TED2008
Brian Cox: CERN's supercollider
Brian Cox: Supersudarač u CERN-u
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"Rock zvijezda fizičar" Brian Cox govori o svom radu na Velikom hadronskom sudaraču u CERN-u. Raspravljajući o najvećoj od velikih znanosti na privlačan i pristupačan način, Cox nas vodi na turneju ovog ogromnog projekta.
Brian Cox - Physicist
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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Ovo je Veliki hadronski sudarač.
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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Ima 27 kilometara u opsegu.
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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To je najveći znanstveni eksperiment
ikad pokušan.
ikad pokušan.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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Preko 10 000 fizičara i inženjera
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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iz 85 država diljem svijeta
00:32
have come together over several decades
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su se okupili tijekom nekoliko desetljeća
00:34
to build this machine.
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da bi izgradili ovaj stroj.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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Ono što radimo je da ubrzavamo protone --
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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što znači, jezgre vodika --
00:40
around 99.999999
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na brzinu od 99.999999
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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posto brzine svjetlosti.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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Dobro? Pri toj brzini, obilaze
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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tih 27 kilometara 11 000 puta u sekundi.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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Tada ih sudaramo sa drugim snopom protona
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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iz suprotnog smjera.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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Sudaramo ih u ogromnim detektorima.
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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Koji su u suštini digitalne kamere.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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Ovo je onaj na kojem ja radim, ATLAS.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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Da dobijete osjećaj za veličinu --
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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možte vidjeti ljude veličine
prema EU-standardu
prema EU-standardu
01:07
people underneath.
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ispod.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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Dobivate osjećaj veličine:
44 metara širok,
44 metara širok,
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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promjera od 22 metra, 7 000 tona težak.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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Ponovno stvaramo uvjete kakvi su bili
prisutni
prisutni
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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u prvom milijarditom djeliću sekunde
nakon postanka svemira
nakon postanka svemira
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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sve do 600 milijuna puta u sekundi
01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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unutar tog detektora -- ogromni brojevi.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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Vidite ove metalne dijelove ovdje --
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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to su ogromni magneti koji savijaju
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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električno nabijene čestice,
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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da bi izmjerio koliko brzo se kreću.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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Ovo je slika stara godinu dana.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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Ti magneti su ondje.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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I, opet, stvarna osoba veličine prema
EU-standardu,
EU-standardu,
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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da dobijete nekakav osjećaj mjerila.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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I unutar toga će se stvarati ti
mini-Veliki praskovi,
mini-Veliki praskovi,
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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u ljeto ove godine.
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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Zapravo, jutros sam dobio e-mail
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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koji govori kako je upravo završena,
danas,
danas,
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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gradnja zadnjeg dijela ATLAS-a.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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Tako da od danas, završen je.
Želio bih reći
Želio bih reći
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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da sam to planirao za TED,
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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ali nisam. Dakle, zavrešno je danas.
02:03
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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Da, predivno postignuće.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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Možda se pitate, "Zašto?
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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Zašto stvarati uvjete koji su bili
prisutni
prisutni
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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u prvom milijarditom djeliću sekunde nakon
postanka svemira?"
postanka svemira?"
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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Pa, fizičari za čestice su vrlo ambiciozni.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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A cilj fizike čestica je razumijeti
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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od čega je sve sazdano,
i kako se sve uklapa zajedno.
i kako se sve uklapa zajedno.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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A pod sve, mislim na, naravno,
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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mene i vas, Zemlju, Sunce,
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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100 milijardi sunaca u našoj galaksiji
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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i 100 milijardi galaksija
02:35
in the observable universe.
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u znanom svemiru.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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Apsolutno sve.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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Možete reći, "Ok, ali zašto samo
ne promatramo?
ne promatramo?
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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Ako želite znati od čega je sve sazdano,
proučavajte mene."
proučavajte mene."
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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Otkrili smo da što dalje natrag
u prošlost gledate,
u prošlost gledate,
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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svemir postaje sve topliji i topliji,
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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gušći i gušći, i sve jednostavniji.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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Nema očiglednog razloga zašto je to tako,
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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ali čini se da je takav slučaj.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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U prvim trenucima svemira,
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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vjerujemo da je bio vrlo jednostavan
i razumljiv.
i razumljiv.
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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Sva ova složenost,
sve do ovih predivnih stvari --
sve do ovih predivnih stvari --
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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ljuskih mozgova -- je svojstvo starog
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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i hladnog i složenog svemira.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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U početku,
u prvom milijarditom djeliću sekunde,
u prvom milijarditom djeliću sekunde,
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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vjerujemo, ili smo primijetili,
bio je vrlo jednostavan.
bio je vrlo jednostavan.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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Skoro kao...
