TED2009
Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds
Jonathan Drori: Prečo skladujeme miliardy semienok
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V tejto krátkej prednáške z TED U 2009 nás Jonathan Drori povzbudzuje zachrániť biodiverzitu - po jednom semienku. Pripomína nám, že rastliny sú nevyhnutné pre život ľudí, a predstavuje myšlienku Millennium Seed Bank (Banka semienok), ktorá skladuje viac ako tri miliardy semienok od strácajúcich sa, ale dôležitých rastlinných druhov.
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
All human life,
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Všetok ľudský život,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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všetok život, závisí na rastlinách.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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Presvedčím vás o tom v nasledujúcich sekundách.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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Len sa nad tým zamyslite.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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Nezáleží na tom, či žijete v malej africkej dedine
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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alebo vo veľkomeste,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
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všetko pochádza z rastlín:
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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jedlo, lieky, palivo,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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stavebné materiály, oblečenie, všetko, na čo si spomeniete,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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dokonca i veci spojené s oddychom a duchovným životom,
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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na ktorých nám tak záleží,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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aj tvorba pôdy,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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aj efekt na atmosféru,
00:44
or primary production.
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aj primárna produkcia.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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Dokonca aj knihy sú vyrobené z rastlín.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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Všetky tieto veci pochádzajú a závisia na rastlinách.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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A bez nich by sme tu neboli.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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Teraz sú rastliny v ohrození.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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Sú ohrozené kvôli meniacemu sa podnebiu.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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A sú ohrozené, pretože sa delia o planétu
01:01
with people like us.
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s ľuďmi ako sme my.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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A ľudia ako my chcú robiť veci, ktoré ničia rastliny
01:06
and their habitats.
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alebo ich domovy.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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A či už je to kvôli produkcii potravín
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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alebo zasadeniu cudzích rastlín
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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na miesta, kde nemajú čo robiť,
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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alebo kvôli tomu, že ich prirodzené habitáty sa využívajú na niečo iné --
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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všetky tieto veci znamenajú, že rastliny sa musia prispôsobovať
01:23
or die, or move.
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alebo zomrieť, alebo sa presťahovať.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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A pre rastliny je občas problém presunúť sa inam,
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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lebo im v ceste stoja mestá alebo iné prekážky.
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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Takže ak život ľudí závisí na rastlinách,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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je celkom logické, že by sme sa ich mali pokúsiť zachrániť, nie?
01:36
I think it does.
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Myslím, že to dáva zmysel.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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A tak vám chcem porozprávať o projekte, ktorý zachraňuje rastliny.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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Spôsob, akým zachránite rastlinu,
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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je uloženie jej semienok.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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Pretože semienka, v ich rôznorodej kráse,
01:49
are plants' futures.
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sú budúcnosťou rastlín.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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Všetka genetická informácia budúcich generácií rastlín
01:54
are held in seeds.
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je uložená v semienkach.
01:56
So here is the building;
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Tu je budova,
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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vyzerá nenápadne, uznávam.
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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Ale pod zemou má niekoľko poschodí.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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Je to najväčšia banka semienok na svete.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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A nenachádza sa len v južnom Anglicku,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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má pobočky po celom svete. Ešte sa k tomu vrátim.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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Je odolná voči jadrovému útoku,
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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bodajby sme také niečo nikdy nevyužili.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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Ak idete budovať banku semienok, musíte sa rozhodnúť
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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čo v nej budete ukladať. Dobre?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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A my sme sa rozhodli, že ako prvé uložíme
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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druhy, ktoré sú najviac ohrozené.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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A to sú druhy zo suchých zemí.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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Najprv sme uzavreli zmluvy
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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s 50 krajinami.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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To znamenalo vyjednávanie s hlavami štátov
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and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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a ich ministrami zahraničných vecí,
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to sign treaties.
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a podpisovanie zmlúv.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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Máme 120 partnerských inštitúcií na celom svete,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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vo všetkých krajinách, ktoré sú na oranžovo.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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Ľudia prichádzajú z celého sveta, aby sa naučili ako,
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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a potom odídu a naplánujú presne ako
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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budú tie semienka zbierať.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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Majú tisícky ľudí po celom svete,
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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ktorí označujú miesta, kde sa vraj tie rastliny nachádzajú.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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Hľadajú ich. Nájdu ich kvitnúť.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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A potom sa vracajú, keď prídu semienka.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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A zbierajú ich. Po celom svete.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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Semienka nie sú veľmi technická vec.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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Nahádžete ich do vreciek a vysušíte ich.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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Označíte ich. Občas využijete nejakú technológiu,
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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ale väčšinou je to jednoduché.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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Ale základom je ich správne vysušiť,
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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opatrne, pri nízkej teplote.
