TEDWomen 2013
Krista Donaldson: The $80 prosthetic knee that's changing lives
Krista Donaldson: Prostetičko koleno od 80 dolara koje menja život
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Poslednjih godina mnogo smo napredovali u nauci, ali često izgleda kako samo određeni srećnici od toga imaju koristi. Inženjer Krista Donaldson predstavlja koleno "ReMotion", prostetičko pomagalo za one kojima je noga amputirana iznad kolena, od kojih mnogi zarađuju manje od 4 dolara dnevno. Ovo pomagalo sadrži najbolju tehnologiju i mnogo je jeftinije od ostalih proteza na tržištu.
Krista Donaldson - Engineer
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world. Full bio
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Nine years ago, I worked
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Pre devet godina
00:14
for the U.S. government in Iraq,
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radila sam za američku vladu u Iraku
00:16
helping rebuild the electricity infrastructure.
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na obnovi električne infrastrukture.
00:19
And I was there, and I worked in that job
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Razlog zbog kog sam se prihvatila
tog zadatka
tog zadatka
00:22
because I believe that technology
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je taj da verujem da tehnologija
00:24
can improve people's lives.
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može da pomogne ljudima.
00:27
One afternoon, I had tea with a storekeeper
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Jednog popodneva, bila sam
na čaju sa jednim trgovcem
na čaju sa jednim trgovcem
00:29
at the Al Rasheed Hotel in Baghdad,
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u hotelu Al Rašid u Bagdadu,
00:32
and he said to me, "You Americans,
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te veli on meni: ''Vi Amerikanci,
00:35
you can put a man on the moon,
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možete se vi popeti i na Mesec,
00:36
but when I get home tonight,
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ali ja večeras neću imati svetla
00:38
I won't be able to turn on my lights."
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kod kuće.''
00:41
At the time, the U.S. government had spent
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Do tog dana, američka vlada je potrošila
00:42
more than two billion dollars
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više od dve milijarde dolara
00:45
on electricity reconstruction.
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na obnovu elektroenergetskog sistema.
00:47
How do you ensure technology reaches users?
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Kako da znate da je tehnologija
dospela do ljudi?
dospela do ljudi?
00:50
How do you put it in their hands
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Kako možete biti sigurni da će im biti
00:52
so that it is useful?
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od stvarne koristi?
00:55
So those are the questions that my colleagues and I
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To su pitanja koja sebi postavljamo
kolege i ja
kolege i ja
00:58
at D-Rev ask ourselves.
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u D-Rev-u.
01:00
And D-Rev is short for Design Revolution.
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D-Rev je skraćenica za
''revolucija dizajna''.
''revolucija dizajna''.
01:03
And I took over the organization four years ago
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Četiri godine je otkako sam došla
na čelo organizacije
na čelo organizacije
01:05
and really focused it on developing products
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i u fokus istraživanja stavila
proizvode u povoju
proizvode u povoju
01:08
that actually reach users,
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koji zapravo stignu do krajnjih potrošača
01:10
and not just any users,
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i to ne bilo kojih,
01:11
but customers who live on
less than four dollars a day.
less than four dollars a day.
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već i do onih koji žive
i sa par dolara dnevno.
i sa par dolara dnevno.
01:16
One of the key areas we've been working on recently
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Jedna od ključnih stvari
na kojoj od nedavno radimo
na kojoj od nedavno radimo
01:17
is medical devices, and while it may not be obvious
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jesu medicinska pomagala,
i možda nije očigledno,
i možda nije očigledno,
01:20
that medical devices have something in common
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ali medicinska pomagala ipak
01:22
with Iraq's electricity grid then,
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imaju nešto zajedničko
sa problemom električne mreže
sa problemom električne mreže
01:25
there are some commonalities.
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u Iraku.
01:27
Despite the advanced technology,
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Naime, napredna tehnologija
izgleda nije od pomoći
izgleda nije od pomoći
01:29
it's not reaching the people who need it most.
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onima kojima je najpotrebnija.
01:32
So I'm going to tell you about one of
the projects we've been working on,
the projects we've been working on,
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Predstaviću jedan projekat
na kome radimo,
na kome radimo,
01:35
the ReMotion Knee, and it's a prosthetic knee
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,,ReMotion Knee'' - radi se
o protetskom kolenu
o protetskom kolenu
01:38
for above-knee amputees.
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za one kojima je urađena
natkolena amputacija noge.
natkolena amputacija noge.
