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Robert Waldinger: What makes a good life? Lessons from the longest study on happiness
Robert Waldinger: Ako mať dobrý život? Lekcie z najdlhšej štúdie o šťastí
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Čo nás v živote robí šťastnými a zdravými? Ak si myslíte, že je to sláva a peniaze, nie ste sami – ale podľa psychiatra Roberta Waldingera sa mýlite. Ako vedúci 75-ročnej štúdie o vývoji dospelých ľudí má Waldinger doteraz nevídaný prístup k dátam o pravom šťastí a spokojnosti. Vo svojej prednáške sa podelí o tri dôležité lekcie zistené zo štúdie a takisto o pár praktických starých múdrostí o tom, ako si vybudovať naplnený a dlhý život.
Robert Waldinger - Psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, Zen priest
Robert Waldinger is the Director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies in history. Full bio
Robert Waldinger is the Director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies in history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
What keeps us healthy and happy
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Vďaka čomu sme
zdravými a šťastnými počas života?
zdravými a šťastnými počas života?
00:15
as we go through life?
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Ak by ste teraz začali pracovať
00:18
If you were going to invest now
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na svojom najlepšom možnom ja,
00:21
in your future best self,
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čomu by ste venovali svoj čas a energiu?
00:23
where would you put your time
and your energy?
and your energy?
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00:27
There was a recent survey of millennials
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V nedávnom výskume sa ľudí v strednom veku
pýtali, po čom v živote túžia najviac
00:29
asking them what their
most important life goals were,
most important life goals were,
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00:34
and over 80 percent said
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a viac ako 80 % opýtaných sa vyjadrilo,
00:36
that a major life goal for them
was to get rich.
was to get rich.
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že ich hlavnou métou je zbohatnúť.
00:40
And another 50 percent
of those same young adults
of those same young adults
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Navyše, 50 % tých istých mladých uviedlo,
00:45
said that another major life goal
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že ich ďalším veľkým životným cieľom
00:47
was to become famous.
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je byť slávnym.
(smiech)
00:50
(Laughter)
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Všade nás nabádajú byť v práci snaživejší
00:52
And we're constantly told
to lean in to work, to push harder
to lean in to work, to push harder
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(smiech)
00:58
and achieve more.
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a viac toho dosiahnuť.
01:00
We're given the impression that these
are the things that we need to go after
are the things that we need to go after
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Máme dojem, že práve to sú veci,
ktoré nám k šťastnému životu treba.
01:04
in order to have a good life.
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Predstavy, ktoré máme o živote,
01:06
Pictures of entire lives,
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01:08
of the choices that people make
and how those choices work out for them,
and how those choices work out for them,
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o rozhodnutiach a ich následkoch,
sú často takmer nedosiahnuteľné.
01:13
those pictures
are almost impossible to get.
are almost impossible to get.
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01:18
Most of what we know about human life
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Väčšina toho, čo o ľudskom živote vieme,
01:21
we know from asking people
to remember the past,
to remember the past,
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sú spomienky ľudí, ktorí sa o ne podelili.
No ako vieme, spomienky sú nepresné.
01:24
and as we know, hindsight
is anything but 20/20.
is anything but 20/20.
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Mnoho z toho, čo sa nám stane, zabudneme
01:29
We forget vast amounts
of what happens to us in life,
of what happens to us in life,
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a niekedy si pamäť všeličo poprekrúca.
01:33
and sometimes memory
is downright creative.
is downright creative.
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01:36
But what if we could watch entire lives
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No čo keby sme mohli sledovať život
01:41
as they unfold through time?
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ako plynie od začiatku až po koniec?
01:44
What if we could study people
from the time that they were teenagers
from the time that they were teenagers
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Čo keby sme vedeli preskúmať životy ľudí
od mladosti po starobu, aby sme zistili,
01:48
all the way into old age
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01:50
to see what really keeps people
happy and healthy?
happy and healthy?
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čo ich život robí šťastným a zdravým?
Presne to sme urobili.
01:55
We did that.
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01:57
The Harvard Study of Adult Development
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Harvardský výskum dospelého života
01:59
may be the longest study
of adult life that's ever been done.
of adult life that's ever been done.
