TEDWomen 2013
Krista Donaldson: The $80 prosthetic knee that's changing lives
Krista Donaldson: Protetično koleno za 80$, ki spreminja življenja.
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V zadnjih letih smo prišli do neverjetnega napredka v tehnologiji, a zdi se, da imajo od tega korist le določeni srečneži. Inženirka Krista Donaldson nam predstavi koleno ReMotion, protezo za amputirance z amputacijami nad kolenom, od katerih mnogi zaslužijo manj kot 4$ na dan. Ta dizajn vsebuje najboljšo tehnologijo, a je vseeno veliko cenejši kot druge proteze na tržišču.
Krista Donaldson - Engineer
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world. Full bio
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Nine years ago, I worked
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Pred devetimi leti sem delala
00:14
for the U.S. government in Iraq,
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za vlado ZDA v Iraku,
00:16
helping rebuild the electricity infrastructure.
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pomagala sem na novo zgraditi
električno infrastrukturo.
električno infrastrukturo.
00:19
And I was there, and I worked in that job
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Bila sem tam, delala v tej službi,
00:22
because I believe that technology
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zato ker verjamem,
da lahko tehnologija
da lahko tehnologija
00:24
can improve people's lives.
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izboljša človeška življenja.
00:27
One afternoon, I had tea with a storekeeper
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Nekega popoldneva sem pila čaj
z lastnikom trgovine
z lastnikom trgovine
00:29
at the Al Rasheed Hotel in Baghdad,
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v Hotelu Al Rasheed v Bagdadu
00:32
and he said to me, "You Americans,
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in rekel mi je, "Vi Američani,
00:35
you can put a man on the moon,
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človeka ste uspeli poslati na Luno,
00:36
but when I get home tonight,
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ampak ko pridem zvečer domov,
00:38
I won't be able to turn on my lights."
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ne bom mogel prižgati luči."
00:41
At the time, the U.S. government had spent
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V tem času je vlada ZDA porabila
00:42
more than two billion dollars
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več kot dve milijardi dolarjev
00:45
on electricity reconstruction.
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za rekonstrukcijo elektrike.
00:47
How do you ensure technology reaches users?
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Kako zagotoviš, da tehnologija
doseže uporabnike?
doseže uporabnike?
00:50
How do you put it in their hands
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Kako jim jo daš v roke,
00:52
so that it is useful?
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da je uporabna?
00:55
So those are the questions that my colleagues and I
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To so vprašanja, ki si jih s kolegi
00:58
at D-Rev ask ourselves.
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zastavljamo v D-Rev.
01:00
And D-Rev is short for Design Revolution.
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D-Rev je okrajšava za Revolucijo dizajna.
01:03
And I took over the organization four years ago
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To organizacijo sem prevzela
pred štirimi leti
pred štirimi leti
01:05
and really focused it on developing products
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in se res osredotočila
na razvoj produktov,
na razvoj produktov,
01:08
that actually reach users,
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ki bi dejansko dosegli uporabnike,
01:10
and not just any users,
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in to ne katerekoli,
01:11
but customers who live on
less than four dollars a day.
less than four dollars a day.
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ampak uporabnike, ki živijo
z manj kot štirimi dolarji na dan.
z manj kot štirimi dolarji na dan.
01:16
One of the key areas we've been working on recently
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Eno izmed naših ključnih področij dela
01:17
is medical devices, and while it may not be obvious
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so zdravstvene naprave
in čeprav morda ni očitno,
in čeprav morda ni očitno,
01:20
that medical devices have something in common
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da imajo medicinske naprave kaj skupnega
01:22
with Iraq's electricity grid then,
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z električno mrežo v Iraku,
01:25
there are some commonalities.
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obstajajo skupne točke.
01:27
Despite the advanced technology,
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Kljub napredni tehnologiji
01:29
it's not reaching the people who need it most.
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ne dosegajo ljudi,
ki jih najbolj potrebujejo.
ki jih najbolj potrebujejo.
01:32
So I'm going to tell you about one of
the projects we've been working on,
the projects we've been working on,
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Govorila bom o enem od svojih projektov,
01:35
the ReMotion Knee, and it's a prosthetic knee
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o Kolenu ReMotion,
ki je protezno koleno
ki je protezno koleno
01:38
for above-knee amputees.
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za nadkolenske amputacije.
