ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Krista Donaldson - Engineer
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world.

Why you should listen

Prosthetic limbs are expensive and complex, and they must be fit to each individual -- yet having a replacement for a lost limb can mean the difference between working and not, having a social life and not. So, Krista Donaldson and her team at the nonprofit design firm, D-Rev, are attacking the problem on several fronts, from re-engineering the moving parts, to exploring way-new materials that replace expensive titanium, to forming deep local partnerships for distribution and maintenance around the world.

It's the kind of work that D-Rev does; with a mission "to improve the health and incomes of people living on less than $4 per day," their motto is "Design for the other 90%." Taking a truly user-centered approach that could be summarized as "Listen before you build."

As Donaldson wrote in a paper for the WEF: "The world is confounded by difficult problems in healthcare that are ripe for innovative solutions. The information most needed for these solutions ... is readily available -- from the users. They need to be asked: How can we solve X? What is your experience with Y? Instead of focusing on asking people in developing countries to change their behavior, those of us who work in healthcare should sit up and listen to what they have to say."

More profile about the speaker
Krista Donaldson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDWomen 2013

Krista Donaldson: The $80 prosthetic knee that's changing lives

克莉絲妲‧唐納森: 造價80塊美金的人工膝蓋 - 改變許多人的生命

Filmed:
1,086,707 views

這些年來或許在科技上有許多驚人的進展,但似乎往往都是那些少部份生活優渥的人才能享受到的。工程師克莉絲妲‧唐納森(Krista Donaldson)介紹一款專為膝上截肢患者設計的人工膝蓋:移動膝蓋(ReMotion knee),許多截肢者每天賺不到四塊美金。這款設計不僅有最先進的技術,卻也遠比市面上其他人工膝蓋便宜許多。
- Engineer
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Nine years年份 ago, I worked工作
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九年前
00:14
for the U.S. government政府 in Iraq伊拉克,
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我在伊拉克為美國政府工作
00:16
helping幫助 rebuild重建 the electricity電力 infrastructure基礎設施.
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幫助重建電力基礎設施
00:19
And I was there, and I worked工作 in that job工作
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我會在那裡做這樣的工作
00:22
because I believe that technology技術
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是因為我相信
00:24
can improve提高 people's人們 lives生活.
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科技可以使人的生活更好
00:27
One afternoon下午, I had tea with a storekeeper店主
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有天下午我跟一個倉庫管理員
00:29
at the Al Rasheed拉希德 Hotel旅館 in Baghdad巴格達,
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在巴格達拉希德飯店裡喝茶時
00:32
and he said to me, "You Americans美國人,
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他這麼跟我說:你們美國人啊
00:35
you can put a man on the moon月亮,
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你們有本事把一個人送上月球
00:36
but when I get home tonight今晚,
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但是我今天晚上回到家
00:38
I won't慣於 be able能夠 to turn on my lights燈火."
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卻連燈都打不開
00:41
At the time, the U.S. government政府 had spent花費
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當時美國政府總共投入
00:42
more than two billion十億 dollars美元
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超過了二十億的美金
00:45
on electricity電力 reconstruction重建.
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在這些電力設備的重整規劃上
00:47
How do you ensure確保 technology技術 reaches到達 users用戶?
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我們如何能確保消費者
真的有因為科技而受益
00:50
How do you put it in their hands
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又或者你如何能確定
00:52
so that it is useful有用?
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你做的正是人們需要的
00:55
So those are the questions問題 that my colleagues同事 and I
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這些是我和同事們
00:58
at D-Revd-REV ask ourselves我們自己.
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在D-Rev所在思考的
01:00
And D-Revd-REV is short for Design設計 Revolution革命.
