TED2009
Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds
Džonatan Drori (Jonathan Drori) : Zašto skladištimo milijarde semena?
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U ovom kratkom govoru na TED U 2009., Džonatan Drori (Jonathan Drori) nas podstiče da sačuvamo biodiverzitet -- seme po seme. Podsećajući nas da naša planeta omogućava život ljudima, on deli sa nama viziju organizacije "Millennium Seed Bank", koja je do sada uskladištila preko 3 milijarde različitih vrsta semena biljaka koje izumiru, ali su itekako važne.
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
All human life,
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Ljudski život,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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život generalno, zavisi od biljaka.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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Dozvolite mi da vas ubedim u to u samo nekoliko sekundi.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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Razmislite samo jedan momenat.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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Nezavisno od toga da li živite u malom selu u Africi,
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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ili živite u velikom gradu,
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everything comes back to plants in the end:
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sve se na kraju zasniva na biljkama:
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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bez obzira da li ih koristimo kao hranu, lekove,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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gorivo, gradivni materijal, za garderobu, za sve očigledne stvari,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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ili da li su u pitanju spritualni ili rekreativni fenomeni
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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koji su nam jako važni,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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ili govorimo o stvaranju zemljišta,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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ili o uticaju na atmosferu,
00:44
or primary production.
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ili primarnu prozivodnju.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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Dođavola, čak su knjige napravljene od biljaka.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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Sve ove stvari, sve su povezane sa biljkama.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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Bez biljaka ne bismo bili ovde.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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Danas su biljke u opasnosti.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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U opasnosti su usled promena klime.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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U opasnosti su i usled toga što dele planetu sa
01:01
with people like us.
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ljudima kao što smo mi.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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Ljudi kao što smo mi žele da unište biljke i
01:06
and their habitats.
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njihova staništa.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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Bez obzira da li je to usled prozivodnje hrane
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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ili usled uvođenja stranih biljaka na mesta
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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gde te biljke ne bi trebalo da budu
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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ili zato što se staništa koriste u druge svrhe --
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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sve to znači da biljke moraju da se adaptiraju,
01:23
or die, or move.
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izumru ili presele.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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Biljkama je ponekad veoma teško da se sele
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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jer nailaze na gradove na tom putu.
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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S obzirom da ljudski život zavisi od biljaka,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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da li vam se čini razumno da treba da pokušamo da ih spasemo?
01:36
I think it does.
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Ja mislim da ima smisla.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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Želim da vam pričam o projektu koji za cilj ima da spase biljke.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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Način na koji spašavate biljke jeste
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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da uskladištite njihova semena.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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Jer su semena, u svojoj raznovrsnoj veličanstvenosti,
01:49
are plants' futures.
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budućnost biljaka.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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Sva genetička informacija neophodna za sledeće generacije biljaka
01:54
are held in seeds.
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je sadržana u semenima.
01:56
So here is the building;
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Ovo je zgrada,
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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zaista ne izgleda pretenciozno,
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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ali se proteže duboko ispod nivoa zemlje.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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Ovo je najveća banka semena na svetu.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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Postoji ne samo u Južnoj Engleskoj,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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več na različitim delovima sveta. Pričaću vam o tome.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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Ovo je postrojenje koje ima protiv-nuklearnu zaštitu.
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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Ne daj Bože da treba da odoli tome.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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Ako želite da napravite banku semena, treba i da odlučite
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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šta želite u njoj da uskladištite. Zar ne?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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Mi smo odlučili da želimo pre svega da uskadištimo
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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semena onih vrsta koje su pod najvećom opasnošću.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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To su vrste koje žive u sušnim predelima.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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Prvo smo napravili dogovor sa
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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50 različitih zemalja.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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To znači da smo pregovarali sa predsednicima država,
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and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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i zamenicima predsednika 50 država
02:37
to sign treaties.
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kako bismo potpisali sporazume.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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Imamo 120 instituta koji su naši partneri po celom svetu,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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u svim ovim zemljama u narandžastoj boji.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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Ljudi dolaze iz svih delova sveta da nauče,
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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a potom odlaze i planiraju tačno kako će
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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sakupiti ta semena.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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Postoje hiljade ljudi širom sveta koji
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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obeležavaju mesta na kojim je rečeno da se te biljke mogu naći.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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Traže ih. Nađu ih u periodu cvetanja.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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Vraćaju se kada su semena spremna za žetvu.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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Potom sakupe ta semena širom sveta.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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Semena -- deo tih procesa je veoma netehnički.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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U principu vi ih otresete u kesu i osušite ih.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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Obeležite ih. Odradite neke visoko tehnološke postupke tu i tamo,
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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i neke ne tako sofisticirane postupke.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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Glavna stvar leži u tome da treba veoma pažljivo
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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da osušite semena na niskoj temepraturi.
