TED2008
Brian Cox: CERN's supercollider
Brian Cox o supertrkalniku v CERNu
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"Rock zvezda fizike" Brian Cox pripoveduje o Velikem hadronskem trkalniku (LHC) v CERNu. Na zanimiv in poljuden način nam Cox predstavi ta največji od velikih znanstvenih projektov.
Brian Cox - Physicist
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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To je Veliki hadronski trkalnik (LHC),
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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ki v premeru meri 27 kilometrov in je
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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najobsežnejši znanstveni eksperiment doslej.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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Več kot 10.000 fizikov in inženirjev
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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iz 85 držav
00:32
have come together over several decades
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je pri izdelavi te naprave
00:34
to build this machine.
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sodelovalo več desetletij.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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S trkalnikom pospešujemo
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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protone, vodikova jedra,
00:40
around 99.999999
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do hitrosti 99,999999%
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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svetlobne hitrosti.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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Pri tej hitrosti protoni
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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obkrožijo 27 kilometrov 11.000 krat na sekundo.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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Pri tem jih trkamo z drugim curkom protonov,
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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ki potujejo v nasprotni smeri.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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Trkamo jih v velikanskih detektorjih,
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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ki so pravzaprav digitalne kamere.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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To je ATLAS, kamera, pri izdelavi katere sodelujem tudi sam.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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Občutek velikosti vam dajo
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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ljudje standardne EU velikosti
01:07
people underneath.
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ob vznožju detektorja.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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Nekaj mer za boljšo predstavo: 44 metrov dolg
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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22 metrov v premeru in 7.000 ton.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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V detektorju poustvarjamo stanje v času
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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prve miljardinke sekunde po rojstvu vesolja,
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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in to 600 milijonkrat v eni sekundi.
01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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Gromozanske številke.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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Majhni kovinski kosi, ki jih vidite tu,
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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so ogromni magneti, ki ukrivljajo
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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poti nabitih delcev zato, da
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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lahko merimo njihovo hitrost.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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Tole je leto dni stara slika.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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Magneti so tule.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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In zopet človek EU velikosti
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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za občutek razsežnosti.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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In tu, v notranjosti detektorja, bomo letos
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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poleti ustvarjali male Velike poke.
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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Prav danes zjutraj sem dobil elektronsko
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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pošto in izvedel, da smo dokončali
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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še zadnji košček ATLASa.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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Danes je torej končano. Želel bi
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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reči, da sem to načrtoval za TED,
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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pa to seveda ni res. Z današnjim dnem je torej dokončano.
02:03
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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Ja, res krasen dosežek.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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Verjetno se sprašujete: "Zakaj?"
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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Zakaj ustvarjati pogoje, ki so bili
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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prisotni v prvi miljardinki sekunde po nastanku vesolja?
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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Fiziki osnovnih delcev so izredno ambiciozni.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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Fizika osnovnih delcev stremi k razumevanju
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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iz česa in kako je vse sestavljeno.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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Z vse seveda mislim mene, vas,
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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Zemljo, Sonce, stotine
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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milijard sonc v naši galaksiji
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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in stotine milijard galaksiij
02:35
in the observable universe.
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v vidnem vesolju.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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Absolutno vse.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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Lahko bi rekli: " Dobro, ampak zakaj potem preprosto
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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ne pogledamo? Če želite vedeti iz česa sem, potem poglejte."
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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Ugotovili smo, da ko zremo v preteklost,
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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postaja vesolje vedno bolj vroče,
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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gostejše in vedno bolj enostavno.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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Ne poznam vzroka zakaj je tako,
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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ampak vse kaže, da tako je.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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Verjamemo, da je bilo v zgodnjem obdobju
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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vesolje zelo enostavno in razumljivo.
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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Vsa ta zapletenost in čudovite stvari -
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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človeški možgani - je lastnost starega,
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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hladnega in zapletenega vesolja.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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Prav na začetku, v prvi miljardinki sekunde,
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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pa verjamemo oz. smo ugotovili, da je bilo vesolje zelo preprosto.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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To je skoraj kot ...
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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Predstavljajte si snežinko na dlani.
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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Gledate vanjo, v to neverjetno zapleteno
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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in lepo stvar. A ker jo grejete
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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se stopi
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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in vidite, da je v resnici
03:31
of H20, water.