01:40
And this project started when
the Jaipur Foot Organization,
the Jaipur Foot Organization,
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Ta projekt se je začel,
ko je Organizacija Jaipur Foot,
ko je Organizacija Jaipur Foot,
01:43
the largest fitter of prosthetic limbs in the world,
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največji izdelovalec
protetičnih udov na svetu,
protetičnih udov na svetu,
01:46
came to the Bay Area and they said,
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prišla v Zaliv in rekla
01:47
"We need a better knee."
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"Potrebujemo boljše koleno."
01:50
Chances are, if you're living on
less than four dollars a day,
less than four dollars a day,
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Velika možnost je, da če živite z manj
kot štirimi dolarji na dan
kot štirimi dolarji na dan
01:53
and you're an amputee,
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in ste amputiranec,
01:55
you've lost your limb in a vehicle accident.
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ste izgubili svoj ud v prometni nesreči.
01:57
Most people think it's land mines,
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Večina pomisli na pehotne mine,
01:59
but it's a vehicle accident.
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ampak to so prometne nesreče.
02:00
You're walking by the side of the road
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Hodiš po robu ceste
02:02
and you're hit by a truck,
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in te zadene tovornjak,
02:04
or you're trying to to jump on a moving train,
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ali pa skočiš na premikajoči se vlak,
02:05
you're late for work, and your pant leg gets caught.
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zamujaš na delo
in tvoja hlačnica se ujame.
in tvoja hlačnica se ujame.
02:09
And the reality is that if
you don't have much money,
you don't have much money,
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In dejstvo je,
da če nimaš veliko denarja,
da če nimaš veliko denarja,
02:13
like this young named Kamal right here,
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kot tale mladenič po imenu Kamal,
02:15
the option you really have
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je možnost, ki jo imaš za premikanje,
02:17
is a bamboo staff to get around.
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bambusova palica.
02:19
And how big a problem is this?
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In kako velik problem je to?
02:22
There's over three million amputees every year
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Vsako leto več kot
tri milijone amputirancev
tri milijone amputirancev
02:25
who need a new or replacement knee.
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potrebuje novo ali nadomestno koleno.
02:28
And what are their options?
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in kaj so njihove možnosti?
02:30
This is a high-end. This is
what we'd call a "smart knee."
what we'd call a "smart knee."
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To je visoka kvaliteta.
Temu rečemo "pametno koleno."
Temu rečemo "pametno koleno."
02:32
It's got a microprocessor inside.
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Notri ima mikroprocesorje.
02:34
It can pretty much do anything,
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Lahko naredi praktično vse,
02:37
but it's 20,000 dollars,
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ampak stane 20,000 dolarjev,
02:38
and to give you a sense of who wears this,
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in da dobite občutek, kdo ga nosi:
02:40
veterans, American veterans coming
back from Afghanistan or Iraq
back from Afghanistan or Iraq
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ameriški veterani, ki se vračajo
iz Afganistana ali Iraka,
iz Afganistana ali Iraka,
02:44
would be fit with something like this.
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bi dobili nekaj takega.
02:46
This is a low-end titanium knee.
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To je manj kvalitetno koleno iz titana.
02:49
It's a polycentric knee, and all that that means
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Je policentrično in to pomeni,
02:51
is the mechanism, is a four-bar mechanism,
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da mehanizem, štiriosni mehanizem,
02:53
that mimics a natural human knee.
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posnema naravno človeško koleno.
02:56
But at 1,400 dollars, it's still too expensive
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Ampak pri ceni 1,400$
je še vedno predrago
je še vedno predrago
02:58
for people like Kamal.
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za ljudi, kot je Kamal.
03:01
And lastly, here you see a low-end knee.
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In na koncu je tu koleno
najnižje kakovosti.
najnižje kakovosti.
03:03
This is a knee that's been designed specifically
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To koleno je bilo oblikovano posebej
03:05
for poor people.
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za revne ljudi.
03:07
And while you have affordability,
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In ko dobite cenovno dostopnost,
03:09
you've lost on functionality.
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izgubite funkcionalnost.
03:10
The mechanism here is a single axis,
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Mehanizem tu je ena os
03:13
and a single axis is like a door hinge.
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in ena os je kot tečaj vrat.
03:15
So you can think about how unstable that would be.
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Lahko si mislite, kako nestabilno je.
