TED2008
Brian Cox: CERN's supercollider
Браян Кокс: ЦЕРН-ов суперзбивач
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"Рок гвизда физичар" Браян Кокс бешедує о його роботи на Вельким Гадронским Збивачу у ЦЕРН-у. Розправяюци о найвекшей з вельких наукох на прицагуюци, приступни способ, Кокс насводзи на турнею того масивного проєкту.
Brian Cox - Physicist
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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То Вельки Гадронски Збивач.
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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Ма 27 километри у обсягу.
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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То найвекши наукови експеримент по нєшка.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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Вецей як 10.000 физичарох и инженєрох
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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зоз 85 жемох на швеце
00:32
have come together over several decades
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ше здружели пред даскелїма декадами
00:34
to build this machine.
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же би вибудовали тоту машину.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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Цо ми робиме то же пошвидшуєме протони --
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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водонїково ядра --
00:40
around 99.999999
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по колоо 99,999999
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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проценти швидкосци швтла.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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Так? З тоту швидкосцу вони кружа по тих
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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27 километрох 11.000 раз у секунди.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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И ми их збиваме зоз другим цеком протонох
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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хтори ше рушаю у процивним напряме.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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Збиваме их нука у ґиґантских детекторох.
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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Вони у сущносци диґитални камери.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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И то єден з нїх на хторим я робим, АТЛАС.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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Да достанєце чувство їх велькосци --
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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можеце видзиц тих стандардно високих
01:07
people underneath.
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Европейцох под нїма.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Шмих)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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Пре чувство велькосци: 44 метери широки,
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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22 метери пречнїк, 7.000 тони.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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А ми ту знова правиме условия яки були у
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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милиярдитей часци секунди од початку
универзуму и то 600 милиони раз у секунди
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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нука у тим детектору -- огромни числа.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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Кед видзице тоти метални фалати --
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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то огромни маґнети хтори скруцую
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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наелектрисани часточки
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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так ше може мерац швидкосц зоз хтоу путую.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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То слика знята пред роком.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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Тоти маґнети там.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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И, знова, стандардна европейска, особа,
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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так маце даяке чувство розмирох.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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И то ту дзе ше мини-Биґ Банґ буду правиц
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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дзешке на лєто того року.
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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Заправо, нєшка рано сом достал е-мейл
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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дзе пише же зме праве нєшка закончели
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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з будованьом остатнєй часци АТЛАС-у.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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Нєшка то закончене. Любел би сом повесц
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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же сом то плановал праве за ТЕД,
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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алє сом нє плановал. Нєшка то закончене.
02:03
(Applause)
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(Кляпканє)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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Гей, то чудесне досцигнуце.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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Тераз, можеце ше питац "Прецо?
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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Прецо стваряц условия яки були присутни
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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у менєй як милиярдитей часци секунди?"
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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Физичаре часточкох амбициозни.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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Циль физики часточкох то розумиц
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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з чого шицко направене и як то стої вєдно.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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Под шицким, розумим
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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мнє и вас, Жем, Слунко,
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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100 милиярди слунка у нашей ґалаксиї
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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и 100 милиярди ґалаксиї
02:35
in the observable universe.
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у обачлївим универзуме.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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Апсолутно шицко.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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Можеце повесц "Чом нє патриц на ньго?"
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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Кед сцеце знац з чого сом, опатьце."
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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Нашли зме же кед патрице до прешлосци,
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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универзум постава цеплєйши и цеплєйши,
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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вше густейши и вше простейши.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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Нєт окремней причини же сом того свидоми,
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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алє випатра же то случай.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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Так, вельо назад ґу початком унивезуму,
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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вериме же вон бул єдноставни и розумлїви.
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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Шицка зложеносц аж по чудесни ствари --
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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людски розум -- припадаю старому
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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и жимному и компликованому универзуму.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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На початку, у милиярдитей часци секунди,
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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вериме, спатрели зме, вон бул барз прости.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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То скоро як...
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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задумайце пахульку на дланї.
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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Патрице и вона нєвироятно компликована
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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прекрасни обєкт. Алє, як ю зогриваце,
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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вона ше розпущує и постава капка води
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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и годни сце видзиц же, заправо, була
03:31
of H20, water.
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направена зоз H20, - води.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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У таким змислу ми патриме назад у часу
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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да розумиме зоз чого направени универзум.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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И, по нєшка, направени є зоз тих стварох.
