TED2008
Brian Cox: CERN's supercollider
Brian Cox o CERN-ovom velikom sudaraču
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''Fizičar rok-zvezda'' Brian Cox govori o svom radu na Velikom hadronskom sudaraču u CERN-u. Dok razgovara o važnoj nauci na simpatičan, pristupačan način, Cox nas vodi u obilazak ovog ogromnog projekta.
Brian Cox - Physicist
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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Ovo je Veliki hadronski sudarač
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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Njegov obim je 27 kilometara;
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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to je najveći naučni eksperiment ikada napravljen.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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Preko 10.000 fizičara i inženjera
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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iz 85 zemalja širom sveta
00:32
have come together over several decades
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je radilo zajedno više decenija
00:34
to build this machine.
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da sagradili ovu mašinu.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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Ono što mi radimo jeste da ubrzavamo protone --
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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tako, jezgra vodonika --
00:40
around 99.999999
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oko 99,999999
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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procenata brzine svetlosti.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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Shvatate? Pri toj brzini, oni kruže
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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onih 27 kilometara 11.000 puta u sekundi.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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I mi ih sudaramo sa još jednim snopom protona
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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koji ide u suprotnom smeru.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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Mi ih sudaramo unutar ovih ogromnih detektora.
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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Oni su u suštini digitalni fotoaparati.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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A ovaj na kome ja radim, ATLAS.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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Dobićete predstavu o veličini --
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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kada pogledate ove EU standardizovane veličine
01:07
people underneath.
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ljude koji stoje ispod.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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Steknete neki osećaj za veličinu: 44 metara širok,
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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22 metara u prečniku, 7.000 tona.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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A mi ponovo stvaramo uslove koji su postojali
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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manje od milijarditog dela sekunde nakon što je nastao svemir
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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do 600 miliona puta u sekundi
01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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unutar tog detektora - ogromne brojke.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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I ako vidite one metalne delove tamo --
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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to su ogromni magneti koji savijaju
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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naelektrisane čestice,
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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tako da može da meri kojom brzinom putuju.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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Ovo je slika od pre nekih godinu dana.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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Ovi magneti su tamo unutra.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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I, opet, stvarna osoba, EU standardizovane veličine,
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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tako da shvatate odnos veličine.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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I tamo će nastajati ti mini-Veliki praskovi,
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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u nekom trenutku ovog leta.
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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I zapravo, jutros, sam dobio elektronsku poštu
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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da smo danas upravo završili,
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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sa izgradnjom poslednjeg dela ATLAS-a.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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Tako da je od danas gotov. Voleo bih da mogu da kažem
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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da je ovo bilo planirano baš za TED,
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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ali nije. Tako da je baš danas završeno.
02:03
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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Da, to je divno dostignuće.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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Možda se pitate, ''Zašto?
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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zašto stvarati uslove koji su postojali
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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pre manje od milijarditog dela sekunde nakon što je nastao svemir?''
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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Pa, fizičari koji proučavaju čestice su u svakom slučaju ambiciozni.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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A cilj fizike čestica jeste da razume
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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od čega je sve napravljeno i kako se sve drži na mestu.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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I kad kažem ''sve'' mislim, naravno,
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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na vas i mene, Zemlju, Sunce,
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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hiljade milijardi sunca u našoj galaksiji
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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i na hiljade milijardi galaksija
02:35
in the observable universe.
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u nama poznatom svemiru.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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Apsolutno svemu.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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Vi možete reći, ''U redu, ali zašto jednostavno ne bismo to posmatrali?
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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Znate šta? Ako želite da znate od čega sam napravljen, pogledajte me''.
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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Pa, utvrdili smo da kako idete dalje u prošlost,
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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svemir biva sve topliji i topliji,
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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gušći i gušći i jednostavniji i jednostavniji.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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Ja ne znam neki dobar razlog za to,
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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ali izgleda da je tako.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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I tako, u dalekoj prošlosti svemira,
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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verujemo da je sve bilo veoma jednostavno i razumljivo.