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sestavljena le iz H20, vode.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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In v tem smislu gledamo tudi nazaj skozi čas,
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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da bi razumeli, iz česa je vesolje.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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Danes je sestavljeno iz
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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zgolj 12 osnovnih delcev,
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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ki jih držijo skupaj štiri osnovne sile.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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Kvarki, te rožnate stvarce, sestavljajo protone in nevtrone,
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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ki sestavljajo atomska jedra v vaših telesih.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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Elektron, delec, ki kroži
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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okoli atomskega jedra,
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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v kroženje pa ga ujema elektromagetna sila,
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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ki jo povzroča ta delec, foton.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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Kvarke držijo skupaj gluoni.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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Tile delci tule - verjetno najmanj znani -
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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pa so šibka jedrska sila.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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Brez te sile sonce ne bi sijalo.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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Kadar sonce sije, se izlivajo ogromne količine
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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delcev, ki jim pravimo nevtrini.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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Poglejte noht na svojem palcu -
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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približno za kvadratni centimeter ga je.
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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Skozi vsak kvadratni centimeter vašega telesa
04:26
from the sun, passing
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gre vsako sekundo približno
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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60 milijard Sončevih nevtrinov.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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Vendar tega ne čutite, ker je
04:32
is correctly named --
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šibka sila kar ustrezno ime.
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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Ima zelo kratek doseg in je zelo šibka,
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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zato gredo nevtrini kar skozi vas.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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Vsi ti delci so bili večinoma
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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odkriti v zadnjem stoletju.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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Prvi, elektron, je bil odkrit 1897,
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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zadnji, imenuje se tau nevtrino,
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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pa leta 2000. Tule v - skoraj sem rekel
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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tule v bližini, v Chicagu. Vem, tole je velika dežela,
04:52
America, isn't it?
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Amerika, kajne?
04:55
Just up the road.
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Torej, tule v bližini.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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Glede na velikost vesolja, je to v bližini.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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Torej, tau nevtrino je bil odkrit leta 2000,
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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kar pomeni, da je slika relativno sveža.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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Dejansko je čudovito, da smo
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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te delce sploh odkrili, ker so tako drobceni.
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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So v velikostnem razmerju
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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s celotnim vesoljem.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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Tako je sto milijard galaksij,
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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13,7 milijard svetlobnih let proč -
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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pravzaprav v enakem razmerju do Montereya
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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kot Monterey do teh zadevic.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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Neverjetno majhni,
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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a vendar smo verjetno našli vse.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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Eden mojih najodličnejših predhodnikov
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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na Univerzi v Manchasterju, Ernest Rutherford,
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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ki je odkril atomsko jedro,
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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je dejal: "Vsa znanost je fizika ali
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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pa zbiranje znamk."
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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Mislim, da ni želel biti žaljiv
05:49
the rest of science,
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do drugih vej znanosti,
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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čeprav je bil iz Nove Zelandije, tako da možnost obstaja.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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S tem je želel povedati, da je v resnici vse, kar smo naredili,
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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da smo zbrali znamke.
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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Res je, odkrili smo delce,
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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toda dokler ne razumemo temeljnih
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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vzrokov za vzorce - zakaj so stvari take kot so -
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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toliko časa zbiramo znamke in ne ustvarjamo znanosti.
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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K sreči imamo verjetno
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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največji znanstveni dosežek 20. stoletja,
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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ki nam pomaga razumeti vzorec.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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To je Newtonov zakon
06:19
of particle physics.
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fizike delcev.
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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Imenuje se standardni model - čudovito enostavna matematična enačba.
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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Lahko bi ga natisnili na majico,
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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ker je tako eleganten.
06:29
This is it.
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To je to.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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Malo sem bil nepošten, ker sem ga prikazal
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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v vseh veličastnih podrobnostih.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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S to enačbo lahko izračunamo vse,
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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kar se dogaja v vesolju, razen gravitacije.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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Če vas zanima zakaj je nebo modro, zakaj so atomska jedra
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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združena ... če imate na voljo dovolj zmogljiv računalnik,
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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tudi zakaj je DNK takšne oblike kot je.
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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V principu lahko to izračunate iz te enačbe.
06:52
But there's a problem.
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A obstaja problem.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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Ga kdo vidi?
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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Steklenico šampanjca za vsakogar, ki ga vidi.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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Vam bom olajšal delo in povečal problematične vrstice.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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Vsak člen
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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predstavlja enega od delcev.
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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Tako "W" označuje delce W in kako se združujejo.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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Nosilci šibke sile, "Z"-ji, enako.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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A v izrazu je en dodaten simbol: H.
07:17
Right, H.
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Točno tako, H.
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H označuje Higgsov delec.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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Ti delci pa še niso odkriti.
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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Ampak morajo obstajati, morajo, če
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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želimo, da se enačba izide.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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Fantastično podrobni izračuni, ki jih lahko delamo
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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s to čudovito enačbo,
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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ne bi bili možni brez tega dodatka.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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Torej imamo napoved
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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novega delca.
07:38
What does it do?
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In kaj je vloga Higgsovega delca?