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je možno najdlhšou
štúdiou dospelosti vôbec.
štúdiou dospelosti vôbec.
75 rokov sme šli po stopách 724-och mužov
02:05
For 75 years, we've tracked
the lives of 724 men,
the lives of 724 men,
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a pýtali sa ich na prácu, domov a zdravie.
02:13
year after year, asking about their work,
their home lives, their health,
their home lives, their health,
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Samozrejme, že sme celý čas ani netušili,
02:17
and of course asking all along the way
without knowing how their life stories
without knowing how their life stories
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ako sa ich životy vyvŕbia.
02:22
were going to turn out.
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Podobné výskumy sú skutočne výnimočné.
02:25
Studies like this are exceedingly rare.
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Takmer všetky do 10-tich rokov zaniknú.
02:28
Almost all projects of this kind
fall apart within a decade
fall apart within a decade
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Opýtaní vo výskume odmietnu pokračovať
02:33
because too many people
drop out of the study,
drop out of the study,
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alebo dôjdu peniaze,
02:36
or funding for the research dries up,
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alebo sa vedci pustia do iných výskumov,
02:39
or the researchers get distracted,
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02:41
or they die, and nobody moves the ball
further down the field.
further down the field.
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či zomrú a nikto v ich práci nepokračuje.
No vďaka zhode šťastných náhod
02:46
But through a combination of luck
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a vytrvalosti niekoľkých generácií vedcov
02:48
and the persistence
of several generations of researchers,
of several generations of researchers,
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tento výskum pokračuje.
02:52
this study has survived.
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02:54
About 60 of our original 724 men
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Okolo 60 z pôvodných 724 mužov
stále žije
02:59
are still alive,
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a zúčastňuje sa výskumu,
03:00
still participating in the study,
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väčšina z nich už má po 90-tke.
03:02
most of them in their 90s.
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03:05
And we are now beginning to study
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Teraz začíname skúmať
03:07
the more than 2,000 children of these men.
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viac než 2 tisícky ich detí
a ja som štvrtým vedúcim tohto výskumu.
03:11
And I'm the fourth director of the study.
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03:15
Since 1938, we've tracked the lives
of two groups of men.
of two groups of men.
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Od r. 1938 sme sledovali 2 skupiny mužov.
Prvú skupinu tvorili
03:20
The first group started in the study
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03:22
when they were sophomores
at Harvard College.
at Harvard College.
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druháci na Harvardovej univerzite.
03:25
They all finished college
during World War II,
during World War II,
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Všetci dokončili štúdium
za 2. svetovej vojny
za 2. svetovej vojny
a väčšina z nich po tom naverbovala.
03:27
and then most went off
to serve in the war.
to serve in the war.
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Druhou skupinou nám boli
03:31
And the second group that we've followed
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03:33
was a group of boys
from Boston's poorest neighborhoods,
from Boston's poorest neighborhoods,
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chlapci z najbiednejších štvrtí Bostonu.
Vybrali sme si ich práve preto,
03:37
boys who were chosen for the study
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03:39
specifically because they were
from some of the most troubled
from some of the most troubled
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lebo pochádzali z najproblematickejších
a najviac znevýhodnených rodín,
03:43
and disadvantaged families
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03:44
in the Boston of the 1930s.
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aké v Bostone v 30. rokoch žili.
Zväčša žili v podnájmoch bez tečúcej vody.
03:47
Most lived in tenements,
many without hot and cold running water.
many without hot and cold running water.
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Na začiatku sme každému účastníkovi
03:54
When they entered the study,
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03:56
all of these teenagers were interviewed.
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položili zopár otázok,
03:59
They were given medical exams.
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boli im urobené zdravotné prehliadky
a u nich doma sme hovorili s ich rodičmi.
04:01
We went to their homes
and we interviewed their parents.
and we interviewed their parents.
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A potom títo mladíci dospeli,
04:05
And then these teenagers
grew up into adults
grew up into adults
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vydali sa rôznymi smermi – stali sa z nich
04:07
who entered all walks of life.
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04:10
They became factory workers and lawyers
and bricklayers and doctors,
and bricklayers and doctors,
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robotníci, právnici, murári, lekári,
04:16
one President of the United States.