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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Лєм 12 часточки материї злїпени
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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вєдно зоз штирома природнима силами.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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Кварки, целово, з протонох и неутронох
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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хтори творя атомни ядра у нашим целу.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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Електрон -- ствар цо ше руша доокола
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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атомного ядра --
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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стої у орбити пре електромаґнетней сили
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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хтору ма тота ствар, протон.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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Кварки злїпени вєдно з ґлуонами.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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Тоти хлапци, ту, то слаби нуклеарни сили,
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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вироятно найменєй познати.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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Алє без нїх, слунко би нє швицело.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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Kед слунко швици, посила дужи количества
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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неутронох цо ше вилїваю з нього.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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Заправо, кед би сце попатрели на ваш нохец
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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поверхносци коло квадратого центиметру --
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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там коло 60 милиярди неутрина и секунди
04:26
from the sun, passing
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зоз слунка и преходза
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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през кажди квадратни цент вашиго цела.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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Вашо цело их нє чувствує, прето же
04:32
is correctly named --
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слаба сила точно наволана --
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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дїйствує на барз кратко и барз слабо,
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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так же вони лєм прелєца през вас.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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Тоти часточки були пренайдзени
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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цеком прешлого вику, у главним.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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Перша, електрон, була пренайдзена 1897,
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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а остатня, ствар волана тау неутрино,
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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року 2000. Заправо праве --
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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сцел сом повесц, праве на драги за Чикаґо.
04:52
America, isn't it?
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Знам же то велька жем Америка, чи нє?
04:55
Just up the road.
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Праве на драги.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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Спрам универзуму, то праве на драги.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(Шмих)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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Тота ствар пренайдзена року 2000,
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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так же то релативно нова слика.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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Єдна з чудесних стварох, заправо, за мнє,
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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то же зме пренашли єдну з нїх, кед знаце
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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яки су дробенки. Вони лєм єден крочай
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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у срозмирох цалого видлївого универзуму.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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Так, 100 милиярди ґалаксиї,
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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13,7 милиярди шветлосних рокох --
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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лєм крочай у срозмири оталь по Монтерей,
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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то исте як од Монтерею по тоти ствари.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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Апсолутно, прекрасно дробеньки,
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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а заш лєм, ми пренашли скоро цали сет.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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Так єден з моїх найславнєйших предходнїкох
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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на Манчестерским Универзитету,
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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Ернест Рутерфорд, пренашол атомне ядро,
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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раз гуторел: "Шицки науки то лєбо физика
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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лєбо зберанє поштових маркох".
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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Нє, нє думам же сцел увредзиц
05:49
the rest of science,
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остаток наукох,
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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a почим є з Нового Зеланду, и то можлїве.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(Шмих)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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Цо зме зробели по тераз, то заправо
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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зберанє поштових маркох.
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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У шоре, пренашли зме часточки,
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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алє док нє порозумице основну причину
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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за таки шаблон, прецо то створене так як є
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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заправо збераце марки. То нє наука.
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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На щесце, маме вироятно
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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найвекши наукови досяг двацетого вику
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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хтори подупера тот шаблон.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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То Нютново закони, кед сцеце так,
06:19
of particle physics.
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физики часточкох. Вола ше Стандардни Модел
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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-- прекрасно проста математична єдначина.
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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Можеце ю прилїпиц на преднї бок маїци
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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цо вше знак елеґанциї.
06:29
This is it.
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То шицко.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(Шмих)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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Бул сом нєщири прето же сом то винєсол
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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у шицких брудних детальох.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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Тота єдначина вам допущує вираховац шицко,
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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окрем ґравитациї цо ше збува у универзуму.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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Дознац чом нєбо белаве, чом ше атоми
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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вяжу вєдно, треба вам моцни компютер,
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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прецо ДНК у фурми у якей є...
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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Требали би сце мочи вираховац
06:52
But there's a problem.
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зоз тей єдначини. Алє, ту проблем.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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Може дахто видзиц цо то?
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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Фляша шампаньцу за каждого хто ми пове.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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Олєгчам так же оддуєм єдну з ленийох.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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У основи, кажди з тих терминох
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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ше одноши на даєдну часточку.
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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Тоти W ше одноша на W и як стоя вєдно.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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Тоти ношаче слабей сили, Z, так исто.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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Алє ту єден екстра симбол у єднакосци: H.
07:17
Right, H.
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Точно, H.
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H означує Хиґсову часточку.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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Хиґсово часточки ище нє пренайдзени.
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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Алє вони нєобходни: вони нєобходни
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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же би тота математика робела.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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Так тоти деликатно детальни рахунки цо
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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можеме зробиц зоз тоту чудесну єдначину
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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нє були би можлїви без додатного фалатка.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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Ту предсказанє:
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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предсказанє новей часточки.
07:38
What does it do?
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Цо вона роби?