03:18
And this is the type of mechanism
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To je vrsta mehanizma,
03:20
that the Jaipur Foot Organization was using
when they were looking for a better knee,
when they were looking for a better knee,
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ki ga je uporabljala Organizacija
Jaipur Foot, ko so iskali boljše koleno.
Jaipur Foot, ko so iskali boljše koleno.
03:23
and I just wanted to give you a sense
of what a leg system looks like,
of what a leg system looks like,
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Naj vam dam občutek,
kako izgleda sistem noge,
kako izgleda sistem noge,
03:26
because I'm showing you all these knees
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ker vam kažem vsa ta kolena
03:27
and I imagine it's hard to think
how it all fits together.
how it all fits together.
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in si je najbrž težko zamisliti,
kako vse deluje.
kako vse deluje.
03:29
So at the top you have a socket,
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Na vrhu imate ležišče,
03:32
and this fits over someone's residual limb,
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ki se prilega krnu uda,
03:33
and everyone's residual limb is a little bit different.
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in vsak krn je nekoliko drugačen.
03:36
And then you have the knee,
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Potem imate koleno,
03:37
and here I've got a single axis on the knee
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tu imam eno os na kolenu,
03:39
so you can see how it rotates,
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da lahko vidite, kako se obrača,
03:41
and then a pylon, and then a foot.
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potem drog in nato noga.
03:45
And we've been able to develop a knee,
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Razvili smo koleno,
03:47
a polycentric knee, so that type of knee
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policentrično koleno,
torej tisto vrsto kolena,
torej tisto vrsto kolena,
03:49
that acts like a human knee, mimics human gait,
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ki posnema človeško koleno, človeško držo
03:52
for 80 dollars retail.
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za 80 dolarjev v maloprodaji.
03:55
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
03:58
But the key is, you can have this great invention,
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Ampak ključno je,
lahko imaš ta krasen izum,
lahko imaš ta krasen izum,
04:01
you can have this great design, but how do you get it
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krasen dizajn,
ampak kako ga dostaviš
ampak kako ga dostaviš
04:03
to the people who most need it?
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do ljudi, ki ga najbolj potrebujejo?
04:05
How do you ensure it gets to them
and it improves their lives?
and it improves their lives?
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Kako zagotoviš, da pride do njih
in izboljša njihova življenja?
in izboljša njihova življenja?
04:08
So at D-Rev, we've done some other projects,
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Pri podjetju D-Rev smo naredili
nekaj drugih projektov
nekaj drugih projektov
04:11
and we looked at three things that we really believe
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in osredotočili smo se na tri stvari,
za katere verjamemo,
za katere verjamemo,
04:13
gets technologies to customers, to users,
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da priskrbijo tehnologijo
strankam, uporabnikom,
strankam, uporabnikom,
04:17
to people who need it.
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ljudem, ki jo potrebujejo.
04:19
And the first thing is that the product
needs to be world class.
needs to be world class.
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Prva stvar je, da mora biti
izdelek prvovrsten.
izdelek prvovrsten.
04:21
It needs to perform on par
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Mora se primerjati
04:23
or better than the best products on the market.
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ali biti boljši
od najboljših izdelkov na tržišču.
od najboljših izdelkov na tržišču.
04:26
Regardless of your income level,
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Ne glede na svoj prihodek
04:28
you want the most beautiful,
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si želiš najlepši,
04:30
the best product that there is.
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najboljši izdelek, kar jih je.
04:32
I'm going to show you a video now
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Pokazala vam bom posnetek
moškega po imenu Ash
moškega po imenu Ash
04:36
of a man named Ash. You can see him walking.
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Vidite ga kako hodi.
04:37
He's wearing the same knee system here
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Tu nosi isti sistem kolena
04:39
with a single axis knee.
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z eno osjo.
04:41
And he's doing a 10-meter walk test.
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Opravlja desetmetrski test hoje.
04:43
And you'll notice that he's struggling
with stability as he's walking.
with stability as he's walking.
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Lahko vidite, da se med hojo
muči z nestabilnostjo.
muči z nestabilnostjo.
04:47
And something that's not obvious, that you can't see,
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In kar ni očitno,
česar ne morete videti, je,
česar ne morete videti, je,
04:49
is that it's psychologically draining
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da je psihološko izčrpljujoče
04:52
to walk and to be preventing yourself from falling.
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hoditi in obenem paziti, da ne padeš.