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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zamislite snježnu pahuljicu na dlanu,
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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gledate ju i nevjerojatno je složena,
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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prekrasna pojava. Ali kako ju grijete,
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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topi se u lokvu vode,
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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i na kraju vidite da je, zapravo, sazdana
03:31
of H20, water.
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od vode, H2O.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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Na isti način gledamo natrag u vremenu
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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da bi razumijeli od čega je svemir sazdan.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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I, do danas, sazdan je od ovih stvari.
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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Samo 12 čestica materije,
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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povezanih pomoću četiri sile prirode.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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Kvarkovi, ove ružičaste stvari, su stvari koje
i tvore protone i neutrone
i tvore protone i neutrone
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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koji opet tvore jezgre atoma
u vašem tijelu.
u vašem tijelu.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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Elektron -- stvar koja kruži oko
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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jezgre atoma --
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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kojeg u orbiti održava elektromagnetska sila
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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čiji je nosioc ova čestica, foton.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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Kvarkovi su međusobno povezani česticama
koji se nazivaju gluoni.
koji se nazivaju gluoni.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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A ove stvarčice ovdje, to su nosioci
slabe nuklearne sile,
slabe nuklearne sile,
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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vjerojatno najmanje poznate.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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Ali bez toga, sunce ne bi sjalo.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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Dok sunce sja,
pojavljuju se obilne količine
pojavljuju se obilne količine
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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ovih stvari, imena neutrino, pljušte van.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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Zapravo, ako pogledate svoj nokat --
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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kvadratni centimetar --
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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60 milijardi neutrina u sekundi
04:26
from the sun, passing
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iz sunca, prolazi
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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kroz svaki kvadratni centimetar vašeg tijela.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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Ali ih ne osjećate, jer je slaba sila
04:32
is correctly named --
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ispravno nazvana --
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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vrlo kratkog dometa i vrlo slaba,
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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tako da samo prolaze kroz vas.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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Sve ove čestice su otkrivene
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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u zadnjih sto godina, uglavnom.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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Prva, elektron, je otkrivena 1897. godine,
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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a zadnja, čestica imena tau neutrino,
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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2000. godine. Zapravo, baš u blizini --
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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htio sam reći, baš ovdje u blizini
u Chicagu. Znam da je ovo velika zemlja,
u Chicagu. Znam da je ovo velika zemlja,
04:52
America, isn't it?
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Amerika, zar ne?
04:55
Just up the road.
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Baš u blizini.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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U odnosu na svemir i jest baš u blizini.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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Dakle, ova stvar je
otkrivena 2000. godine,
otkrivena 2000. godine,
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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tako da je ovo relativno novija slika.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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Jedan od divnijih stvari, zapravo,
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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je što smo otkrili ijednu od tih čestica,
kada shvatite koliko su sićušne.
kada shvatite koliko su sićušne.
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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Samo su korak u veličini
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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cijelokupnog znanog svemira.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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100 milijardi galaksija,
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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13.7 milijardi svjetlosnih godina velik --
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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korak u veličini od toga do Montereya,
zapravo,
zapravo,
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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jednako od Montereya do tih stvari.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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Apsolutno, izvrsno sićušno,
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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a ipak smo otkrili skoro cijeli komplet.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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Jedan je od mojih čuvenih prethodnika
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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sa Sveučilišta Manchester,
Ernest Rutherford,
Ernest Rutherford,
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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pronalazača jezgre atoma,
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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rekao, "Sva znanost je ili fizika,
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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ili skupljanje markica."
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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Mislim da nije htio uvrijediti
05:49
the rest of science,
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ostale znanosti,
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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iako bio je sa Novog Zelanda,
pa je moguće,
pa je moguće,
05:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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Nego, zaista, sve što smo ovdje uradili
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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i jest skupljanje markica.
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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OK, otkrili smo čestice,
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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ali ako ne razumijete pozadinu
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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razloga takvog obrasca
-- zašto je sazdano tako kako je --
-- zašto je sazdano tako kako je --
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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stvarno ste samo skupljali markice.
Niste se bavili znanošću.
Niste se bavili znanošću.
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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Srećom, imamo
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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vjerojatno jedno od najvećih znanstvenih
postignuća 20. stoljeća
postignuća 20. stoljeća
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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koje podupire taj obrazac.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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Newtonovi zakoni, ako ćete,
06:19
of particle physics.
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fizike čestica.
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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Zove se standarni model -- predivno
jednostavna matematička jednadžba.
jednostavna matematička jednadžba.