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jeden z nich sa stal prezidentom USA.
Niektorí prepadli
alkoholu či schizofrénii.
alkoholu či schizofrénii.
04:20
Some developed alcoholism.
A few developed schizophrenia.
A few developed schizophrenia.
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04:25
Some climbed the social ladder
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Niektorí sa prepracovali
04:27
from the bottom
all the way to the very top,
all the way to the very top,
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zo spoločenského dna až na vrchol,
04:30
and some made that journey
in the opposite direction.
in the opposite direction.
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niektorí spadli z vrcholu až na samé dno.
Vedci, ktorí stáli pri zrode tejto štúdie,
04:35
The founders of this study
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ani v najdivokejších snoch nedúfali,
04:38
would never in their wildest dreams
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04:40
have imagined that I would be
standing here today, 75 years later,
standing here today, 75 years later,
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že tu o 75 rokov neskôr budem stáť
04:45
telling you that
the study still continues.
the study still continues.
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a hovoriť o tom, ako projekt pokračuje.
04:49
Every two years, our patient
and dedicated research staff
and dedicated research staff
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Každé 2 roky sa náš trpezlivý a oddaný tím
04:52
calls up our men
and asks them if we can send them
and asks them if we can send them
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spýta našich účastníkov, či by o tom,
ako sa im darí, vyplnili ešte 1 dotazník.
04:56
yet one more set of questions
about their lives.
about their lives.
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05:00
Many of the inner city Boston men ask us,
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Tí z chudobných štvrtí sa často pýtajú:
„Prečo ma skúmate? Môj život je všedný."
05:03
"Why do you keep wanting to study me?
My life just isn't that interesting."
My life just isn't that interesting."
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Tí z Harvardu sa to nikdy nepýtajú.
05:08
The Harvard men never ask that question.
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05:11
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
05:20
To get the clearest picture
of these lives,
of these lives,
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Aby sme o nich mali jasnejšiu predstavu,
neobmedzujeme sa len na dotazníky.
05:23
we don't just send them questionnaires.
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05:26
We interview them in their living rooms.
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Kladieme im otázky priamo u nich doma.
Zhromažďujeme ich zdravotné záznamy,
05:29
We get their medical records
from their doctors.
from their doctors.
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dávame im robiť rozbor krvi a sken mozgu.
05:32
We draw their blood, we scan their brains,
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Hovoríme sa s ich deťmi.
05:34
we talk to their children.
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Nahrávame, ako sa ženám zverujú s obavami.
05:36
We videotape them talking with their wives
about their deepest concerns.
about their deepest concerns.
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05:41
And when, about a decade ago,
we finally asked the wives
we finally asked the wives
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Pred 10-imi rokmi sme sa ich žien spýtali,
05:45
if they would join us
as members of the study,
as members of the study,
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či by sa tiež zúčastnili nášho výskumu,
na čo mnohé povedali:
„No už bolo na čase."
„No už bolo na čase."
05:47
many of the women said,
"You know, it's about time."
"You know, it's about time."
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05:50
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
05:51
So what have we learned?
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Čo sme sa teda dozvedeli?
05:53
What are the lessons that come
from the tens of thousands of pages
from the tens of thousands of pages
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Aké ponaučenie plynie
z desiatok tisíc strán zozbieraných údajov
05:58
of information that we've generated
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o týchto životoch?
06:01
on these lives?
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06:03
Well, the lessons aren't about wealth
or fame or working harder and harder.
or fame or working harder and harder.
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Nejde o bohatstvo, slávu či ťažkú prácu.
06:10
The clearest message that we get
from this 75-year study is this:
from this 75-year study is this:
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Závery z tohto 75-ročného výskumu
sú jasné:
sú jasné:
dobré vzťahy = šťastný a zdravý život.
Bodka.
Bodka.
06:16
Good relationships keep us
happier and healthier. Period.
happier and healthier. Period.
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06:23
We've learned three big lessons
about relationships.
about relationships.
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O vzťahoch sme sa naučili 3 základné veci.
Poprvé – sociálne väzby
majú obrovský význam
majú obrovský význam
06:26
The first is that social connections
are really good for us,
are really good for us,
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a samota zabíja.