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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Sva ova složenost, sve do ovih divnih stvari --
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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ljudskog mozga -- je osobina starog
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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i hladnog i komplikovanog svemira.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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Na početku, u prvom milijarditom delu sekunde,
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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mi verujemo, ili smo primetili, stvari su bile veoma jednostavne.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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To je skoro kao...
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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zamislite da u ruci držite pahuljicu,
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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i kada je pogledate, to je neverovatno složeni,
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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divni predmet. Ali kada je zagrejete,
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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ona se istopi u baricu vode,
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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i vidite da je zapravo nastala samo od
03:31
of H20, water.
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H20, vode.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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Tako na isti način posmatramo prošlost
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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da bismo razumeli od čega je svemir napravljen.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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A od danas, napravljen je od ovih stvari.
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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Samo 12 čestica materije,
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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spojenih uz pomoć četiri sile prirode.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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Kvarkovi, ove roze stvari, su ono od čega se sastoje protoni i neutroni
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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koji čine atomska jezgra u vašem telu.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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Elektron - ovo što kruži
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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oko atomskog jezgra --
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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se održava u orbiti, kad smo već kod toga, elektromagnetnom silom
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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koju nosi ova stvar, foton.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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Kvarkovi se drže zajedno uz pomoć ovih ovde koji se zovu gluoni.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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A ovi ovde, oni su slaba nuklearna sila,
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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koja je verovatno najmanje poznata.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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Ali bez njih sunce ne bi sijalo.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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A kada sunce sija, dobijamo velike količine
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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ovih stvari ovde koje se zovu neutrina.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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Zapravo, ako samo pogledate svoj nokat na palcu --
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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oko jednog kvadratnog centimetra -- tu ima
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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nešto oko 60 milijardi neutrina u sekundi
04:26
from the sun, passing
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od sunca, koji prolaze
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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kroz svaki kvadratni centimetar vašeg tela.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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Ne osećate ih jer je slaba sila
04:32
is correctly named --
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precizan naziv.
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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Veoma kratak raspon i veoma slaba,
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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tako da samo prolete kroz vas.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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I ove čestice su otkrivene
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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tokom prošlog veka, uglavnom.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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Prva, elektron, je otkriven 1897,
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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a poslednja, nešto što se naziva tau neutrino,
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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2000. godine. Zapravo, --
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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hteo sam da kažem, upravo niz ulicu u Čikagu. Znam da je ovo jedna velika zemlja,
04:52
America, isn't it?
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Amerika, zar ne?
04:55
Just up the road.
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Niz ulicu.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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U odnosu na svemir, i jeste samo niz ulicu.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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I tako, ovo je otkriveno 2000. godine,
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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tako da je ovo relativno novija slika.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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Jedna od divnih stvari, zapravo, po meni,
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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jeste da smo ih uopšte otkrili, kada shvatite koliko su male.
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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Znate, one su korak udaljene
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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od celokupnog poznatog svemira.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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Tako 100 milijardi galaksija,
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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udaljene 13,7 milijardi svetlosnih godina --
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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korak odatle do Montereja, zapravo,
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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je isti kao od Montereja do ovih stvari.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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Apsolutno, savršeno sićušne,
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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a ipak otkrili smo manje više ceo komplet.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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Tako, jedan od mojih najslavnijih prethodnika
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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na Univerzitetu u Mančesteru, Ernest Raderford,
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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koji je otkrio atomsko jezgro,
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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je jednom rekao, ''Sva nauka je ili fizika
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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ili sakupljanje markica''.
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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Mislim da nije hteo da vređa
05:49
the rest of science,
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ostatak nauke,
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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mada je bio sa Novog Zelanda, tako da je moguće.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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Ali hteo je da kaže da ono što smo uradili, zaista,
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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je skupljanje markica --
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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OK, otkrili smo čestice,
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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ali ako ne razumete suštinske
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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razloge za tako ponašanje - znate, zašto je nešto napravljeno na taj način --
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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onda se bavite samo skupljanjem markica - ne bavite se naukom.
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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Na sreću, mi imamo
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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najverovatnije jedno od najvećih naučnih otkrića 20. veka
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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koje podupire to ponašanje.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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To su Njutnovi zakoni, ako želite,
06:19
of particle physics.