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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Mogli biste ju staviti na majicu,
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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to je uvijek znak elegancije.
06:29
This is it.
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Evo je.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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Bio sam malo neiskren, zato što sam ju
proširio
proširio
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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na sve strašne detalje.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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Ova jednadžba, omogućava da izračunate
bilo što --
bilo što --
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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osim gravitacije
-- što se događa u svemiru.
-- što se događa u svemiru.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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Dakle, ako želite znati zašto je nebo plavo,
zašto su atomske jezge na okupu --
zašto su atomske jezge na okupu --
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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u principu, ako imate dovoljno
veliko računalo --
veliko računalo --
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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zašto je DNK oblika kakvog jest.
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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U suštini, trebali biste moći izračunati
pomoću ove jednadžbe.
pomoću ove jednadžbe.
06:52
But there's a problem.
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Ali postoji problem.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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Može li itko vidjeti koji?
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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Boca šampanjca svakom tko mi kaže.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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Pojednostavit ću, povećavajući jedan red.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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U suštini, svaki od ovih izraza
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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se odnosi na neke čestice.
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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Tako da se ovi W-ovi odnose na W-ove,
i kako se povezuju.
i kako se povezuju.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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Ovi nosioci slabe sile, Z-ovi, isto.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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No postoji simbol viška u ovoj jednadžbi: H.
07:17
Right, H.
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Dakle, H.
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H je oznaka za Higgsovu česticu.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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Higgsove čestice još nisu otkrivene.
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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Ali su nužne: nužne su
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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da bi matematika funkcionirala.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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Sav taj iznimno detaljan izračun koji
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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ova divna jednadžba omogućava
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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nije moguć bez tog dodatnog dijela.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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Tako da je to predskazanje:
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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predskazanje nove čestice.
07:38
What does it do?
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Što ona radi?
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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Pa, imali smo puno vremena da smislimo
dobre analogije.
dobre analogije.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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1980-tih, kada nam je bio potreban novac
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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za LHC od britanske vlade,
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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Margaret Thatcher, u to vrijeme, je rekla,
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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"Ako možete objasniti, jezikom
07:51
a politician can understand,
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koji jedan političar može razumijeti,
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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što je, dovraga, to što radite,
možete dobiti novac.
možete dobiti novac.
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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Želim znati što ta Higgsova čestica radi."
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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Pa smo smislili ovu analogiju,
i bila je dobra.
i bila je dobra.
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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Dakle, ono što Higgs radi je da pridružuje
masu temeljnim česticama.
masu temeljnim česticama.
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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Prikaz je da je cijeli svemir --
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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a to ne znači samo prostor, nego i
vaša unutrašnjost --
vaša unutrašnjost --
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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cijeli svemir prožima nešto što se
naziva Higgsovo polje.
naziva Higgsovo polje.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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Higgsove čestice, ako ćete.
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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Analogija je da su ovi ljudi u prostoriji
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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Higgsove čestice.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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Dok se čestica giba kroz svemir,
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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stupa u interakciju sa ovim
Higgsovim česticama.
Higgsovim česticama.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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Zamislite da se netko, tko nije veoma
popularan, kreće kroz prostoriju.
popularan, kreće kroz prostoriju.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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Svi ga ignoriraju. Mogu vrlo brzo proći
kroz prostoriju,
kroz prostoriju,
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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brzinom svjetlosti. Nemaju masu.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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Sada, zamislite da netko nevjerojatno
važan
važan
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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i popularan i inteligentan
08:35
walks into the room.
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uđe u prostoriju.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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Okružen je ljudima, te mu je prolaz
kroz prostoriju ometen.
kroz prostoriju ometen.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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Skoro kao da postaju teži. Postaju masivni.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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Točno tako Higgsov mehanizam radi.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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Prikaz je da su elektroni i kvarkovi,
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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u vašem tijelu i svemiru koji vidite okolo,
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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teški, u smislu, masivni,
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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zato što ih okružuju Higgsove čestice.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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Stupaju u interakciju sa Higgsovim poljem.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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Ako je taj prikaz točan,
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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onda bi trebali otkriti te Higgsove
čestice u LHC-u.
čestice u LHC-u.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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Ako nije točan
-- budući da je prilično uvrnut mehanizam,
-- budući da je prilično uvrnut mehanizam,
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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iako je najjednostavniji koji smo uspjeli smisliti --
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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onda što god da obavlja posao
Higgsovih čestica
Higgsovih čestica
09:12
we know have to turn up
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bi se trebalo pojaviti
09:14
at the LHC.