04:56
Now this is a video of Kamal.
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Tu je video Kamala.
04:58
You remember Kamal earlier,
holding the bamboo staff.
holding the bamboo staff.
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Spomnite se Kamala od prej,
ko je držal bambusovo palico.
ko je držal bambusovo palico.
05:00
He's wearing one of the earlier versions of our knee,
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Nosi eno izmed
zgodnjih različic našega kolena
zgodnjih različic našega kolena
05:03
and he's doing that same 10-meter walk test.
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in opravlja enak desetmetrski test hoje.
05:06
And you can see his stability is much better.
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Lahko vidite, da je veliko bolj stabilen.
05:11
So world class isn't just about
technical performance.
technical performance.
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Prvovrstnost torej ni samo
v tehničnem pogledu.
v tehničnem pogledu.
05:14
It's also about human performance.
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Pomemben je tudi človeški vidik.
05:18
And most medical devices, we've learned,
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Ugotovili smo, da je večina
medicinskih pripomočkov
medicinskih pripomočkov
05:20
as we've dug in, are really designed for Westerners,
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zasnovanih za Zahodnjake,
05:22
for wealthier economies.
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za bogatejša gospodarstva.
05:24
But the reality is our users, our customers,
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Ampak v resničnem svetu naše stranke
05:27
they do different things. They sit cross-legged more.
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počnejo drugačne stvari.
Več sedijo po turško.
Več sedijo po turško.
05:30
We see that they squat. They kneel in prayer.
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Čepijo. Gredo na kolena pri molitvi.
05:33
And we designed our knee to have
the greatest range of motion
the greatest range of motion
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Zasnovali smo koleno,
ki ima največji razpon gibanja
ki ima največji razpon gibanja
05:35
of almost any other knee on the market.
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med skoraj vsemi
koleni na tržišču.
koleni na tržišču.
05:39
So the second thing we learned, and this leads
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Druga stvar, ki smo jo spoznali,
05:41
into my second point, which is that we believe
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kar vodi k moji drugi točki,
je, da verjamemo,
je, da verjamemo,
05:43
that products need to be
designed to be user-centric.
designed to be user-centric.
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da mora biti produkt
osredotočen na uporabnika.
osredotočen na uporabnika.
05:46
And at D-Rev, we go one step further and we say
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V podjetju D-Rev
gremo korak dlje in pravimo,
gremo korak dlje in pravimo,
05:49
you need to be user-obsessed.
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da moramo biti obsedeni z uporabnikom.
05:51
So it's not just the end user
that you're thinking about,
that you're thinking about,
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Tako da ne mislimo samo
na končnega uporabnika,
na končnega uporabnika,
05:53
but everyone who interacts with the product,
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ampak na vse,
ki se srečajo s produktom,
ki se srečajo s produktom,
05:55
so, for example, the prosthetist who fits the knee,
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na primer protetik, ki namesti koleno,
05:58
but also the context in which the knee is being fit.
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ampak tudi okoliščine,
v katerih ga namesti.
v katerih ga namesti.
06:01
What is the local market like?
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Kakšen je lokalni trg?
06:03
How do all these components get to the clinic?
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Kako vse te komponente pridejo do klinike?
06:05
Do they all get there on time? The supply chain.
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Pridejo vse tja pravočasno? Veriga oskrbe.
06:07
Everything that goes into ensuring
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Vse, kar gre v zagotavljanje,
06:09
that this product gets to the end user,
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da izdelek pride
do končnega uporabnika,
do končnega uporabnika,
06:11
and it goes in as part of the system, and it's used.
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in gre noter kot del sistema
in se uporabi.
in se uporabi.
06:15
So I wanted to show you some of the iterations
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Hotela sem vam pokazati nekaj različic,
06:17
we did between the first version, the Jaipur Knee,
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ki smo jih naredili med prvo verzijo, kolenom Jaipur,
06:22
so this is it right here.
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to je tole tukaj.
06:24
(Clicking)
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(Klikanje)
06:25
Notice anything about it?
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Opazite nekaj?
06:28
It clicks.
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Klika.
06:30
We'd seen that users had actually modified it.
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Videli smo, da so jih uporabniki
dejansko predelali.
dejansko predelali.
06:33
So do you see that black strip right there?
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Vidite ta črni trak tu?
06:37
That's a homemade noise dampener.
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To je doma narejen dušilec hrupa.