01:40
And this project started when
the Jaipur Foot Organization,
the Jaipur Foot Organization,
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Ovaj projekat smo započeli
kada je organizacija Jaipur Foot,
kada je organizacija Jaipur Foot,
01:43
the largest fitter of prosthetic limbs in the world,
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najveći proizvođač protetskih pomagala
na svetu,
na svetu,
01:46
came to the Bay Area and they said,
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došla do zaključka da bi trebalo napraviti
01:47
"We need a better knee."
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bolje protetsko koleno.
01:50
Chances are, if you're living on
less than four dollars a day,
less than four dollars a day,
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Ono što je najverovatniji slučaj
kada živite u bedi
kada živite u bedi
01:53
and you're an amputee,
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i pritom imate amputiran neki deo tela
01:55
you've lost your limb in a vehicle accident.
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je da ste ga izgubili
u saobraćajnoj nezgodi.
u saobraćajnoj nezgodi.
01:57
Most people think it's land mines,
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Većina ljudi pomisli na nagazne mine
01:59
but it's a vehicle accident.
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ali se ipak najčešće radi
o saobraćajnoj nezgodi.
o saobraćajnoj nezgodi.
02:00
You're walking by the side of the road
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Hodate pored puta
02:02
and you're hit by a truck,
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i udari vas kamion
02:04
or you're trying to to jump on a moving train,
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ili pokušavate da uskočite
u voz u pokretu
u voz u pokretu
02:05
you're late for work, and your pant leg gets caught.
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i vaša nogavica se zapetlja.
02:09
And the reality is that if
you don't have much money,
you don't have much money,
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Surova je realnost
da ako nemate mnogo novca,
da ako nemate mnogo novca,
02:13
like this young named Kamal right here,
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kao ovaj momak, Kamal,
02:15
the option you really have
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jedina opcija je da se pomažete
02:17
is a bamboo staff to get around.
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štapom za hodanje od bambusa.
02:19
And how big a problem is this?
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Znate li koliki je ovo problem?
02:22
There's over three million amputees every year
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Svake godine preko 3 miliona
ljudi sa amputiranim udovima
ljudi sa amputiranim udovima
02:25
who need a new or replacement knee.
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treba novo koleno.
02:28
And what are their options?
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Znate li koje su njihove opcije?
02:30
This is a high-end. This is
what we'd call a "smart knee."
what we'd call a "smart knee."
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Poslednja reč tehnike.
Ovo nazivamo ,,pametnim kolenom''.
Ovo nazivamo ,,pametnim kolenom''.
02:32
It's got a microprocessor inside.
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Ima u sebi mikroprocesor.
02:34
It can pretty much do anything,
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Može da uradi skoro bilo šta
02:37
but it's 20,000 dollars,
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ali košta 20 000 dolara
02:38
and to give you a sense of who wears this,
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a uglavnom ga nose veterani,
02:40
veterans, American veterans coming
back from Afghanistan or Iraq
back from Afghanistan or Iraq
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mahom američki veterani
po povratku iz Avganistana
po povratku iz Avganistana
02:44
would be fit with something like this.
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ili Iraka.
02:46
This is a low-end titanium knee.
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Evo jednog niskobudžetnog
titanijumskog kolena.
titanijumskog kolena.
02:49
It's a polycentric knee, and all that that means
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To je policentrično koleno, što znači
02:51
is the mechanism, is a four-bar mechanism,
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da ima mehanizam nalik
02:53
that mimics a natural human knee.
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onom kod ljudskog kolena.
02:56
But at 1,400 dollars, it's still too expensive
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Međutim, cena mu je 1400 dolara,
što je i dalje
što je i dalje
02:58
for people like Kamal.
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preskupo za čoveka koji živi
od nekoliko dolara dnevno.
od nekoliko dolara dnevno.
03:01
And lastly, here you see a low-end knee.
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Stigosmo do kolena
koje je takođe niskobudžetno
koje je takođe niskobudžetno
03:03
This is a knee that's been designed specifically
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i dizajnirano je specijalno
03:05
for poor people.
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za siromašno stanovništvo.
03:07
And while you have affordability,
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I mada je pristupačno,
03:09
you've lost on functionality.
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izgubilo je na funkcionalnosti.
03:10
The mechanism here is a single axis,
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Mehanizam je jednoosni, što znači
03:13
and a single axis is like a door hinge.