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D-Rev是非營利組織「科技革新」
(Design Revolution)的簡稱
01:03
And I took over the organization組織 four years年份 ago
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我四年前開始接管這個機構
01:05
and really focused重點 it on developing發展 products製品
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專注於研發產品
01:08
that actually其實 reach達到 users用戶,
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讓真正有需求的人可以使用
01:10
and not just any users用戶,
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並非給每個人使用
01:11
but customers顧客 who live生活 on
less than four dollars美元 a day.
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而是給一天不到四塊美金過活的人使用
01:16
One of the key areas we've我們已經 been working加工 on recently最近
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我們最近專攻的領域是
01:17
is medical devices設備, and while it may可能 not be obvious明顯
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醫療器材,或許這兩者中間看起來
01:20
that medical devices設備 have something in common共同
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就是醫療器材跟當時在伊拉克所蓋的電路設備
01:22
with Iraq's伊拉克 electricity電力 grid then,
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好像沒有太大的關連
01:25
there are some commonalities共性.
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但其實是有共通點的
01:27
Despite儘管 the advanced高級 technology技術,
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即使有先進的技術
01:29
it's not reaching到達 the people who need it most.
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真正需要的人卻無法受惠
01:32
So I'm going to tell you about one of
the projects項目 we've我們已經 been working加工 on,
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所以我要跟大家分享我們的一個研究計畫
01:35
the ReMotion南移 Knee膝蓋, and it's a prosthetic假肢 knee膝蓋
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「活動膝蓋」,這是人工膝蓋的一種
01:38
for above-knee膝蓋以上 amputees截肢者.
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專為膝上截肢者所設計
01:40
And this project項目 started開始 when
the Jaipur齋浦爾 Foot腳丫子 Organization組織,
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這個計畫始於世界最大的義肢製造組織
01:43
the largest最大 fitter鉗工 of prosthetic假肢 limbs四肢 in the world世界,
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也就是齋浦爾足機構(Jaipur Foot Organization)
01:46
came來了 to the Bay Area and they said,
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來灣區拜訪我們說
01:47
"We need a better knee膝蓋."
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我們需要有更好的人工膝蓋
01:50
Chances機會 are, if you're living活的 on
less than four dollars美元 a day,
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如果你一天生活費不到四塊美金
01:53
and you're an amputee截肢,
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在一場車禍中失去你的腿
01:55
you've lost丟失 your limb in a vehicle車輛 accident事故.
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腳又剛好截肢的話
01:57
Most people think it's land土地 mines礦山,
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大家都以為你是因為誤踩地雷
01:59
but it's a vehicle車輛 accident事故.
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但其實是因為一場車禍
02:00
You're walking步行 by the side of the road
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你在路旁走著走著
02:02
and you're hit擊中 by a truck卡車,
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就被一台卡車給撞到了
02:04
or you're trying to to jump on a moving移動 train培養,
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又或者你是因為試著要跳上行駛中的火車
02:05
you're late晚了 for work, and your pant喘氣 leg gets得到 caught抓住.
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因為上班已經遲到,卻很不巧褲管被夾到
02:09
And the reality現實 is that if
you don't have much money,
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而如果現實情況是你並沒有錢
02:13
like this young年輕 named命名 Kamal卡邁勒 right here,
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就好像這位名叫卡莫(Kamal)的年輕人
02:15
the option選項 you really have
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你真正能選擇的
02:17
is a bamboo staff員工 to get around.
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就是拄著一根竹竿走
02:19
And how big a problem問題 is this?
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這個問題究竟有多嚴重?
02:22
There's over three million百萬 amputees截肢者 every一切 year
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每年有超過三百萬人必須面臨截肢
02:25
who need a new or replacement替代 knee膝蓋.
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他們都需要一個新的或可替代的膝蓋
02:28
And what are their options選項?
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他們有哪些選擇呢?
02:30
This is a high-end高端. This is
what we'd星期三 call a "smart聰明 knee膝蓋."
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這個相當高級,我們稱之為 「智慧膝蓋」
02:32
It's got a microprocessor微處理器 inside.
