TED2009
Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds
Jonathan Drori: Zašto čuvamo milijarde sjemenki
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U ovom kratkom govoru s konferencije TED U 2009. Jonathan Drori nas potiče da sačuvamo bioraznolikost -- jednu po jednu sjemenku. Podsjećajući nas da biljke održavaju ljudski život, opisuje nam viziju "Milenijske banke sjemenja", koja sadrži više od 3 milijarde sjemenki gotovo izumrlih ali ipak esencijalnih biljnih vrsta.
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
All human life,
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Sav ljudski život,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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sav život, ovisi o biljkama.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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Dopustite mi da vas u nekoliko sekundi uvjerim u to.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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Samo razmislite na trenutak.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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Svejedno je živite li u malom afričkom selu
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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ili u velikom gradu,
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everything comes back to plants in the end:
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sve se na kraju vraća na biljke.
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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Svejedno je radi li se o hrani, lijekovima,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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gorivu, gradnji, odjeći, svim tim očitim stvarima,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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ili se radi o duhovnim i rekreacijskim namjenama
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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koje nam toliko znače,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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ili je to zbog formiranja tla,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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ili učinaka na atmosferu,
00:44
or primary production.
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ili primarne proizvodnje.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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Dovraga, čak su i knjige ovdje napravljene od biljaka.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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Sve su ove stvari, na kraju, od biljaka.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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Bez njih mi ne bi bili ovdje.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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Biljke su sada ugrožene.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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Ugrožene su zbog klimatskih promjena.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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Ugrožene su i zato što dijele planet
01:01
with people like us.
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s ljudima poput nas.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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A ljudi poput nas žele činiti stvari koje uništavaju biljke
01:06
and their habitats.
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i njihova staništa.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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Bilo to zbog proizvodnje hrane
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or because of the introduction of alien plants
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ili zbog uvođenja stranih biljnih vrsta
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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na mjesta gdje one ne bi trebale biti
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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ili zato što se staništa koriste za neke druge svrhe,
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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sve ovo znači da se biljke moraju prilagoditi
01:23
or die, or move.
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ili umrijeti, ili se preseliti.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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Biljkama je ponekad teško preseliti se
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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zbog toga što im u selidbi smetaju gradovi ili druge stvari.
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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Stoga, ako sav ljudski život ovisi o biljkama,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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zar nema smisla da ih možda pokušamo spasiti?
01:36
I think it does.
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Osobno mislim da ima.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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Želim vam predstaviti projekt za spašavanje biljaka.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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A način na koji spašavate biljke
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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jest čuvanjem sjemenki.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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Zato što su sjemenke, u svoj svojoj veličanstvenoj
01:49
are plants' futures.
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raznolikosti - budućnost biljaka.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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Sve genetske informacije za buduće naraštaje biljaka
01:54
are held in seeds.
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sadržane su u sjemenkama.
01:56
So here is the building;
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Stoga, evo zgrade.
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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Ne izgleda baš impozantno.
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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Ali zgrada ima mnogo katova i ispod zemlje.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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I najveća je banka sjemenki na svijetu.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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Postoji ne samo u južnoj Engleskoj,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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već je raspoređena svugdje po svijetu. Vratit ću se na to.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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To je građevina otporna na nuklearne eksplozije.
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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Bože sačuvaj da to mora izdržati.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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Dakle, ako želite izgraditi banku sjemenki, morate odlučiti
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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što ćete u njemu skladištiti, zar ne?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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Mi smo odlučili da ćemo ponajprije skladištiti
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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sve one vrste koje su najviše ugrožene.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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A to su vrste iz sušnih područja.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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Najprije smo postigli dogovore
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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sa 50 različitih zemalja.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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To znači pregovarati za državnim poglavarima
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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i ministrima vanjskih poslova u 50 zemalja
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to sign treaties.
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kako bi potpisali sporazume.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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Imamo 120 partnerskih ustanova svugdje po svijetu,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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u svim ovim zemljama označenim narančastom bojom.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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Ljudi dolaze iz svih krajeva svijeta kako bi učili.
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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Tada odlaze i planiraju na koji će točno
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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način prikupiti te sjemenke.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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Imaju tisuće ljudi svugdje po svijetu
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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koji označavaju mjesta na kojima se smatra da postoje te biljke.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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Traže ih. Pronalaze ih u vrijeme cvatnje.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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Tada se vraćaju kad su sjemenke formirane.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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Prikupljaju sjemenje. Svugdje po svijetu.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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Sjemenke -- nešto od toga posla jako je jednostavno.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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Istresete ih u vrećice i onda ih sušite.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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Označavate ih. Tu i tamo napravite nešto visoko-tehnološko.