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da funkcioniše kao vratno krilo.
03:15
So you can think about how unstable that would be.
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Možete zamisliti koliko je ovo nestabilno.
03:18
And this is the type of mechanism
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Ovo je tip mehanizma
koji je Jaipur Foot
koji je Jaipur Foot
03:20
that the Jaipur Foot Organization was using
when they were looking for a better knee,
when they were looking for a better knee,
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koristila pre nego što su zatražili
bolje rešenje za protetsko koleno,
bolje rešenje za protetsko koleno,
03:23
and I just wanted to give you a sense
of what a leg system looks like,
of what a leg system looks like,
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te htedoh da vam pokažem
03:26
because I'm showing you all these knees
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i izbliza jedan ovakav
03:27
and I imagine it's hard to think
how it all fits together.
how it all fits together.
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mehanizam.
03:29
So at the top you have a socket,
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Dakle na vrhu imate šupljinu koja treba
03:32
and this fits over someone's residual limb,
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da se uklopi u nečiji
amputacioni patrljak,
amputacioni patrljak,
03:33
and everyone's residual limb is a little bit different.
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a svako ima malo drugačiji.
03:36
And then you have the knee,
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Zatim imamo koleno,
03:37
and here I've got a single axis on the knee
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dakle sa jednom jedinom osom rotacije
03:39
so you can see how it rotates,
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i eto kako rotira
03:41
and then a pylon, and then a foot.
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pa onda potkolenica,
i na kraju stopalo.
i na kraju stopalo.
03:45
And we've been able to develop a knee,
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Mi smo proizveli policentrično
protetsko koleno,
protetsko koleno,
03:47
a polycentric knee, so that type of knee
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koje bi vršilo funkciju ljudskog kolena,
03:49
that acts like a human knee, mimics human gait,
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pomoću kog biste zaista hodali
03:52
for 80 dollars retail.
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za samo 80 dolara.
03:55
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
03:58
But the key is, you can have this great invention,
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Poenta je da iako imate ovaj sjajni izum,
04:01
you can have this great design, but how do you get it
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a sa njim takođe i prelep dizajn,
ostaje pitanje kako
ostaje pitanje kako
04:03
to the people who most need it?
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biti siguran da će ga kupiti oni
04:05
How do you ensure it gets to them
and it improves their lives?
and it improves their lives?
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kojima je potreban,
ne bi li im olakšao život?
ne bi li im olakšao život?
04:08
So at D-Rev, we've done some other projects,
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Radimo i na drugim projektima,
04:11
and we looked at three things that we really believe
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i uvek shvatimo da su
najvažnije sledeće tri stvari
najvažnije sledeće tri stvari
04:13
gets technologies to customers, to users,
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ne bi li proizvod završio u rukama onih
04:17
to people who need it.
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kojima i jeste najpotrebniji.
04:19
And the first thing is that the product
needs to be world class.
needs to be world class.
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Prva je da proizvod treba da bude
vrhunskog kvaliteta.
vrhunskog kvaliteta.
04:21
It needs to perform on par
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Trebalo bi da ima performanse
jednako dobre
jednako dobre
04:23
or better than the best products on the market.
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ili bolje nego najbolji proizvodi
tog tipa na tržištu.
tog tipa na tržištu.
04:26
Regardless of your income level,
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Bez obzira na platežnu moć kupca,
04:28
you want the most beautiful,
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morate im ponuditi
04:30
the best product that there is.
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najlepše i najbolje rešenje.
04:32
I'm going to show you a video now
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Pustiću vam video snimak
04:36
of a man named Ash. You can see him walking.
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čoveka zvanog Eš koji hoda
04:37
He's wearing the same knee system here
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pomoću protetskog kolena
04:39
with a single axis knee.
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koje ima jednu jedinu osu rotacije.
04:41
And he's doing a 10-meter walk test.
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Testirali smo njegov hod na deset metara.
04:43
And you'll notice that he's struggling
with stability as he's walking.
with stability as he's walking.
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Primećujete kako se bori
da održi ravnotežu dok hoda.
da održi ravnotežu dok hoda.
04:47
And something that's not obvious, that you can't see,
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Nešto što je malo manje očigledno
04:49
is that it's psychologically draining
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jeste to koliko iscrpljuje
04:52
to walk and to be preventing yourself from falling.
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konstantna borba da ne padnete.
04:56
Now this is a video of Kamal.
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Ovde vidite Kamala.