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裡面裝了一個微處理器
02:34
It can pretty漂亮 much do anything,
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幾乎可以做任何動作
02:37
but it's 20,000 dollars美元,
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但是要價兩萬美金
02:38
and to give you a sense of who wears穿 this,
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讓大家有個概念
這類產品都是什麼樣的人在用
02:40
veterans老兵, American美國 veterans老兵 coming未來
back from Afghanistan阿富汗 or Iraq伊拉克
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退役軍人,特別是從阿富汗
或伊拉克回來的美國退役軍人
02:44
would be fit適合 with something like this.
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他們就能穿得起這樣的義肢
02:46
This is a low-end低端 titanium knee膝蓋.
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這款是比較低階的鈦金屬人工膝蓋
02:49
It's a polycentric多中心 knee膝蓋, and all that that means手段
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這是一種多軸心膝關節,意味著
02:51
is the mechanism機制, is a four-bar四桿 mechanism機制,
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裡面的構造是四連桿的結構
02:53
that mimics模仿 a natural自然 human人的 knee膝蓋.
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是照著原本的膝蓋結構來設計
02:56
But at 1,400 dollars美元, it's still too expensive昂貴
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但一組要1,400美金,還是太貴了
02:58
for people like Kamal卡邁勒.
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特別是對像卡莫這樣的人來說
03:01
And lastly最後, here you see a low-end低端 knee膝蓋.
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最後,這是另一款低階的人工膝蓋
03:03
This is a knee膝蓋 that's been designed設計 specifically特別
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是專門為經濟拮据的人而設計
03:05
for poor較差的 people.
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是專門為經濟拮据的人而設計
03:07
And while you have affordability承受能力,
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雖然價格低廉
03:09
you've lost丟失 on functionality功能.
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但功能也就被犧牲了
03:10
The mechanism機制 here is a single axis,
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這個構造是單軸的結構
03:13
and a single axis is like a door hinge合頁.
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單軸就跟門軸是一樣的
03:15
So you can think about how unstable不穩定 that would be.
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你可以想像這有多麼不牢靠
03:18
And this is the type類型 of mechanism機制
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而這種人工膝蓋也就是
03:20
that the Jaipur齋浦爾 Foot腳丫子 Organization組織 was using運用
when they were looking for a better knee膝蓋,
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齋浦爾足機構找到另一個
更好替代方案前所使用的
03:23
and I just wanted to give you a sense
of what a leg system系統 looks容貌 like,
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這裡我想先讓大家看看一副完整的義肢長怎樣
03:26
because I'm showing展示 you all these knees膝蓋
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因為我剛剛呈現給大家的都只是膝關節
03:27
and I imagine想像 it's hard to think
how it all fits適合 together一起.
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大概很難看得出來是怎麼穿戴的
03:29
So at the top最佳 you have a socket插座,
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你們可以看到頂部有一個凹槽
03:32
and this fits適合 over someone's誰家 residual剩餘的 limb,
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這個會包覆住截肢後的殘肢
03:33
and everyone's大家的 residual剩餘的 limb is a little bit different不同.
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但每個人的殘肢都些許的不同
03:36
And then you have the knee膝蓋,
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再來是人工膝關節的部份
03:37
and here I've got a single axis on the knee膝蓋
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這裡有個單軸的膝關節
03:39
so you can see how it rotates旋轉,
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大家可以看到它是怎麼轉動
03:41
and then a pylon鐵塔, and then a foot腳丫子.
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然後是小腿跟足部
03:45
And we've我們已經 been able能夠 to develop發展 a knee膝蓋,
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我們目前已研發出
03:47
a polycentric多中心 knee膝蓋, so that type類型 of knee膝蓋
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多軸心的膝蓋,就是能夠正常活動
03:49
that acts行為 like a human人的 knee膝蓋, mimics模仿 human人的 gait步態,
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就好像真的膝蓋,可以跟正常人一樣走路
03:52
for 80 dollars美元 retail零售.