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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Imeli smo dovolj časa, da smo se spomnili dobre analogije.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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V 80ih, ko smo prosili vlado Velike Britanije
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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za denar za LHC,
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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je Margaret Thatcher rekla:
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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"Če razložite, v politikom
07:51
a politician can understand,
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razumljivem jeziku, kaj pravzaprav počnete,
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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potem dobite denar.
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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Želim vedeti kaj počne Higgsov delec."
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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In tako smo prišli do analogije, ki je očitno delovala.
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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Torej, Higgsov delec daje maso osnovnim delcem.
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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Celotno vesolje - ne samo prostor, tudi
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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mene in vašo notranjost -
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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napolnjuje Higgsovo polje.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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Higgsovi delci, če vam je tako bolj všeč.
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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Analogijo vlečemo s sobo, polno ljudi,
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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ki predstavljajo Higgsove delce.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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Ko se delec giblje po vesolju
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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lahko pride v stik s Higgsovimi delci.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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A v sobi si predstavljajte osebo, ki ni priljubljena.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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Vsi se ji izmikajo. Ta oseba se lahko giblje zelo hitro,
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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skoraj s svetlobno hitrostjo. Nima mase.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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Sedaj pa si predstavljajte pomembneža,
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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popularnega in inteligentnega,
08:35
walks into the room.
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ki vstopi v sobo.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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Obkroži ga gruča ljudi in le stežka se prebija naprej.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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Kot da bi postal težek. Postane masiven.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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In natanko tako deluje Higgsov mehanizem.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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Elektroni in kvarki v vašem
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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telesu in v vesolju so težki
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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in masivni, ker jih obkrožajo
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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Higgsovi delci.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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Sodelujejo s Higgsovim poljem.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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Če to drži, potem bomo
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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Higgsove delce odkrili v LHC.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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Če pa ne drži - mehanizem je namreč precej zapleten,
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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čeprav je najpreprostejši kar smo se jih lahko domislilil -
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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potem karkoli že počno Higgsovi delci,
09:12
we know have to turn up
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bomo to odkrili v LHC.
09:14
at the LHC.
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To je bil eden osnovnih
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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razlogov za gradnjo te ogromne naprave.
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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Me veseli, da ste prepoznali Margaret Thatcher.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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Govor sem želel narediti bolj kulturno relevanten, ampak ...
09:24
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:27
anyway.
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Kakorkoli.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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To je stvar, ki jo
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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bomo zagotovo odkrili z LHC.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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So pa še druge stvari. Slišali ste
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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za številne velike probleme v fiziki delcev.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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Eden od njih je temna snov in temna energija.
09:41
There's another issue,
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Naslednja zadeva je,
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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da se jakost naravnih sil,
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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prečudovito pravzaprav,
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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spreminja z vračanjem v preteklost.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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Jakost sil se spreminja.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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Elektromagnetna sila, sila, ki nas drži skupaj,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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je močnejša pri višjih temperaturah.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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Močna jedrska sila, ki skupaj drži jedrske delce,
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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pa postaja šibkejša. To napoveduje standardni model,
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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vse lahko izračunate. Tri sile - z izjemo
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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gravitacije - v neki točki skoraj postnejo eno.
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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Kot da bi na začetku
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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časa obstajala ena sama
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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čudovita supersila.
10:14
But they just miss.
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A sile se za malenkost zgrešijo.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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Tu nastopi teorija supersimetrije,
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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ki podvoji število delcev v standardnem modelu.
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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Kar, na prvi pogled, ne izgleda kot poenostavitev.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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Toda s to teorijo
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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se zdi, da se naravne sile
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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zares poenotijo ob času Velikega poka.
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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Naravnost čudovita napoved. Čeprav model
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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ni imel tega namena, pojasni poenotenje sil.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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Poleg tega so delci nove teorije
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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dobri kandidati za delce temne snovi.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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To je zelo privlačna teorija,
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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prava trendovska fizika.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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In če bi moral staviti, bi stavil -
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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na skrajno neznastven način - da
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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se bodo tudi te stvari pojavile v LHC.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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Še veliko drugega lahko odkrijemo v LHC.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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A v zadnjih minutah vam želim
10:56
a different perspective
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predstaviti še en, drugačen pogled - kar meni
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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meni predstavlja fizika delcev -
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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fiziko delcev in kozmologijo.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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In ta nam omogoča čudovit vpogled,
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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skorajda zgodbo stvarjenja vesolja
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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v luči znanosti
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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zadnjih desetletij.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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In po mojem si zasluži,
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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v duhu govora Wade Davisa,
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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da je del zbirke čudovitih zgodb stvarjenja
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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ljudstev visokih Andov in mrzlega severa.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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Ta zgodba stvarjenja je, po moje, enako čudovita.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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Gre pa takole: vemo, da ima
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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vesolje začetek pred 13,7 miljardami let,
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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v neznansko vročem, gostem stanju,
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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precej manjšem od atoma.