06:30
and that loneliness kills.
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06:33
It turns out that people
who are more socially connected
who are more socially connected
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Ukázalo sa, že ľudia s pevnými väzbami
na rodinu, priateľov a komunitu
06:37
to family, to friends, to community,
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sú šťastnejší, zdravší a žijú dlhšie
06:40
are happier, they're physically healthier,
and they live longer
and they live longer
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oproti tým, ktorí tak pevné väzby nemajú.
06:45
than people who are less well connected.
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06:48
And the experience of loneliness
turns out to be toxic.
turns out to be toxic.
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Osamelosť je, naopak, pre človeka jedom.
06:51
People who are more isolated
than they want to be from others
than they want to be from others
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Ľudia, ktorí sú izolovanejší,
ako by chceli, sa cítia menej šťastní,
06:57
find that they are less happy,
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07:00
their health declines earlier in midlife,
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ich zdravie
a mozgová činnosť začnú pokrivkávať skôr
07:03
their brain functioning declines sooner
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a ich životy sú kratšie.
07:05
and they live shorter lives
than people who are not lonely.
than people who are not lonely.
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07:10
And the sad fact
is that at any given time,
is that at any given time,
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Bohužiaľ, viac ako 1 z 5-ich Američanov
07:13
more than one in five Americans
will report that they're lonely.
will report that they're lonely.
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sa cíti osamelým.
Vieme, že osamelo sa možno cítiť v dave,
07:19
And we know that you
can be lonely in a crowd
can be lonely in a crowd
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no aj v manželstve.
07:21
and you can be lonely in a marriage,
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Druhá vec, ktorú sme sa naučili, je,
07:24
so the second big lesson that we learned
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07:26
is that it's not just
the number of friends you have,
the number of friends you have,
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že nejde len o to, koľko priateľov máme
07:29
and it's not whether or not
you're in a committed relationship,
you're in a committed relationship,
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či o to, či sme si s partnerom verní.
Dôležitá je kvalita blízkych vzťahov.
07:33
but it's the quality
of your close relationships that matters.
of your close relationships that matters.
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Vykopávanie vojnovej sekery škodí zdraviu.
07:38
It turns out that living in the midst
of conflict is really bad for our health.
of conflict is really bad for our health.
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Napríklad konfliktné manželstvá bez lásky
07:43
High-conflict marriages, for example,
without much affection,
without much affection,
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07:47
turn out to be very bad for our health,
perhaps worse than getting divorced.
perhaps worse than getting divorced.
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nám škodia možno viac ako rozvody.
Dobrý, vrúcny vzťah nás však chráni.
07:53
And living in the midst of good,
warm relationships is protective.
warm relationships is protective.
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Keď sme našich mužov
sprevádzali až do ich 80-tky,
sprevádzali až do ich 80-tky,
07:57
Once we had followed our men
all the way into their 80s,
all the way into their 80s,
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08:01
we wanted to look back at them at midlife
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obzreli sme sa za ich najlepšími rokmi
a zisťovali, či sa dalo predpokladať,
08:04
and to see if we could predict
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ktorí 80-nici budú kypieť
zdravím a šťastím
zdravím a šťastím
08:05
who was going to grow
into a happy, healthy octogenarian
into a happy, healthy octogenarian
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a ktorí nebudú.
08:09
and who wasn't.
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Keď sme si spojili, čo sme o nich vedeli,
08:11
And when we gathered together
everything we knew about them
everything we knew about them
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keď mali 50,
08:15
at age 50,
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nebol to cholesterol v strednom veku,
08:18
it wasn't their middle age
cholesterol levels
cholesterol levels
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08:20
that predicted how they
were going to grow old.
were going to grow old.
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ktorý by napovedal, ako zostarnú.
08:23
It was how satisfied they were
in their relationships.
in their relationships.
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Kľúčové bolo,
ako boli spokojní so vzťahmi.
ako boli spokojní so vzťahmi.
50-nici najspokojnejší so svojimi vzťahmi
08:27
The people who were the most satisfied
in their relationships at age 50
in their relationships at age 50
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boli v 80-tke najzdravší.