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但只要80塊美金就可以買到
03:55
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
03:58
But the key is, you can have this great invention發明,
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重點是,擁有偉大的發明
04:01
you can have this great design設計, but how do you get it
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跟絕佳的設計,但是要怎麼樣才能確保
04:03
to the people who most need it?
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那些真正需要這項產品的人可以用得到呢?
04:05
How do you ensure確保 it gets得到 to them
and it improves提高 their lives生活?
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你怎麼確定他們真的用得到
而且確實對他們生活有幫助呢?
04:08
So at D-Revd-REV, we've我們已經 doneDONE some other projects項目,
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針對這點在D-Rev我們還有進行別的計畫
04:11
and we looked看著 at three things that we really believe
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我們相信透過下列三點可以
04:13
gets得到 technologies技術 to customers顧客, to users用戶,
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使得這些新科技或技術
04:17
to people who need it.
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讓真正有需求的顧客或使用者使用
04:19
And the first thing is that the product產品
needs需求 to be world世界 class.
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首先就是產品必須要有世界級的水準
04:21
It needs需求 to perform演出 on par平價
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必須在水準之上
04:23
or better than the best最好 products製品 on the market市場.
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或比市面上最好的產品更好
04:26
Regardless而不管 of your income收入 level水平,
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不管你的收入有多少
04:28
you want the most beautiful美麗,
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人總是會渴望買到最美
04:30
the best最好 product產品 that there is.
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或者是最好的產品
04:32
I'm going to show顯示 you a video視頻 now
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我現在要播放一段影片
04:36
of a man named命名 Ash. You can see him walking步行.
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影片裡的男子叫艾許(Ash)
大家可以看他怎麼走路
04:37
He's wearing穿著 the same相同 knee膝蓋 system系統 here
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他所穿戴的就是跟這組義肢一樣
04:39
with a single axis knee膝蓋.
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是單軸結構的膝關節
04:41
And he's doing a 10-meter-儀表 walk步行 test測試.
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他在進行一項十公尺的步行測驗
04:43
And you'll你會 notice注意 that he's struggling奮鬥的
with stability穩定性 as he's walking步行.
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可以注意到他走路時會有不平穩的問題
04:47
And something that's not obvious明顯, that you can't see,
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並且另外一個大家可能不會注意到的問題
04:49
is that it's psychologically心理 draining排水
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如果走路必須隨時提防跌倒
04:52
to walk步行 and to be preventing防止 yourself你自己 from falling落下.
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就會讓人心力交瘁
04:56
Now this is a video視頻 of Kamal卡邁勒.
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現在影片上出現的是卡莫
04:58
You remember記得 Kamal卡邁勒 earlier,
holding保持 the bamboo staff員工.
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還記得先前我們提到拿拄著竹竿的卡莫
05:00
He's wearing穿著 one of the earlier versions版本 of our knee膝蓋,
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他所穿的是我們前幾代出產的人工膝關節
05:03
and he's doing that same相同 10-meter-儀表 walk步行 test測試.
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做一樣的十公尺步行測試
05:06
And you can see his stability穩定性 is much better.
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可以注意到他走路的穩定性提高很多
05:11
So world世界 class isn't just about
technical技術 performance性能.
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世界級指的不僅是技術層面
05:14
It's also about human人的 performance性能.
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也是要適合全世界的人穿戴
05:18
And most medical devices設備, we've我們已經 learned學到了,
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我們發現大部份的醫療器材
05:20
as we've我們已經 dug in, are really designed設計 for Westerners西方人,
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當我們越深入研究,就發現大都是為西方人
05:22
for wealthier富裕 economies經濟.
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或是經濟較富裕的國家而設計
05:24
But the reality現實 is our users用戶, our customers顧客,
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但是事實上我們的客群或使用者
05:27
they do different不同 things. They sit cross-legged盤腿 more.
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他們的生活習慣是不一樣的,他們比較常盤腿坐
05:30
We see that they squat. They kneel下跪 in prayer禱告.