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fizike čestica.
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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To se naziva ''standardnim modelom'' - savršeno jednostavna matematička jednačina.
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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Možete je staviti na majcu,
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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što je uvek znak elegancije.
06:29
This is it.
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To je to.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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Bio sam malo neiskren, jer sam je proširio
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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sa svim zanimljivim detaljima.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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Ovaj jednačina, ipak, vam omogućava da sve izračunate --
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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osim gravitacije -- što se događa u svemiru.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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I tako ako želite da znate zašto je nebo plavo, zašto se atomska jezgra drže zajedno --
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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u principu, imate dovoljno veliki kompjuter --
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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zašto je DNK takvog oblika.
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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U principu, mogli biste da izračunate preko te jednačine.
06:52
But there's a problem.
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Ali postoji problem.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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Da li neko zna koji?
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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Flaša šampanjca za onog ko zna.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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Olakšaću vam, zapravo, tako što ću uvećati jedan od ovih redova.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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U suštini, svaki od ovih izraza
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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se odnosi na neke od čestica.
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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Tako da se ovi W-ovi odnose na W-ove i kako se drže zajedno.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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Ovi nosioci slabe sile, Zed-ovi, isto.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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Ali postoji jedan simbol viška u ovoj jednačini: H.
07:17
Right, H.
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Da, H.
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H označava Higsovu česticu.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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Higsove čestice još nisu otkrivene.
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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Ali su potrebne - potrebne su
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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da bi matematika funkcionisala.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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Tako da sva ova neverovatno detaljna računanja koja vršimo
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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sa tom divnom jednačinom
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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ne bi bila moguća bez tog dodatnog dela.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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To je predviđanje --
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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predviđanje postojanja nove čestice.
07:38
What does it do?
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Šta ona radi?
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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Pa, imali smo dosta vremena da smislimo dobra poređenja.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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I još 1980-tih, kada smo hteli novac
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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za LHC od britanske vlade,
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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Margaret Thatcher, u to vreme, je rekla
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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''Ako vi možete da objasnite, jezikom
07:51
a politician can understand,
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koji političar može da razume,
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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šta je zapravo to što radite, dobićete novac.
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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Želim da znam šta ta Higsova čestica radi''.
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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I smislili smo ovo poređenje i mislim da je dobro.
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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Ono što Higs radi jeste da daje masu fundamentalnim česticama.
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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I ideja jeste da ceo svemir --
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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i ne samo u svemiru, već unutar vas i mene --
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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ceo svemir je pun nečega što se zove Higsovo polje.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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Higsove čestice, ako hoćete.
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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Poređenje jeste da su ljudi u ovoj prostoriji
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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Higsove čestice.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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Kada se čestica kreće kroz svemir,
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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onda može da deluje sa Higsovim česticama.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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Ali zamislite nekoga ko nije mnogo popularan da ide kroz ovu prostoriju.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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Svi ga ignorišu. Može da se kreće veoma brzo kroz prostoriju,
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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u suštini brzinom svetlosti. On nema masu.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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A onda zamislite nekoga neverovatno važnog
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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i popularnog i pametnog
08:35
walks into the room.
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da uđe u sobu.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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On bi bio okružen ljudima i teško bi prošao kroz sobu.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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Kao da postaje teži. Postaje masivan.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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I upravo tako funkcioniše Higsov mehanizam.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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Ideja jeste da su elektroni i kvarkovi
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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u vašem telu i svemiru koji vidimo oko nas
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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teški, i na neki način, masivni,
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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jer su okruženi Higsovim česticama.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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Oni medjusobno deluju sa Higsovim poljem.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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Ako je ova ideja tačna,
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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onda moramo da otkrijemo te Higsove čestice u LHC-u.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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Ako nije tačna -- jer je to dosta zamršeni mehanizam,
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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iako je najjednostavniji koji smo mogli da smislimo --
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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onda šta god vrši posao Higsovih čestica
09:12
we know have to turn up
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znamo da mora da se pojavi
09:14
at the LHC.