04:58
You remember Kamal earlier,
holding the bamboo staff.
holding the bamboo staff.
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Sećate ga se od malopre,
sa bambusovim štapom za hodanje.
sa bambusovim štapom za hodanje.
05:00
He's wearing one of the earlier versions of our knee,
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Ovde nosi jednu od prvobitnih verzija
našeg protetskog kolena,
našeg protetskog kolena,
05:03
and he's doing that same 10-meter walk test.
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i radi isti test na deset metara.
05:06
And you can see his stability is much better.
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Vidite koliko je stabilniji njegov hod.
05:11
So world class isn't just about
technical performance.
technical performance.
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Dakle, vrhunski proizvod
nije vrhunski slučajno.
nije vrhunski slučajno.
05:14
It's also about human performance.
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On čuva ljudsko dostojanstvo.
05:18
And most medical devices, we've learned,
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Nažalost, većina medicinskih pomagala
05:20
as we've dug in, are really designed for Westerners,
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je pravljena za zapadnjake,
05:22
for wealthier economies.
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za jače ekonomije.
05:24
But the reality is our users, our customers,
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Ali realnost čine naši korisnici, kupci
05:27
they do different things. They sit cross-legged more.
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koji se bave različitim stvarima.
Više sede prekrštenih nogu.
Više sede prekrštenih nogu.
05:30
We see that they squat. They kneel in prayer.
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Čuče, kleče tokom molitve.
05:33
And we designed our knee to have
the greatest range of motion
the greatest range of motion
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Naše koleno smo dizajnirali tako
da ima veći opseg pokreta
da ima veći opseg pokreta
05:35
of almost any other knee on the market.
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od skoro svakod drugog
kolena na tržištu.
kolena na tržištu.
05:39
So the second thing we learned, and this leads
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Druga stvar koja je veoma važna jeste da
05:41
into my second point, which is that we believe
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proizvod treba da bude napravljen
05:43
that products need to be
designed to be user-centric.
designed to be user-centric.
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tako da bude što je moguće više
prilagođen kupcu.
prilagođen kupcu.
05:46
And at D-Rev, we go one step further and we say
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U D-Rev-u, otišli smo korak dalje
05:49
you need to be user-obsessed.
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pa mislimo na svaki detalj.
05:51
So it's not just the end user
that you're thinking about,
that you're thinking about,
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Ne samo da mislimo na krajnjeg kupca,
05:53
but everyone who interacts with the product,
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već na svakog ko dolazi u kontakt
sa proizvodom
sa proizvodom
05:55
so, for example, the prosthetist who fits the knee,
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na primer, protetičar
koji treba da namesti koleno,
koji treba da namesti koleno,
05:58
but also the context in which the knee is being fit.
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ali isto tako i uslove pod kojima
je koleno namešteno.
je koleno namešteno.
06:01
What is the local market like?
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Kakvo je lokalno tržište?
06:03
How do all these components get to the clinic?
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Kako da svi sastavni delovi
stignu na kliniku?
stignu na kliniku?
06:05
Do they all get there on time? The supply chain.
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Stiže li sve na vreme? Drugim rečima,
bavimo se i lancem isporuke.
bavimo se i lancem isporuke.
06:07
Everything that goes into ensuring
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Svime što osigurava
06:09
that this product gets to the end user,
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da je proizvod stigao do krajnjeg potrošača
06:11
and it goes in as part of the system, and it's used.
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i što se u tu svrhu koristi.
06:15
So I wanted to show you some of the iterations
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Sada ću vam pokazati neke verzije
06:17
we did between the first version, the Jaipur Knee,
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koje smo napravili posle prvobitnog,
Jaipur Knee protetskog kolena -
Jaipur Knee protetskog kolena -
06:22
so this is it right here.
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počnimo od ove.
06:24
(Clicking)
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(Klik)
06:25
Notice anything about it?
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Je l' primećujete isto što i ja?
06:28
It clicks.
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Da, čuje se.
06:30
We'd seen that users had actually modified it.
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Viđali smo pokušaje korisnika
da reše ovaj problem sami.
da reše ovaj problem sami.
06:33
So do you see that black strip right there?
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Vidite li tu crnu traku?
06:37
That's a homemade noise dampener.
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To je domaći prigušivač zvuka.
06:40
We also saw that our users had modified it
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Bilo je tu još kreativnih pokušaja
06:42
in other ways.
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da se buka utiša.