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我們發現他們會蹲著或跪著禱告
05:33
And we designed設計 our knee膝蓋 to have
the greatest最大 range範圍 of motion運動
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而我們所設計的膝關節
跟市面上其他產品比起來
05:35
of almost幾乎 any other knee膝蓋 on the market市場.
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能做最多的動作
05:39
So the second第二 thing we learned學到了, and this leads引線
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所以我們學到的第二件事
05:41
into my second第二 point, which哪一個 is that we believe
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也是我接下來要說的第二點
05:43
that products製品 need to be
designed設計 to be user-centric以用戶為中心.
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我們相信產品必須針對使用者的需求設計
05:46
And at D-Revd-REV, we go one step further進一步 and we say
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在D-Rev我們甚至更進一步表示
05:49
you need to be user-obsessed用戶痴迷.
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我們設計的原則是使用者至上
05:51
So it's not just the end結束 user用戶
that you're thinking思維 about,
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所以這裡講到的不光是使用產品本身的人
05:53
but everyone大家 who interacts交互 with the product產品,
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也包含要把其他會跟
這個產品相關的人考量進去
05:55
so, for example, the prosthetist義肢 who fits適合 the knee膝蓋,
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比方說,為患者穿戴義肢的矯具師
05:58
but also the context上下文 in which哪一個 the knee膝蓋 is being存在 fit適合.
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患者會在什麼樣的情況下穿戴義肢?
06:01
What is the local本地 market市場 like?
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當地的義肢行情是怎樣?
06:03
How do all these components組件 get to the clinic診所?
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這些組件會怎麼被運送到診所裡?
06:05
Do they all get there on time? The supply供應 chain.
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是否能夠都準時送到呢?這就關係到生產線
06:07
Everything that goes into ensuring確保
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每一個環節都是為了確保
06:09
that this product產品 gets得到 to the end結束 user用戶,
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末端使用者能夠真正拿到
06:11
and it goes in as part部分 of the system系統, and it's used.
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一副完整的義肢,並且知道如何穿戴
06:15
So I wanted to show顯示 you some of the iterations迭代
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接下來想讓大家看一下過去
06:17
we did between之間 the first version, the Jaipur齋浦爾 Knee膝蓋,
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我們最早所研發出來的
齋浦爾膝關節(Jaipur Knee)
06:22
so this is it right here.
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就是我手上的這個
06:24
(Clicking點擊)
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(咯喀聲)
06:25
Notice注意 anything about it?
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有注意到些什麼嗎
06:28
It clicks點擊.
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它會發出咯喀聲
06:30
We'd星期三 seen看到 that users用戶 had actually其實 modified改性 it.
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我們真的有客人自己改良它
06:33
So do you see that black黑色 strip跳閘 right there?
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有看到畫面上黑色那塊嗎?
06:37
That's a homemade自製 noise噪聲 dampener阻尼器.
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那是自製的消音器
06:40
We also saw that our users用戶 had modified改性 it
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還有其他客戶用不同的方式
06:42
in other ways方法.
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還有其他客戶用不同的方式
06:43
You can see there that that particular特定 amputee截肢,
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大家看到這位截肢患者
06:45
he had wrapped包裹 bandages繃帶 around the knee膝蓋.
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他用繃帶纏裹自己的膝蓋
06:47
He'd他會 made製作 a cosmesis美容術.
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嘗試美化它
06:49
And if you look at the knee膝蓋,
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如果你靠近一點看
06:51
it's got those pointy尖尖 edges邊緣, right?
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有些地方會凸凸的,對吧
06:55
So if you're wearing穿著 it under pants褲子 or a skirt短裙
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這樣穿褲子、裙子
06:57
or a sari紗麗, it's really obvious明顯
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或印度傳統紗麗的時候,別人一看
06:59
that you're wearing穿著 a prosthetic假肢 limb,
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就會知道你裝了義肢
07:01
and in societies社會 where there's social社會
stigma柱頭 around being存在 disabled,
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而若社會風氣是歧視殘障人士時
07:05
people are particularly尤其 acute急性 about this.