03:23
And then you have to store them
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A potom ich uložíte
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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do teploty -20 stupňov Celzia,
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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to je asi mínus štyri stupne Fahrenheita,
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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s minimálnou vlhkosťou vzduchu.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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A tieto semienka sú schopné vyklíčiť,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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pri niektorých druhoch
03:39
in thousands of years,
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po tisíckach rokov,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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a určite po stovkách rokov.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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Je nanič skladovať semienka, ak neviete, či sú stále živé.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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Preto každých desať rokov testujeme na malej vzorke,
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on every sample of seeds that we have.
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či vyklíčia.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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A toto je tá distribuovaná sieť.
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So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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Po celom svete ľudia robia tú istú vec.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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A to nám umožňuje vyvíjať protokoly na klíčenie.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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To znamená, že poznáme správnu kombináciu tepla
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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a chladu a cyklov, ktoré vytvárajú podmienky
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to make the seed germinate.
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pre klíčenie.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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A to sú užitočné informácie.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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A potom tie rastliny pestujeme
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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a môžeme ľuďom, ktorí sa ich tiež snažia pestovať, povedať,
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"Pozrite, my ich nielen uskladňujeme,
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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aby sme ich mohli pestovať potom,
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but we can give you this information about
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my vám už teraz môžeme dať informácie o tom,
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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ako tieto ťažko pestovateľné rastliny prinútiť vyklíčiť."
04:25
And that's already happening.
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A to sa deje.
04:27
So where have we got to?
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Kde sme sa teda dostali?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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S veľkou radosťou vám oznamujem, že sme uložili
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that's three thousand millionth seed --
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semienko s poradovým číslom
04:35
is now stored.
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tri miliardy.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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Desať percent rastlinných druhov na planéte,
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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24 000 druhov je zachránených,
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30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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30 000 druhov do budúceho roka, ak dostaneme granty.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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25 percent druhov do roku 2020.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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Nie sú to len rastliny, z ktorých získavame potraviny,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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aké ukladajú v Svalbarde v Nórsku,
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fantastic work there.
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tiež fantastická práca.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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Toto je aspoň stokrát väčšie.
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We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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Máme tísice zbierok, ktoré boli rozposlané
05:03
all over the world:
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po celom svete,
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drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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druhy stromov odolné voči suchu sú v Pakistane a Egypte,
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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druhy s efektívnou fotosyntézou
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come here to the United States;
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prišli do Spojených štátov,
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salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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tie, ktoré tolerujú vysoký pomer soli šli do Austrálie,
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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a tak ďalej.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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Tieto semienka sa používajú na obnovu.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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V oblastiach, ktoré už boli zničené,
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like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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ako prérie s vysokou trávou v USA
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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alebo v zamínovaných lúkach v rôznych zemiach,
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restoration is already happening because of these species --
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sa to už pomaly obnovuje
05:34
and because of this collection.
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aj vďaka tejto zbierke.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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Niektoré z týchto rastlín, napríklad tie v ľavom
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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dolnom rohu obrazovky,
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they are down to the last few remaining members.
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sú na pokraji vyhynutia.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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Tých stromov, ktorých semienka zbiera ten chlapík,
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that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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zostalo už len 30 kusov.
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Fantastically useful plant,
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Úžasne užitočná rastlina
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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kvôli obsahu proteínu aj liečivých látok.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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Prebiehajú školenia v Číne, v USA,
05:58
and many other countries.
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v mnohých krajinách.
06:01
How much does it cost?
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Koľko to stojí?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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2800 dolárov za jeden druh je priemer.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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Myslím, že je to celkom lacné.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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A to vám dá všetky vedecké informácie,
06:11
that goes with it.
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ktoré k tomu patria.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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Budúci výskum je "Ako môžeme nájsť
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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genetické a molekulárne ukazovatele
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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živosti semienok,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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bez toho, aby sme ich museli každých 10 rokov zasadiť?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
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A už sme skoro tam.
06:24
Thank you very much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
06:26
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com