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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Zatim tu i tamo napravite nešto nisko-tehnološko.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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A najvažnije je da ih morate osušiti
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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vrlo pažljivo, na niskoj temperaturi.
03:23
And then you have to store them
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Zatim ih morate uskladištiti
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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na otprilike minus 20 stupnjeva C --
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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to je, mislim, oko minus 4 stupnjeva Fahrenheita --
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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sa kritično malim udjelom vlage.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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I ove sjemenke će moći proklijati,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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vjerujemo, s mnogim drugim vrstama,
03:39
in thousands of years,
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i nakon nekoliko tisuća godina,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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a sigurno nakon nekoliko stotina godina.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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Nema smisla skladištiti sjemenke koje ne mogu klijati.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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Stoga, svakih 10 godina radimo testove klijavosti
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on every sample of seeds that we have.
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na svakom uzorku sjemenja koje imamo.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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I to je distribuirana mreža.
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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Znači da svugdje po svijetu ljudi rade istu stvar.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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Što nam omogućuje da razvijemo protokole za klijanje.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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To znači da znamo pravu kombinaciju topline
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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i hladnoće i cikluse koje morate ostvariti
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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kako sjemenka proklijala.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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A to su vrlo korisne informacije.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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I tada uzgajamo te biljke
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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i govorimo ljudima, u zemljama iz kojih te sjemenke potiču,
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"Gledajte, zapravo ne skladištimo ove biljke
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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da bi koristili sjemenke kasnije,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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već vam odmah možemo dati informacije
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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o klijanju ovih zahtjevnih biljaka."
04:25
And that's already happening.
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I to se već događa.
04:27
So where have we got to?
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Dakle, dokle smo stigli?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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Drago mi je da mogu otkriti da je naša tri milijardita sjemenka,
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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znači tri tisuće milijunta sjemenka.
04:35
is now stored.
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sada u spremištu.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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10 posto svih biljnih vrsta na planetu.
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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24 tisuće vrsta su sada na sigurnom.
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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30 tisuća vrsta, ako dobijemo sredstva, do iduće godine.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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25 posto svih svjetskih vrsta, do 2020.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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To nisu samo poljoprivredne kulture,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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koje ste možda vidjeli pohranjene u Svalbardu u Norveškoj.
04:55
fantastic work there.
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Fantastične stvari tamo rade.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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Ovo je barem stotinu puta veće.
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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Imamo na tisuće zbirki koje su poslane
05:03
all over the world:
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po cijelom svijetu.
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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Šumske vrste otporne na sušu poslane u Pakistan i Egipat.
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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Biljke iznimno učinkovite fotosinteze
05:12
come here to the United States;
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dolaze ovdje u SAD.
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salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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Vrste otporne na sol poslane u Australiju.
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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Popis se nastavlja.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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Ove sjemenke se koriste za obnavljanje.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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Tako da u staništima koja su već bila oštećena,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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poput prerije visoke trave, ovdje u SAD-u,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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ili u rudarenoj zemlji u raznim državama,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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obnova se već događa zbog ovih vrsta.
05:34
and because of this collection.
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I zbog ove zbirke.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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Neke od ovih biljaka, poput ovih u donjem
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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lijevom kutu ekrana,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
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spale su na nekoliko jedinki.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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Ova s koje čovjek prikuplja sjemenke s vozila,
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that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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spala je na 30 stabala.
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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Fantastično korisna biljka,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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i kao protein, i kao lijek.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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Održavamo obuke u Kini, u SAD-u,
05:58
and many other countries.
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i mnogim drugim državama.
06:01
How much does it cost?
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Koliko to košta?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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U prosjeku, 2,800 dolara po vrsti.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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Smatram da je to jeftino, po toj cijeni.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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Tako dobijamo i sve znanstvene informacije
06:11
that goes with it.
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koje idu uz njih.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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Buduće istraživanje jest "Kako možemo pronaći
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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genetske i molekularne markere,
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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za klijavost sjemenki,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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a da ih ne moramo sijati svakih 10 godina?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
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I skoro smo tu.
06:24
Thank you very much.
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Hvala lijepo.
06:26
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com