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u LHC-u.
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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To je glavni razlog zašto smo napravili ovu ogromnu mašinu.
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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Drago mi je što prepoznajete Margaret Thatcher.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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Zapravo, hteo sam da bude kulturno relevantnije, ali --
09:24
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
09:27
anyway.
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kako god.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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To je jedno.
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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To je u suštini garancija onoga što će LHC naći.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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Postoje mnoge druge stvari. Čuli ste
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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za mnoge velike probleme u fizici čestica.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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Za ovo ste čuli: tamna materija, tamna energija.
09:41
There's another issue,
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Postoji još jedno pitanje,
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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a to je da sile u prirodi - ovo je zapravo veoma lepo --
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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izgleda, kako idete u prošlost,
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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izgleda menjaju jačinu.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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Zapravo, one zaista menjaju jačinu.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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Tako, elektromagnetna sila, koja nas drži zajedno,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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postaje jača na višim temperaturama.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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Jaka sila, jaka nuklearna sila, koja drži jezgra zajedno,
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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slabi. I ono što vidite je standardni model --
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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možete izračunati kako ove promene - sile --
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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tri sile, osim gravitacije --
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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se izgleda skoro spajaju u jednom trenutku.
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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Skoro kao da postoji jedna lepa
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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vrsta supersile, na početku postojanja vremena.
10:14
But they just miss.
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Ali se promaše za malo.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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Postoji teorija koja se zove supersimetrija,
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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koja udvostručuje broj čestica u standardnom modelu.
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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Što se na prvi pogled ne čini pojednostavljivanjem.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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Ali zapravo, sa ovom teorijom,
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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otkrili smo da sile prirode
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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se izgleda sjedinjavaju, kod Velikog praska.
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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Apsolutno divno predviđanje. Model nije napravljen da to radi,
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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ali izgleda da radi.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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Takođe, ove supersimetrične čestice
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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su veoma ozbiljni kandidati za tamnu materiju.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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Znači veoma ubedljiva teorija
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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to je stvarno osnovna fizika.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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I kad bih hteo da se kladim, kladio bih se --
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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na veoma nenaučni način -- da
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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će se ove stvari pojaviti u LHC-u.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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Ima mnogo drugih stvari koje LHC može da otkrije.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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Ali u proteklih par minuta, hteo sam samo da vam pokažem
10:56
a different perspective
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drugačiji ugao gledanja
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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onogo što ja mislim -- što fizika čestica
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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stvarno znači meni -- fizika čestica i kosmologija.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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I to mislim da je to ono što nam je dalo divnu
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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priču -- skoro priču o postanju,
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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ako hoćete -- o svemiru,
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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od savremene nauke tokom proteklih nekoliko decenija.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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I rekao bih da zaslužuje,
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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u duhu predavanja Wade-a Davis-a,
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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da barem stoji tu sa ovim divnim pričama o postanju
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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naroda koji žive visoko u Andima i hladnom severu.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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Ovo je pričao o postanju, za koju mislim da je podjednako divna.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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Priča ide ovako: znamo da
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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je svemir nastao pre 13,7 milijardi godina,
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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u neizmerno vrućem, gustom stanju,
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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mnogo manjem od jednog atoma.
11:39
It began to expand about
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Počeo je da se širi oko
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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miliona milijarde milijarde milijarde milijarditog dela
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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sekunde - mislim da sam dobro rekao - nakon Velikog praska.
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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Gravitacija se odvojila od ostalih sila.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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Svemir je prošao kroz
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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eksponencionalno širenje nazvano inflacija.
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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U otprilike prvom milijarditom delu sekunde ili tu negde,
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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Higsovo polje se trglo i kvarkovi
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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gluoni i elektroni
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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od kojih se mi sastojimo su stekli masu.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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Svemir je nastavio da se širi i hladi.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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Nakon nekih par minuta,
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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nastali su vodonik i helijum u svemiru. To je sve.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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Svemir se sastojao od 75 posto vodonika,
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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25 posto helijuma. I danas je tako.