08:31
were the healthiest at age 80.
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Dobré blízke vzťahy sú tlmičmi
08:35
And good, close relationships
seem to buffer us
seem to buffer us
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niektorých zakopnutí a nástrah starnutia.
08:38
from some of the slings and arrows
of getting old.
of getting old.
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Muži a ženy najšťastnejší vo zväzkoch,
08:42
Our most happily partnered men and women
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v ktorých žili, v 80-tke uviedli,
08:46
reported, in their 80s,
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08:48
that on the days
when they had more physical pain,
when they had more physical pain,
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že silnejšia fyzickú bolesť
na ich dobrú náladu nevplývala.
08:51
their mood stayed just as happy.
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Ľudia žijúci v nešťastných vzťahoch
08:54
But the people who were
in unhappy relationships,
in unhappy relationships,
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v dňoch, kedy bola fyzická bolesť väčšia,
08:57
on the days when they
reported more physical pain,
reported more physical pain,
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09:00
it was magnified by more emotional pain.
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pre citovú bolesť
trpeli fyzicky ešte viac.
trpeli fyzicky ešte viac.
A po tretie, naučili sme sa,
09:04
And the third big lesson that we learned
about relationships and our health
about relationships and our health
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09:08
is that good relationships
don't just protect our bodies,
don't just protect our bodies,
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že zdravé vzťahy nielenže ochraňujú telo,
chránia aj mozog.
09:12
they protect our brains.
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09:14
It turns out that being
in a securely attached relationship
in a securely attached relationship
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Pevné, trvalé zväzky, ktoré v 80-tke máme
09:19
to another person in your 80s
is protective,
is protective,
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nás chránia.
09:23
that the people who are in relationships
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Ľudia, ktorí sú schopní byť jeden druhému
09:25
where they really feel they can count
on the other person in times of need,
on the other person in times of need,
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v ťažkých časoch oporou,
09:29
those people's memories
stay sharper longer.
stay sharper longer.
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majú dlhšie dobrú pamäť.
09:32
And the people in relationships
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U tých, ktorí sa na partnera
09:34
where they feel they really
can't count on the other one,
can't count on the other one,
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spoľahnúť nemôžu,
09:37
those are the people who experience
earlier memory decline.
earlier memory decline.
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sa prejavil pokles činnosti pamäte skôr.
Dobré vzťahy však nemusia byť bezchybné.
09:42
And those good relationships,
they don't have to be smooth all the time.
they don't have to be smooth all the time.
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09:46
Some of our octogenarian couples
could bicker with each other
could bicker with each other
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Niektoré naše páry 80-nikov
sa z času na čas hašterili.
09:49
day in and day out,
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No pokiaľ jeden v druhom našli
09:51
but as long as they felt that they
could really count on the other
could really count on the other
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kamaráta do dažďa,
09:54
when the going got tough,
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šarvátky na ich pamäť nemali vplyv.
09:56
those arguments didn't take a toll
on their memories.
on their memories.
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10:01
So this message,
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Ponaučením teda je,
10:04
that good, close relationships
are good for our health and well-being,
are good for our health and well-being,
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že dobré blízke vzťahy
sú životu prospešné.
sú životu prospešné.
10:10
this is wisdom that's as old as the hills.
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To je múdrosť starých materí.
Prečo to tak často prehliadame?
10:13
Why is this so hard to get
and so easy to ignore?
and so easy to ignore?
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Nuž, sme ľudia.
10:17
Well, we're human.
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10:19
What we'd really like is a quick fix,
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Prahneme po rýchlych riešeniach,
po niečom, čo by z nášho života urobilo
10:21
something we can get
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10:23
that'll make our lives good
and keep them that way.
and keep them that way.
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rozprávku, ktorá by nikdy neskončila.
Vzťahy sú spletité, komplikované
10:27
Relationships are messy
and they're complicated
and they're complicated
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a starostlivosť o rodinu a priateľov
10:30
and the hard work of tending
to family and friends,
to family and friends,
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nie je príťažlivá ani oslňujúca.
10:34
it's not sexy or glamorous.
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Starostlivosť o rodinu nekončí
– je navždy.
– je navždy.
10:37
It's also lifelong. It never ends.