06:43
You can see there that that particular amputee,
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Vidite tog čoveka sa amputiranom nogom
06:45
he had wrapped bandages around the knee.
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kako je obmotao zavoj
06:47
He'd made a cosmesis.
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oko kolena.
06:49
And if you look at the knee,
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A ako još jednom pogledate koleno -
06:51
it's got those pointy edges, right?
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vidite ove ispupčene ivice?
06:55
So if you're wearing it under pants or a skirt
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Ako nosite pantalone, suknju
06:57
or a sari, it's really obvious
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ili sari preko, videće se
06:59
that you're wearing a prosthetic limb,
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da nosite protetičko pomagalo,
07:01
and in societies where there's social
stigma around being disabled,
stigma around being disabled,
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a u društvima gde postoji stigma
oko invaliditeta
oko invaliditeta
07:05
people are particularly acute about this.
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ljudi nisu ravnodušni
prema ovom problemu.
prema ovom problemu.
07:08
So I'm going to show you some
of the modifications we did.
of the modifications we did.
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Pokazaću vam neke usputne modifikacije
koje su učinjene.
koje su učinjene.
07:10
We did a lot of iterations, not just
around this, but some other things.
around this, but some other things.
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Dosta smo radili
na poboljšanju karakteristika.
na poboljšanju karakteristika.
07:13
But here we have the version three,
the ReMotion Knee,
the ReMotion Knee,
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Ovde vidite treću verziju
ReMotion Knee kolena,
ReMotion Knee kolena,
07:16
but if you look in here, you can see
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a ako pogledate ovde, možete videti
07:17
the noise dampener. It's quieter.
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prigušivač buke.
Mnogo bolje.
Mnogo bolje.
07:22
The other thing we did is that
we smoothed the profile.
we smoothed the profile.
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Primećujete da je i izgled mnogo,
mnogo lepši.
mnogo lepši.
07:26
We made it thinner.
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Sada je tanje.
07:27
And something that's not obvious is that we
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Nešto što nije očigledno
je da smo koleno
je da smo koleno
07:29
designed it for mass production.
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učinili pogodnim za masovnu proizvodnju.
07:32
And this goes into my last point.
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Na kraju da spomenem
i treću stvar koja je važna.
i treću stvar koja je važna.
07:34
We really, truly believe that if a product
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S obzirom da proizvod treba da dospe
do naših korisnika
do naših korisnika
07:36
is going to reach users at the scale that it's needed,
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u onolikoj količini kolika je potreba za njim,
07:38
it needs to be market-driven,
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mora biti vođen tržištem,
07:40
and market-driven means that products are sold.
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što znači da mora da se prodaje.
07:43
They're not donated. They're not heavily subsidized.
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Ova kolena nisu na poklon.
Nisu subvencionisana u nekoj većoj meri.
Nisu subvencionisana u nekoj većoj meri.
07:46
Our product needs to be designed to offer value
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Naš proizvod treba da nudi
07:48
to the end user.
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vrednost krajnjem potrošaču.
07:50
It also has to be designed to be very affordable.
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Takođe treba da bude pristupačan.
07:52
But a product that is valued by a customer
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Proizvod koji je kupcu vredan,
07:54
is used by a customer,
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kupac koristi,
07:56
and use is what creates impact.
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a upotreba čini proizvod značajnim.
07:58
And we believe that as designers,
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Mi smo kao dizajneri
08:00
it holds us accountable to our customers.
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odgovorni mušterijama za naš proizvod.
08:03
And with centralized manufacturing,
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Sa centralizovanom proizvodnjom
08:06
you can control the quality control,
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u mogućnosti smo da kontrolišemo kvalitet,
08:08
and you can hit that $80 price point
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a cenu od 80 dolara smo kreirali
08:09
with profit margins built in.
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uzevši u obzir i isplativost.
08:12
And now, those profit margins are critical,
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Isplativost je kritična,
08:14
because if you want to scale, if you want to reach
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jer ako želite da uspete i pomognete
08:16
all the people in the world who possibly need a knee,
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svim ljudima kojima je potrebno koleno,
08:18
it needs to be economically sustainable.
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to mora biti ekonomski održivo.
08:21
So I want to give you a sense of where we are at.
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Gde smo trenutno na tom putu?