12:18
It continued to expand
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Nastavio je da se širi
12:20
about 300 million years.
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oko 300 miliona godina.
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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Svetlost je počela da putuje kroz svemir.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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Bio je dovoljno veliki da bude transparentan za svetlost,
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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i to vidimo u kosmičkoj mikrotalasnoj pozadini
12:28
that George Smoot described
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koju je George Smoot opisao
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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kao da gleda u lice Boga.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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Nakon oko 400 miliona godina, nastale su prve zvezde,
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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i onda su taj vodonik i helijum počeli da se kuvaju
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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u teže elemente.
12:39
So the elements of life --
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Tako da elementi života --
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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ugljenik, kiseonik i gvožđe,
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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i svi elementi koji su nam potrebni da postojimo --
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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su nastali u tim prvim generacijama zvezda,
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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koje su onda potrošile gorivo, eksplodirale
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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i vratile te elemente nazad u svemir.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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Onda su one ponovo pretrpele kolaps u sledeću generaciju
12:55
of stars and planets.
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zvezda i planeta.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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I na nekim od tih planeta, kiseonik koji je nastao
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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u toj prvoj generaciji zvezda je mogao da se spoji sa vodonikom
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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da formira vodu, tečnu vodu na površini.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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Na barem jednoj i možda jedinoj od tih planeta,
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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razvio se primitivni život,
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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koji se tokom miliona godina razvio u
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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bića koja hodaju uspravno i ostavljaju tragove stopala
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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i oko tri i po miliona godina na ravnoj muljevitoj obali Tanzanije,
13:20
and eventually
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i na kraju
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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su ostavila otisak stopala na drugom svetu.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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I izgradili ovu civilizaciju,
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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ovu divnu sliku,
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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koja je pretvorila tamu u svetlost,
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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i možete videti tu civilizaciju iz svemira.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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Kao što reče jedan od mojih velikih heroja, Carl Sagan,
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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ovo su stvari -- i zapravo, ne samo ove,
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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ali sam gledao okolo -- ovo su stvari,
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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poput raketa Saturn V i Sputnika
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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i DNK i književnosti i nauke --
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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to su stvari koje rade atomi vodonika
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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kada im date 13,7 milijardi godina.
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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Stvarno izuzetno.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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I zakoni fizike. Jel' tako?
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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I tako, pravi zakoni fizike --
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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su u divnoj ravnoteži.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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Da je slaba sila bila malo drugačija,
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
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onda ugljenik i kiseonik ne bi bili stabilni
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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u srcu zvezda,
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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i ništa od toga ne bi bilo u svemiru.
14:08
And I think that's
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I mislim da je to--
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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divna i važna priča.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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Pre 50 godina ne bih mogao da vam ispričam ovu priču,
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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jer je nismo znali.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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Zato stvarno mislim da
14:18
that civilization --
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da civilizacija --
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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koja, kao što rekoh, ako verujete
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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u naučnu priču postanja,
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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je nastala iskljčivo kao posledica zakona fizike,
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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i sa par atoma vodonika --
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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onda ja barem smatram,
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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da se osećam neverovatno vrednim.
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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I to je LHC.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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LHC će svakako, kada se uključi na leto,
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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napisati sledeće poglavlje te knjige.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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I tome se svakako radujem
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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sa velikim uzbuđenjem čekam da se uključi.
14:46
Thanks.
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Hvala.
14:48
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Cox - PhysicistPhysicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester.
Why you should listen
Based at the University of Manchester, Brian Cox works at CERN in Geneva on the ATLAS experiment, studying the forward proton detectors for the Large Hadron Collider there. He's a professor at the University of Manchester, working in the High Energy Physics group, and is a research fellow of the Royal Society.
He's also become a vital voice in the UK media for explaining physics to the public. With his rockstar hair and accessible charm, he's the go-to physicist for explaining heady concepts on British TV and radio. (If you're in the UK, watch him on The Big Bang Machine.) He was the science advisor for the 2007 film Sunshine. He answers science questions every Friday on BBC6 radio's Breakfast Show.
Brian Cox | Speaker | TED.com