06:40
We also saw that our users had modified it
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Naši uporabniki so ga spremenili
06:42
in other ways.
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še na druge načine.
06:43
You can see there that that particular amputee,
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Lahko vidite, da je tale amputiranec
06:45
he had wrapped bandages around the knee.
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ovil povoje okoli kolena.
06:47
He'd made a cosmesis.
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Polepšal ga je.
06:49
And if you look at the knee,
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In če pogledate koleno,
06:51
it's got those pointy edges, right?
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ima te ostre robove, kajne?
06:55
So if you're wearing it under pants or a skirt
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Če ga torej nosite pod hlačami ali krilom
06:57
or a sari, it's really obvious
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ali sarijem, je res očitno,
06:59
that you're wearing a prosthetic limb,
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da nosite protezo,
07:01
and in societies where there's social
stigma around being disabled,
stigma around being disabled,
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in v družbah, kjer je invalidnost
družbeno stigmatizirana.
družbeno stigmatizirana.
07:05
people are particularly acute about this.
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so ljudje na to zelo pozorni.
07:08
So I'm going to show you some
of the modifications we did.
of the modifications we did.
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Pokazala vam bom nekaj naših predelav.
07:10
We did a lot of iterations, not just
around this, but some other things.
around this, but some other things.
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Naredili smo veliko različnih ponovitev.
07:13
But here we have the version three,
the ReMotion Knee,
the ReMotion Knee,
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Tu je tretja različica kolena ReMotion,
07:16
but if you look in here, you can see
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ampak če pogledate sem,
07:17
the noise dampener. It's quieter.
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vidite dušilec hrupa. Tišji je.
07:22
The other thing we did is that
we smoothed the profile.
we smoothed the profile.
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Druga stvar, ki smo jo naredili, je,
da smo zgladili profil.
da smo zgladili profil.
07:26
We made it thinner.
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Stanjšali smo ga.
07:27
And something that's not obvious is that we
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In čeprav to ni očitno,
07:29
designed it for mass production.
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smo ga zasnovali za množično proizvodnjo.
07:32
And this goes into my last point.
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Tu pridemo do zadnje točke.
07:34
We really, truly believe that if a product
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Resnično verjamemo, da če naj bi produkt
07:36
is going to reach users at the scale that it's needed,
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dosegel uporabnika v tisti meri,
kot je potrebno,
kot je potrebno,
07:38
it needs to be market-driven,
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mora biti osredotočen na trg,
07:40
and market-driven means that products are sold.
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kar pomeni, da se produkt prodaja.
07:43
They're not donated. They're not heavily subsidized.
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Ni podarjen. Ni subvencioniran.
07:46
Our product needs to be designed to offer value
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Proizvod mora biti zasnovan tako,
da nudi vrednost
da nudi vrednost
07:48
to the end user.
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končnemu uporabniku.
07:50
It also has to be designed to be very affordable.
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Biti mora oblikovan tako, da je dostopen.
07:52
But a product that is valued by a customer
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Ampak produkt, ki ga stranka ceni,
07:54
is used by a customer,
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ga tudi uporablja,
07:56
and use is what creates impact.
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in uporaba je tisto, kar ustvari učinek.
07:58
And we believe that as designers,
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Kot oblikovalci verjamemo,
08:00
it holds us accountable to our customers.
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da imamo odgovornost do naših strank.
08:03
And with centralized manufacturing,
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In s centralizirano proizvodnjo
08:06
you can control the quality control,
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lahko nadzoruješ kakovost
08:08
and you can hit that $80 price point
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in lahko dosežeš mejo 80 dolarjev
08:09
with profit margins built in.
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z že vštetimi profitnimi maržami.
08:12
And now, those profit margins are critical,
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In te profitne marže so ključne,
08:14
because if you want to scale, if you want to reach
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ker če se hočeš meriti, doseči
08:16
all the people in the world who possibly need a knee,
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vse ljudi na svetu,
ki morda potrebujejo koleno,
ki morda potrebujejo koleno,
08:18
it needs to be economically sustainable.
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mora proces biti ekonomsko vzdržen.
08:21
So I want to give you a sense of where we are at.
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Želim, da dobite občutek, kje smo.