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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Длуго нам требало найсц добри аналоґиї.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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Кед зме 1980-тих глєдали пенєж
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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за ВГЗ од анґлийскей влади
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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Марґарета Тачер, теди гварела:
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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"Кед ви хлапци можеце обяшнїц на язику
07:51
a politician can understand,
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хтори политичаре можу розумиц,
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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цо робице, можеце мац пенєж.
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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Сцем знас цо Хиґс часточка роби."
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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И ми нашли аналоґию хтора випатра же роби.
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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Хиґс дава масу основним часточком.
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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Слика така же цали универзум --
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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и то нє лєм простор, алє у мнє и у вас --
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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цали универзм полни зоз Хиґс польом.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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Хиґс часточками кед сцеце.
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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Аналоґия тота же людзе у хижи
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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то Хиґс часточки.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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Кед ше часточка руша по универзуму
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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може содїйствовац зоз Хиґс часточками.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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Задумайце дакого одбойного як преходзи.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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Шицки их иґнорую. Можу прейсц барз швидко
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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зоз швидкосцу шветла. Вони безмасени.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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Задумайце дакого нєвироятно важного
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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и популарного и интелиґентного
08:35
walks into the room.
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як уходзи до хижи.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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Вон окружени з людзми и преход му очежани.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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Як кед би очежали. Постали масивни.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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То точно як Хиґс меганизем роби.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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Слика така же електрони и кварки
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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у вашим целу и универзуму коло нас
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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чежки, у змислу масивни,
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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прето жесу окружени зоз Хиґс часточками.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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Вони содїйствую зоз Хиґс польом.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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Кед же тота слика точна,
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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вец мушиме пренайсц тоти часточки у ВГЗ.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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Кед є нє точна -- пре скруцени механизем
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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то найєдноставнєйше цо зме могли здумац --
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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вец гоч цо робя Хиґс часточки
09:12
we know have to turn up
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ми знаме же ше муша зявиц
09:14
at the LHC.
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у ВГЗ.
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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То основни причини прецо зме вибудовали
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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тоту машину. Мило ми же знаце панї Тачер.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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Сцел сом то повесц на баржей културно
09:24
(Laughter)
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релевантни способ, алє -- (Шмих)
09:27
anyway.
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шицко єдно.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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Так, то єдна ствар.
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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То так повесц ґаранция цо ВГЗ пренайдзе.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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Иснию и други ствари. Чули сце о велїх
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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вельких проблемох у физики часточкох.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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Єден з нїх то цма материя, цма енерґия.
09:41
There's another issue,
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Ту и друге питанє же сили природи
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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-- то цалком красне заправо --
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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випатра, же як ше врацаце назад у часу,
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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випатра меняю моц.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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Гей, вони наисце меняю моц.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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Електромаґнетна сила, цо нас трима вєдно,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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постава моцнєйша на висших температурох.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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Моцна нуклеарна сила цо трима ядра вєдно,
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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постава слабша. У стандардним моделу --
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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можеце раховац як ше то меня -- то сили
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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три сили, окрем ґравитациї,
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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випатра же поставаю єднаки у єдней точки.
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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То скоро як кед би була єдна красна
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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файта супер-сили на початку часу.
10:14
But they just miss.
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Алє, вони премахнули.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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Терз ту нова теория волана супер-симетрия
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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хторацо подвойнїсцела число часточкох у
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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стандардним моделу. Здабе на упросценє.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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Алє заправо, зоз тоту теорию,
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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пренашли зме же сили природи
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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зєдинєни пред Вельким Праском -- красне
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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пророчество. Модел нє направени пре то,
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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алє випатра же роби.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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Тиж, тоти супер-симетрични часточки
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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моцни кандидати за цму материю.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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Барз прицагуюца теория
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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хтора наисце водзаца у физики.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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И кед би сом ше ставел, а ставел бим ше --
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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на барз нєнаукови способ -- то
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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то би було же ше тоти ствари зявя у ВГЗ.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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И други ствари годзен ВГЗ пренайсц.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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Алє у остатнїх минутох, сцем вам дац
10:56
a different perspective
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иншаку перспективу того
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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цо я думам -- же цо ми физика часточкох
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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значи -- физика часточкох и космолоґия.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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Я думам же нам дати прекрасни
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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опис -- лєм цо нє приповедка стваряня,
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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кед так любице -- цалого универзуму
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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од модерней науки у остатнїх декадох.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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И поведол би сом же заслужує,
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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у духу бешеди Вейд Дейвиса,
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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же би стала вєдно з митами о стваряню
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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яки маю людзе у високих Андох и на сиверу.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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Приповедка о стваряню подєднак красна.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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Вона ше одвива так: ми знаме же
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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универзум почал пред 13,7 милиарди рокох,
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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у силно горуцим, густим станю,
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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вельо меншим як єден атом.