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Najšťastnejší dôchodcovia nášho výskumu
10:40
The people in our 75-year study
who were the happiest in retirement
who were the happiest in retirement
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boli tí, ktorí kolegov nahradili blízkymi.
10:45
were the people who had actively worked
to replace workmates with new playmates.
to replace workmates with new playmates.
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10:51
Just like the millennials
in that recent survey,
in that recent survey,
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Presne ako dospelí z nedávneho výskumu –
10:54
many of our men when they
were starting out as young adults
were starting out as young adults
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aj oni boli v mladosti presvedčení o tom,
10:58
really believed that fame and wealth
and high achievement
and high achievement
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že sláva, peniaze a úspech
11:02
were what they needed to go after
to have a good life.
to have a good life.
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im zabezpečia dobrý život.
No 75 rokov náš výskum opakovane dokazuje,
11:06
But over and over, over these 75 years,
our study has shown
our study has shown
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11:10
that the people who fared the best were
the people who leaned in to relationships,
the people who leaned in to relationships,
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že najlepšie bolo tým, čo pestovali vzťahy
s rodinou, priateľmi a komunitou.
11:16
with family, with friends, with community.
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A čo vy?
11:21
So what about you?
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11:23
Let's say you're 25,
or you're 40, or you're 60.
or you're 40, or you're 60.
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Povedzme, že máte 25, 40 či 60.
Ako môže vyzerať pestovanie vzťahov u vás?
11:27
What might leaning in
to relationships even look like?
to relationships even look like?
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Možnosti sú vlastne neobmedzené.
11:31
Well, the possibilities
are practically endless.
are practically endless.
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Možno stačí obrazovky vymeniť za ľudí,
11:35
It might be something as simple
as replacing screen time with people time
as replacing screen time with people time
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11:41
or livening up a stale relationship
by doing something new together,
by doing something new together,
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oživiť staré vzťahy novými aktivitami –
ísť na dlhú prechádzku či rande,
11:46
long walks or date nights,
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prehodiť pár slov s rozhádaným príbuzným.
11:49
or reaching out to that family member
who you haven't spoken to in years,
who you haven't spoken to in years,
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Bežné rodinné spory
11:54
because those all-too-common family feuds
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totiž majú hrozný dopad na tých,
11:57
take a terrible toll
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ktorí v sebe nenávisť prechovávajú.
12:00
on the people who hold the grudges.
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12:04
I'd like to close with a quote
from Mark Twain.
from Mark Twain.
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Dovoľte mi rozlúčiť sa výrokom M. Twaina.
12:09
More than a century ago,
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Pred viac ako 100 rokmi
12:11
he was looking back on his life,
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sa obzrel späť na svoj život
a napísal:
12:14
and he wrote this:
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12:16
"There isn't time, so brief is life,
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„Život je na škriepky, ospravedlnenia,
12:20
for bickerings, apologies,
heartburnings, callings to account.
heartburnings, callings to account.
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ľútosť a spytovanie svedomia prikrátky.
Máme čas len na milovanie
12:26
There is only time for loving,
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12:29
and but an instant,
so to speak, for that."
so to speak, for that."
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a aj na to máme
takpovediac len okamih."
takpovediac len okamih."
12:34
The good life is built
with good relationships.
with good relationships.
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Dobrý život = dobré vzťahy.
12:39
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
(potlesk)
12:40
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Waldinger - Psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, Zen priestRobert Waldinger is the Director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the most comprehensive longitudinal studies in history.
Why you should listen
Robert Waldinger is a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and Zen priest. He is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and directs the Harvard Study of Adult Development, one of the longest-running studies of adult life ever done. The Study tracked the lives of two groups of men for over 75 years, and it now follows their Baby Boomer children to understand how childhood experience reaches across decades to affect health and wellbeing in middle age. He writes about what science and Zen can teach us about healthy human development.
Dr. Waldinger is the author of numerous scientific papers as well as two books. He teaches medical students and psychiatry residents at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and he is a Senior Dharma Teacher in Boundless Way Zen.
To keep abreast of research findings, insights and more, visit robertwaldinger.com.
Robert Waldinger | Speaker | TED.com