11:39
It began to expand about
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Pričelo se je širiti v
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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miljoninki miljardinki miljardinki miljardinki miljardinki
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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sekunde - mislim, da sem prav povedal - po Velikem poku.
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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Gravitacija se je ločila od ostalih sil.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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Vesolje je bilo podvrženo
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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eksponentnemu širjenju - inflaciji.
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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V prvi milijardinki sekunde
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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so udarili Higgsovi delci in kvarki,
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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gluoni in elektroni,
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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ki nas sestavljajo, so dobili maso.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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Vesolje se je širilo in ohlajalo.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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Po nekaj minutah sta nastala
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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vodik in helij. To je bilo vse.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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Vesolje je sestavljalo 75% vodika in
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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25% helija. In tako je še danes.
12:18
It continued to expand
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Vesolje se je širilo še
12:20
about 300 million years.
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približno 300 milijonov let.
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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Potem je po vesolju začela potovati svetloba.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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Vesolje je bilo dovolj veliko, da je postalo
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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prosojno za svetlobo, kar zaznavamo kot kozmično
12:28
that George Smoot described
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mikrovalovno sevanje, ki ga je George Smoot opisal
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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kot zrenje v obličje Boga.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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Po približno 400 milijonih let so se oblikovale
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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prve zvezde in vodik ter helij sta se kuhala
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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v težje elemente.
12:39
So the elements of life --
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Kemijski elementi življenja,
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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ogljik, kisik, železo,
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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vsi elementi, ki nas sestavljajo,
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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so bili skuhani v tistih prvih genercijah zvezd.
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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Ko je zvezdam zmanjkalo goriva,
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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so eksplodirale in elemente je vrglo nazaj v vesolje.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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Ti elementi so se nato združili v naslednjo generacijo
12:55
of stars and planets.
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zvezd in planetov.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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Na nekaterih planetih se je kisik, ustvarjen na zvezdah
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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prve generacije, spojil z vodikom in
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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tvoril vodo, tekočo vodo na površju.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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Vsaj na enem planetu, morda celo edinem,
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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se je razvilo preprosto življenje,
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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ki se je v milijonih let razvilo v
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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pokonci hodeča bitja, ki so pred 3,5 milijona
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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let pustila odtise v blatnih ravnicah Tanzanije
13:20
and eventually
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in končno
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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pustila sledi tudi na drugem svetu.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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In so zgradila civilizacijo,
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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to čudovito sliko,
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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ki je spremenila temo v luč,
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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in jo lahko vidite iz vesolja.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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Kot pravi eden mojih junakov, Carl Sagan,
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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to so stvari - in pravzaprav ne samo te, ko
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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se ozrem okoli - to so stvari
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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raketa Saturn V, Sputnik,
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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DNK, literatura in znanost -
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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to so stvari, ki jih ustvarijo vodikovi atomi,
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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ko imajo na razpolago 13,7 milijarde let.
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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Izjemno.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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In fizikalni zakoni?
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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Zakoni fizike
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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so čudovito uravnoteženi.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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Ko bi šibka sila bila le kanček drugačna,
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
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potem ogljik in kisik ne bi bila stabilna
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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v srcih zvezd
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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in v vesolju ne bi bilo ničesar.
14:08
And I think that's
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Mislim, da je to čudovita in
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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pomembna zgodba.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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Pred 50 leti vam je ne bi mogel povedati,
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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ker je nismo poznali.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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Prav zares mislim, da se je
14:18
that civilization --
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civilizacija, če verjamete
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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znanstveni zgodbi stvarjenja,
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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pojavila kot rezultat
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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zakonov fizike in
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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nekaj vodikovih atomov.
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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In zaradi tega se počutim
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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zelo vrednega.
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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To je torej LHC.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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LHC bo zagotovo, ko ga poleti vključimo,
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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napisal novo poglavje te knjige.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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Zelo se že veselim trenutka,
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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ko ga bomo zagnali.
14:46
Thanks.
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Hvala.
14:48
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Cox - PhysicistPhysicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester.
Why you should listen
Based at the University of Manchester, Brian Cox works at CERN in Geneva on the ATLAS experiment, studying the forward proton detectors for the Large Hadron Collider there. He's a professor at the University of Manchester, working in the High Energy Physics group, and is a research fellow of the Royal Society.
He's also become a vital voice in the UK media for explaining physics to the public. With his rockstar hair and accessible charm, he's the go-to physicist for explaining heady concepts on British TV and radio. (If you're in the UK, watch him on The Big Bang Machine.) He was the science advisor for the 2007 film Sunshine. He answers science questions every Friday on BBC6 radio's Breakfast Show.
Brian Cox | Speaker | TED.com