11:39
It began to expand about
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Почал ше шириц у
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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милионитей, милиярдитей, милиярдитей,
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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часци секунди по Вельким Праску.
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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Ґравитация ше одвоєла од других силох.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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Универзум потим прецерпел
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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експоненциялне ширенє наволане инфлация.
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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У милиядритей часци секунди, лєбо так,
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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Хиґсово польо улєцело и кварки
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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и ґлуони и електрони
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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хтори нас творя, достали масу.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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Универзум ше предулжел шириц и хладзиц.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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По коло пейц минутох,
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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настали водонїк и гелиюм. То шицко.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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Уиверзум бул коло 75% водонїк
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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и коло 25% гелиюм. Так и нєшка.
12:18
It continued to expand
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Предлужел ше шириц
12:20
about 300 million years.
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коло 300 милиони роки.
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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Потим шветлосц почала путовац през нього.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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Бул досц вельки же би постал превидни
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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и тото видзиме у позадинских микрогабох
12:28
that George Smoot described
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хтори Джордж Смут описал
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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як кед би патрел на Божу твар.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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По коло 400 милиони рокох, формована
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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перша гвизда и водонїк и гелиюм ше почали
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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вариц до чежших елементох.
12:39
So the elements of life --
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Так елементи живота --
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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углєнїк, оксиґен, и желєзо,
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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и шицки елементи цо нам потребни --
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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наварени у преших ґенерацийох гвиздох
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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хтори, кед потрошели гориво, праснули
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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руцаюци елементи назад до универзуму.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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Потим ше завалєли до иншакей ґенерациї
12:55
of stars and planets.
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гвиздох и планетох.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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На даєдних планетох, оксиґен з першей
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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ґенерациї гвиздох ше злял з водонїком
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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и направели чечну воду на поверхносци.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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Можебуц голєм на єдней з тих планетох
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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примитивни живот настал
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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и еволуовал през милиони рокох
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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до того цо ходзел випросцени зохабел
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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одцисок талпох пред пол милиону рокох у
13:20
and eventually
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мулю Танзаниї и евентуално
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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зохабел одцисок талпи на другим швеце.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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Вибудовал тоту цивилизацию
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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тоту чудесну слику
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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хтора претворела цмоту до шветла
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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та можеце видзиц цивилизацию зоз вселени.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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Як єден з моїх вельких геройох,
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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Карл Саґан, гварел -- то ствари
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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и нє лєм тоти -- то ствари
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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як ракета Сатурн 5 и Спутнїк,
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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и ДНК и литература и наука --
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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то шицко зробели атоми водонїка
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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кед им дати 13.7 милиярди роки часу.
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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Абсолутно надзичайне.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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А, закони физики. Правда?
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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Прави закони физики --
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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вони крашнє ускладзени.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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Кед би слаба сила була кус иншака,
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
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вец би углєнїк и оксиґен нє були стабилни
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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у гвиздових ядрох
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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и нє було би анї єдней у универзуму.
14:08
And I think that's
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Думам же то
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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прекрасна и значлїва приповедка.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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Пред 50 роками би сом ю нє могол повесц
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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прето же зме нє знали за ню.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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Пре ню чувствуєм же
14:18
that civilization --
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тота цивилизация --
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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хтора, як гварим, кед верице
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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до науковей приповедки о твореню,
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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настала лєм як резултат законох физики
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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и даскелїх водонїкових атомох --
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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вец думам, голєм за мнє,
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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же сом прето нєвироятно драгоцини.
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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Ето то ВГЗ.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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ВГЗ сиґурно, кед ше уключи на лєто,
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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напише друге поглавє тей кнїжки.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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Я, дабомек, чекам зоз
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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нєвимерлївим возбудзеньом да го уключа.
14:46
Thanks.
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Дзекуєм.
14:48
(Applause)
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(Аплауз)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Cox - PhysicistPhysicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester.
Why you should listen
Based at the University of Manchester, Brian Cox works at CERN in Geneva on the ATLAS experiment, studying the forward proton detectors for the Large Hadron Collider there. He's a professor at the University of Manchester, working in the High Energy Physics group, and is a research fellow of the Royal Society.
He's also become a vital voice in the UK media for explaining physics to the public. With his rockstar hair and accessible charm, he's the go-to physicist for explaining heady concepts on British TV and radio. (If you're in the UK, watch him on The Big Bang Machine.) He was the science advisor for the 2007 film Sunshine. He answers science questions every Friday on BBC6 radio's Breakfast Show.
Brian Cox | Speaker | TED.com