excited,
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SIDA, pneumonia-- vad ca deveniti interesati
19:18
just at the very name of these things.
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doar la auzul acestor probleme.
19:21
And the skill sets required to tackle these things are very broad.
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Si aptitudinile necesare pentru a aborda aceste probleme sunt foarte complexe.
19:26
You know, the system doesn't naturally make it happen.
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Stiti, sistemul nu rezolva lucrurile in mod obisnuit.
19:29
Governments don't naturally pick these things in the right way.
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Guvernele nu aleg in mod obisnuit aceste lucruri in mod corect.
19:34
The private sector doesn't naturally put its resources into these things.
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Sectorul privat nu investeste resurse in mod obisnuit in aceste lucruri.
19:38
So it's going to take brilliant people like you
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Deci este nevoie de oameni straluciti ca voi
19:41
to study these things, get other people involved --
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pentru a studia aceste lucruri, a implica alti oameni---
19:44
and you're helping to come up with solutions.
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si asa veti ajuta la gasirea solutiilor.
19:47
And with that, I think there's some great things that will come out of it.
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Si cu aceasta, cred ca lucruri extraordinare vor rezulta.
19:50
Thank you.
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Multumesc.
19:52
(Applause)
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Aplauze.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bill Gates - PhilanthropistA passionate techie and a shrewd businessman, Bill Gates changed the world while leading Microsoft to dizzying success. Now he's doing it again with his own style of philanthropy and passion for innovation.
Why you should listen
Bill Gates is the founder and former CEO of Microsoft. A geek icon, tech visionary and business trailblazer, Gates' leadership -- fueled by his long-held dream that millions might realize their potential through great software -- made Microsoft a personal computing powerhouse and a trendsetter in the Internet dawn. Whether you're a suit, chef, quant, artist, media maven, nurse or gamer, you've probably used a Microsoft product today.
In summer of 2008, Gates left his day-to-day role with Microsoft to focus on philanthropy. Holding that all lives have equal value (no matter where they're being lived), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has now donated staggering sums to HIV/AIDS programs, libraries, agriculture research and disaster relief -- and offered vital guidance and creative funding to programs in global health and education. Gates believes his tech-centric strategy for giving will prove the killer app of planet Earth's next big upgrade.
Read a collection of Bill and Melinda Gates' annual letters, where they take stock of the Gates Foundation and the world. And follow his ongoing thinking on his personal website, The Gates Notes. His new paper, "The Next Epidemic," is published by the New England Journal of Medicine.
Bill Gates | Speaker | TED.com