03:23
And then you have to store them
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Potom treba da ih uskladištite na
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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temepraturi od -20 stepeni C --
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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mislim da je to od prilike -4 stepena Farenhajtove skale --
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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i pri kritično niskom sadržaju vlage.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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Ova semena će moći da proklijaju,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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mi verujemo u slučaju mnogih vrsta i za
03:39
in thousands of years,
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hiljade godina,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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a sigurno za nekoliko stotina godina.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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Nema koristi u skladištenju semena, ukoliko ne znate da li su vijabilna.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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Tako da svakih 10 godina proveravamo sposobnost klijanja
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on every sample of seeds that we have.
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na svim uzorcima semena koje imamo.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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Ovo je razrađena mreža zadataka.
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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Širom sveta ljudi rade iste stvari.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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To nam omogućava da napravimo protokole za klijanje.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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To znači da mi znamo pravu kombinaciju toplote
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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i hladnoće i ciklusa koji su neophodni
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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da bi to seme proklijalo.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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To su veoma korisne informacije.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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Potom uzgajamo ove biljke,
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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i kažemo ljudima u zemljama u kojima su ova semena sakupljena:
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"Gledajte, mi ne samo da skladištimo semena
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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kako bismo uzgajali biljke kasnije,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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već možemo i da vam obezbedimo informacije o
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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neophodnim uslovima za klijanje ovih komplikovanih biljaka."
04:25
And that's already happening.
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To se već dešava.
04:27
So where have we got to?
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Pa dokle smo stigli u tome?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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Počastvovan sam da mogu da vam saopštim da je naše tromilijardito seme --
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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to je tri hiljade milionito seme --
04:35
is now stored.
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sada uskladišteno.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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To predstvalja 10 posto svih biljnih vrsta na planeti,
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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24000 vrsta je osigurano,
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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a osiguraćemo 30000 vrsta do sledeće godine, ukoliko dođemo do novca.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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A do 2020. godine računamo da će taj procenat doći do 25 posto.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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To nisu samo žitarice,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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to ste možda videli u Svalbardu u Norveškoj --
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fantastic work there.
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odličan posao su tamo uradili.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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Ovo je barem 100 puta veći projekat.
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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Imamo hiljade kolekcija koje su poslate
05:03
all over the world:
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širom sveta: vrste koje su
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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tolerantne na sušne uslove koje smo poslali u Pakistan i Egipat,
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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u Sjedinjene Države stižu vrste koje su
05:12
come here to the United States;
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naročito efektne u fotosintezi,
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salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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vrste koje su tolerantne na ispašu poslate su u Australiju,
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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i nema kraja toj listi.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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Ova semena se koriste za obnovu.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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Na staništima koja su već oštećena,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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kao što su prerije sa visokom travom ovde u SAD-u,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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ili u područjima rudnika u raznim državama,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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obnova se već sada dešava zahvaljujući ovim vrstama --
05:34
and because of this collection.
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i zahvaljujući ovoj kolekciji.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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Populacija nekih od ovih biljaka, kao što su ove sa donje
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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leve strane ekrana,
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they are down to the last few remaining members.
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se smanjila na samo nekoliko preostalih primeraka.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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Vrsta čije seme čovek sakuplja sa kamiona,
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that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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ima još samo oko 30 preostalih primeraka.
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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Te biljke su neverovatno korisne,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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kao izvori proteina i kao lekovi.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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Organizovali smo obučavanje u Kini, u SAD-u,
05:58
and many other countries.
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i u mnogim drugim državama.
06:01
How much does it cost?
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Koliko to košta?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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Prosečna cena po vrsti je 2800 dolara.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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Ja mislim da je to jeftino, ako pogledate ulog.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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Ovim dobijate i sve neophodne
06:11
that goes with it.
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naučne podatke.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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Pitanje kojim ćemo se baviti u budućnosti je:
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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"Kako pronaći genetičke i molekularne markere
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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koji određuju vijabilnost semena,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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bez zasađivanja biljaka svakih 10 godina?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
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Skoro smo stigli do te tačke.
06:24
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
06:26
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com