08:24
We have fit over 5,000 amputees,
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Namestili smo proteze
že več kot 5000 amputirancem
že več kot 5000 amputirancem
08:27
and one of the big indicators
we're looking at, of course,
we're looking at, of course,
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in eden izmed glavnih indikatorjev,
je vprašanje,
je vprašanje,
08:30
is, does it improve lives?
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ali proteza izboljšuje življenja?
08:31
Well, the standard is, is someone
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Torej, standard je tale: ali nekdo
08:33
still wearing their knee six months later?
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šest mesecev kasneje še vedno nosi koleno?
08:36
The industry average is about 65 percent.
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Povprečje v industriji
je okrog 65 odstotkov.
je okrog 65 odstotkov.
08:38
Ours is 79 percent,
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Naše je 79 odstotkov
08:41
and we're hoping to get that higher.
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in želimo ga še zvišati.
08:44
Right now, our knees are worn in 12 countries.
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Zdaj naša kolena
nosijo v 12 državah.
nosijo v 12 državah.
08:47
This is where we want to get, though,
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To pa želimo doseči
08:48
in the next three years.
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v naslednjih treh letih.
08:50
We'll double the impact in 2015,
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Vpliv bomo podvojili v letu 2015
08:52
and we'll double it each of
the following years after that.
the following years after that.
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in vsake naslednje leto
ga bomo spet podvojili.
ga bomo spet podvojili.
08:55
But then we hit a new challenge,
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Ampak potem se pojavi
nov problem
nov problem
08:57
and that's the number of skilled prosthetists
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in to je število izučenih protetikov,
08:59
who are able to fit knees.
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ki znajo nameščati kolena.
09:02
So I want to end with a story of Prinima.
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Rada bi končala z zgodbo o Prinimi.
09:05
Prinima was 18 years old
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Prinima je bila stara 18 let,
09:07
when she was in a car accident
where she lost her leg,
where she lost her leg,
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ko je doživela prometno nesrečo,
kjer je izgubila nogo,
kjer je izgubila nogo,
09:10
and she traveled 12 hours by train
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in 12 ur je potovala z vlakom,
09:13
to come to the clinic to be fit with a knee,
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da je prišla v kliniko
na namestitev kolena.
na namestitev kolena.
09:15
and while all of the amputees who wear our knees
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Medtem ko se nas vsi,
ki nosijo naša kolena,
ki nosijo naša kolena,
09:18
affect us as the designers,
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dotaknejo kot oblikovalcev,
09:20
she's particularly meaningful to me
as an engineer and as a woman,
as an engineer and as a woman,
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je ona še posebej pomembna zame
kot inženirko in kot žensko,
kot inženirko in kot žensko,
09:24
because she was in school,
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ker se je šolala,
09:26
she had just started school to study engineering.
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pravkar je pričela s študijem inženirstva.
09:29
And she said, "Well, now that I can walk again,
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In rekla je: "Sedaj lahko spet hodim,
09:31
I can go back and complete my studies."
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lahko grem nazaj
in zaključim svoj študij."
in zaključim svoj študij."
09:33
And to me she represents the next generation
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Zame predstavlja naslednjo generacijo
09:36
of engineers solving problems
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inženirjev, ki rešujejo probleme
09:39
and ensuring meaningful technologies
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in zagotavljajo, da pomembne tehnologije
09:42
reach their users.
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dosežejo svoje uporabnike.
09:44
So thank you.
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Torej hvala.
09:46
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Krista Donaldson - EngineerKrista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world.
Why you should listen
Prosthetic limbs are expensive and complex, and they must be fit to each individual -- yet having a replacement for a lost limb can mean the difference between working and not, having a social life and not. So, Krista Donaldson and her team at the nonprofit design firm, D-Rev, are attacking the problem on several fronts, from re-engineering the moving parts, to exploring way-new materials that replace expensive titanium, to forming deep local partnerships for distribution and maintenance around the world.
It's the kind of work that D-Rev does; with a mission "to improve the health and incomes of people living on less than $4 per day," their motto is "Design for the other 90%." Taking a truly user-centered approach that could be summarized as "Listen before you build."
As Donaldson wrote in a paper for the WEF: "The world is confounded by difficult problems in healthcare that are ripe for innovative solutions. The information most needed for these solutions ... is readily available -- from the users. They need to be asked: How can we solve X? What is your experience with Y? Instead of focusing on asking people in developing countries to change their behavior, those of us who work in healthcare should sit up and listen to what they have to say."
Krista Donaldson | Speaker | TED.com