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u LHC-u.
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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Dakle, to je primarni razlog izgradnje
ovog ogromnog stroja.
ovog ogromnog stroja.
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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Drago mi je da ste prepoznali
Margaret Thatcher.
Margaret Thatcher.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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Zapravo, mislio sam ovo prikazati
kulturno relevantije, ali --
kulturno relevantije, ali --
09:24
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
09:27
anyway.
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svejedno.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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To je jedna stvar.
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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To je garancija za ono što će LHC pronaći.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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Postoje mnoge druge stvari. Čuli ste
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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za mnoge velike probleme u fizici čestica.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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Jedna od njih je: tamna materija, tamna energija.
09:41
There's another issue,
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Postoji još jedan problem,
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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a to je da sile prirode -- prilično je
prelijepo, zapravo --
prelijepo, zapravo --
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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izgleda, kako idete natrag u vremenu,
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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izgleda da im se jačina mijenja.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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Da, jačina im se mijenja.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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Elektromagnetska sila, sila koja nas
drži na okupu,
drži na okupu,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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postaje sve jača što je veća
temperatura.
temperatura.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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Jaka sila, jaka nuklearna sila,
koja drži jezgre na okupu,
koja drži jezgre na okupu,
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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postaje slabija. I ono što vidite je da se
standardni model --
standardni model --
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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možete izračunati kako se mijenaju --
je da se sile,
je da se sile,
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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sve tri sile, osim gravitacije,
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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skoro približavaju jednoj točki.
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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Kao da je postojala jedna predivna
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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supersila, na početku vremena.
10:14
But they just miss.
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Ali promaše.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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Postoji teorija imena
super-simetrija,
super-simetrija,
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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koja udvostručuje broj čestica u
standardnom modelu,
standardnom modelu,
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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što, na prvi pogled, i ne zvuči kao
pojednostavljenje.
pojednostavljenje.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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Ali, zapravo, uz ovu teoriju,
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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izgleda da sile prirode
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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dolaze do ujedinjenja u trenutku
Velikog praska --
Velikog praska --
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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apsolutno predivno proročanstvo. Model
nije smišljen da bi to radio,
nije smišljen da bi to radio,
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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ali se čini da ipak radi upravo to.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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Također, te čestice super-simetrije
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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su veoma jaki kandidati za tamnu materiju.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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Vrlo uvjerljiva teorija
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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mainstream fizike.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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Ako bih se mogao okladiti,
a okladio bih se --
a okladio bih se --
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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na vrlo neznanstven način -- da
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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će se ove stvari pojaviti u LHC-u.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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LHC može otkriti mnoge druge stvari.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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No, u zadnjih par minuta, želim vam
pružiti
pružiti
10:56
a different perspective
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drukčije gledište
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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o tome što fizika čestica
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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zaista za mene znači
-- fizika čestica i kozmologija.
-- fizika čestica i kozmologija.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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Vjerujem da nam je pružila divnu
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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pripovijest -- priču o stvaranju,
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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ako ćete -- o svemiru,
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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moderna znanost u zadnjih nekoliko
desetljeća.
desetljeća.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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I rekao bih da zaslužuje,
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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u duhu govora Wadea Davisa,
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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biti u društvu tih predivnih
priča o stvaranju
priča o stvaranju
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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ljudi sa visokih Anda i smrznutog sjevera.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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Ova priča o stvaranju, mislim,
je jednako predivna.
je jednako predivna.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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Priča ide ovako: znamo
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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da je svemir nastao
prije 13.7 milijardi godina,
prije 13.7 milijardi godina,
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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u neizmjerno vrućem, gustom stanju,
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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mnogo manjem nego jedan atom.
11:39
It began to expand about
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Počeo se širiti
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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u prvom milijunu, milijarde,
milijarde, milijarde, milijarditom
milijarde, milijarde, milijarditom
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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djeliću sekunde -- mislim da sam rekao točno --
nakon Velikog praska.
nakon Velikog praska.
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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Gravitacija se odvojila od ostalih sila.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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Svemir je prošao
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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eksponencijalno širenje nazvano
inflacija.
inflacija.
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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U prvo milijarditom djeliću sekunde ili
tako negdje,
tako negdje,
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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Higgsovo polje se pojavilo, a kvarkovi
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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i gluoni i elektroni,
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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koji nas izgrađuju, su dobili masu.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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Svemir se kontinuirano širio i hladio.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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Nakon nekoliko minuta,
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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pojavili su se vodik i helij u svemiru.
To je sve.
To je sve.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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Svemir je bio od 75 posto vodika,
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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25 posto helija. Tako je i danas.