08:24
We have fit over 5,000 amputees,
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Pomogli smo preko 5000 ljudi
sa amputiranim udovima
sa amputiranim udovima
08:27
and one of the big indicators
we're looking at, of course,
we're looking at, of course,
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a najveći pokazatelj uspeha za nas
jeste odgovor na pitanje
jeste odgovor na pitanje
08:30
is, does it improve lives?
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da li koleno čini život lakšim?
08:31
Well, the standard is, is someone
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Obično se pitamo da li naš kupac
08:33
still wearing their knee six months later?
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i dalje nosi naše koleno
i nakon šest meseci?
i nakon šest meseci?
08:36
The industry average is about 65 percent.
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Industrijski prosek bi bio
65 procenata mušterija.
65 procenata mušterija.
08:38
Ours is 79 percent,
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Naš iznosi 79 procenata,
08:41
and we're hoping to get that higher.
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a potrudićemo se da bude i viši.
08:44
Right now, our knees are worn in 12 countries.
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Trenutno se naše koleno nosi
u dvanaest zemalja.
u dvanaest zemalja.
08:47
This is where we want to get, though,
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I na ova tržišta želimo da dopremo
08:48
in the next three years.
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u naredne tri godine.
08:50
We'll double the impact in 2015,
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Udvostručićemo prodaju u 2015. godini,
08:52
and we'll double it each of
the following years after that.
the following years after that.
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a tako ćemo nastaviti
i u godinama koje slede.
i u godinama koje slede.
08:55
But then we hit a new challenge,
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Pred nama je nov izazov,
08:57
and that's the number of skilled prosthetists
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a to je broj stručno
08:59
who are able to fit knees.
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usavršenih protetičara.
09:02
So I want to end with a story of Prinima.
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Ovde bih završila izlaganje
sa slučajem devojke Prinime.
sa slučajem devojke Prinime.
09:05
Prinima was 18 years old
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Prinima je imala 18 godina
09:07
when she was in a car accident
where she lost her leg,
where she lost her leg,
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kada je u saobraćajnoj nezgodi
izgubila nogu,
izgubila nogu,
09:10
and she traveled 12 hours by train
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pa je putovala 12 sati vozom
09:13
to come to the clinic to be fit with a knee,
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da bi došla na kliniku gde je čeka koleno,
09:15
and while all of the amputees who wear our knees
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i iako su nam izuzetno dragi
svi ljudi s amputiranim udovima
svi ljudi s amputiranim udovima
09:18
affect us as the designers,
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koji nose naše koleno,
09:20
she's particularly meaningful to me
as an engineer and as a woman,
as an engineer and as a woman,
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ona je na mene ostavila
poseban utisak kao žena inženjer,
poseban utisak kao žena inženjer,
09:24
because she was in school,
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jer je završila školu
09:26
she had just started school to study engineering.
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i upravo tada je krenula
na studije inženjeringa.
na studije inženjeringa.
09:29
And she said, "Well, now that I can walk again,
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Kaže: ''Pošto sad mogu ponovo da hodam,
09:31
I can go back and complete my studies."
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mogu i da se vratim i dovršim studije.''
09:33
And to me she represents the next generation
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Tako da je ona za mene
oličenje generacije
oličenje generacije
09:36
of engineers solving problems
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inženjera koji rešavaju probleme
09:39
and ensuring meaningful technologies
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i staraju se da vredna tehnologija
09:42
reach their users.
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dođe do korisnika.
09:44
So thank you.
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Hvala vam.
09:46
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Krista Donaldson - EngineerKrista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world.
Why you should listen
Prosthetic limbs are expensive and complex, and they must be fit to each individual -- yet having a replacement for a lost limb can mean the difference between working and not, having a social life and not. So, Krista Donaldson and her team at the nonprofit design firm, D-Rev, are attacking the problem on several fronts, from re-engineering the moving parts, to exploring way-new materials that replace expensive titanium, to forming deep local partnerships for distribution and maintenance around the world.
It's the kind of work that D-Rev does; with a mission "to improve the health and incomes of people living on less than $4 per day," their motto is "Design for the other 90%." Taking a truly user-centered approach that could be summarized as "Listen before you build."
As Donaldson wrote in a paper for the WEF: "The world is confounded by difficult problems in healthcare that are ripe for innovative solutions. The information most needed for these solutions ... is readily available -- from the users. They need to be asked: How can we solve X? What is your experience with Y? Instead of focusing on asking people in developing countries to change their behavior, those of us who work in healthcare should sit up and listen to what they have to say."
Krista Donaldson | Speaker | TED.com