12:18
It continued to expand
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Nastavio se širiti
12:20
about 300 million years.
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300 milijuna godina.
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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A onda je svjetlost počela putovati
svemirom.
svemirom.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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Postajo je dovoljno velik da bude
transparentan za svjetlo,
transparentan za svjetlo,
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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a to je ono što vidimo u pozadinskom
mikrovalnom zračenju
mikrovalnom zračenju
12:28
that George Smoot described
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koje je George Smoot opisao
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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kao gledanje u lice Boga.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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nakon 400 milijuna godina,
formirale su se prve zvijezde,
formirale su se prve zvijezde,
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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vodik i helij su se počeli kombinirati
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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u teže elemente.
12:39
So the elements of life --
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Elementi života --
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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ugljik, kisik i željezo,
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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svi elementi od kojih smo sazdani --
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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su skuhani u prvoj generaciji zvijezda,
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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a onda su ostali bez goriva i eksplodirali,
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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i vratili te elemente natrag u svemir.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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Onda su se ponovno urušili u sljedeću
generaciju
generaciju
12:55
of stars and planets.
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zvijezda i planeta.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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I na nekima od tih planeta, kisik,
koji je nastao
koji je nastao
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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u prvoj generaciji zvijezda,
se povezao sa vodikom
se povezao sa vodikom
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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da bi nastala voda,
tekuća voda na površini.
tekuća voda na površini.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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Na barem jednom, a možda i jedinom od tih
planeta,
planeta,
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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razvio se primitivni život,
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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koji je evoluirao tijekom milijuna godina
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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u bića koja hodaju uspravno
i ostavljaju otiske
i ostavljaju otiske
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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u blatnim ravnicama Tanzanije prije
tri i pol milijuna godina
tri i pol milijuna godina
13:20
and eventually
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i naposlijetku
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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ostavila otisak na drugom svijetu.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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Sagradila civilizaciju,
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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ovu predivnu sliku,
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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koja je pretvorila tamu u svjetlo,
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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i civilizaciju koju možete vidjeti
iz svemira.
iz svemira.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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Kako je jedan od mojih velikih heroja,
Carl Sagan, rekao,
Carl Sagan, rekao,
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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ovo su stvari -- zapravo, ne samo ove,
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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nego sam gledao okolo -- ovo su stvari,
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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kao rakete Saturn V i Sputnik,
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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i DNK i književnost i znanost --
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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ovo su stvari koje vodikovi atomi rade
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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kada im date 13.7 milijarde godina.
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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Potpuno veličanstveno.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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A, zakoni fizike. Dobro?
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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Zakoni fizike --
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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su prekrasno uravnoteženi.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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Da je slaba sila samo malo drukčija,
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
336
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ugljik i kisik ne bi bili stabilni
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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u srcu zvijezda,
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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i ne bi bilo ništa od toga u svemiru.
14:08
And I think that's
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Mislim da je to
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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predivna i značajna priča.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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Prije 50 godina vam ne bih mogao ispričati
ovu priču,
ovu priču,
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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jer ju nismo znali.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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Omogućava mi da se osjećam da
14:18
that civilization --
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ta civilizacija --
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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koja se, ako ćete vjerovati
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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znanstvenoj priči o stvaranju,
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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pojavila čisto kao rezultat
zakona fizike,
zakona fizike,
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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i par atoma vodika --
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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tako da mislim, barem meni,
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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osjećam se nevjerojatno dragocjeno.
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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Dakle, to je LHC.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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LHC će zasigurno,
kada stupi u pogon na ljeto,
kada stupi u pogon na ljeto,
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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napisati sljedeće poglavlje te knjige.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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I jedva čekam sa
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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ogromnim uzbuđenjem da se uključi.
14:46
Thanks.
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Hvala.
14:48
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Cox - PhysicistPhysicist Brian Cox has two jobs: working with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and explaining big science to the general public. He's a professor at the University of Manchester.
Why you should listen
Based at the University of Manchester, Brian Cox works at CERN in Geneva on the ATLAS experiment, studying the forward proton detectors for the Large Hadron Collider there. He's a professor at the University of Manchester, working in the High Energy Physics group, and is a research fellow of the Royal Society.
He's also become a vital voice in the UK media for explaining physics to the public. With his rockstar hair and accessible charm, he's the go-to physicist for explaining heady concepts on British TV and radio. (If you're in the UK, watch him on The Big Bang Machine.) He was the science advisor for the 2007 film Sunshine. He answers science questions every Friday on BBC6 radio's Breakfast Show.
Brian Cox | Speaker | TED.com