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人們總是對這點特別敏銳
07:08
So I'm going to show顯示 you some
of the modifications修改 we did.
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接下來是我們所作的修正
07:10
We did a lot of iterations迭代, not just
around this, but some other things.
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我們做了許多嘗試
除了剛講到的還有調整其他部份
07:13
But here we have the version three,
the ReMotion南移 Knee膝蓋,
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這是第三版:移動膝蓋(ReMotion Knee)
07:16
but if you look in here, you can see
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如果往裡面看,就會看到
07:17
the noise噪聲 dampener阻尼器. It's quieter安靜.
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消音器,比剛剛的聲音還要小
07:22
The other thing we did is that
we smoothed平滑 the profile輪廓.
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另外一點是我們把表面做得更平滑
07:26
We made製作 it thinner更薄.
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厚度也變得也更薄
07:27
And something that's not obvious明顯 is that we
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可能不是那麼容易看出來的是
07:29
designed設計 it for mass production生產.
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這是專門為了大量生產而做的設計
07:32
And this goes into my last point.
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而這也是我分享的最後一點
07:34
We really, truly believe that if a product產品
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我們真的相信如果一個產品
07:36
is going to reach達到 users用戶 at the scale規模 that it's needed需要,
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要能廣泛到所有需求者都可以用得到
07:38
it needs需求 to be market-driven市場驅動,
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那它必須得是市場導向的產品
07:40
and market-driven市場驅動 means手段 that products製品 are sold出售.
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市場導向表示產品要能賣得出去
07:43
They're not donated捐贈. They're not heavily嚴重 subsidized補貼.
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而並非透過捐贈方式,也無需申請大量補助
07:46
Our product產品 needs需求 to be designed設計 to offer提供 value
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除了產品的設計必須是對消費者有益
07:48
to the end結束 user用戶.
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除了產品的設計必須是對消費者有益
07:50
It also has to be designed設計 to be very affordable實惠.
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也要讓價格平易近人
07:52
But a product產品 that is valued價值 by a customer顧客
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但是一個對消費者有益的產品
07:54
is used by a customer顧客,
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跟一個被消費者使用的產品
07:56
and use is what creates創建 impact碰撞.
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只有被使用了才能真正帶來影響
07:58
And we believe that as designers設計師,
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我們相信身為設計師
08:00
it holds持有 us accountable問責 to our customers顧客.
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對於顧客負有相當的責任
08:03
And with centralized集中 manufacturing製造業,
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而透過中央統一生產
08:06
you can control控制 the quality質量 control控制,
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品管就可以有保障
08:08
and you can hit擊中 that $80 price價錢 point
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雖然價位在美金八十塊
08:09
with profit利潤 margins利潤率 built內置 in.
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卻也仍是有利潤
08:12
And now, those profit利潤 margins利潤率 are critical危急,
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講到這裡,利潤是相當關鍵的
08:14
because if you want to scale規模, if you want to reach達到
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因為如果你希望達到最大的效益
08:16
all the people in the world世界 who possibly或者 need a knee膝蓋,
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或希望世界上每個
需要膝關節的人都可以擁有
08:18
it needs需求 to be economically經濟 sustainable可持續發展.
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那勢必要是能持續獲益的
08:21
So I want to give you a sense of where we are at.
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也再跟大家分享我們的一些心得
08:24
We have fit適合 over 5,000 amputees截肢者,
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目前有超過五千名
截肢患者使用了我們的產品
08:27
and one of the big indicators指標
we're looking at, of course課程,
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而我們所關注的一項最重要的指標
08:30
is, does it improve提高 lives生活?
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當然就是:是否真的有助於改善生活?
08:31
Well, the standard標準 is, is someone有人
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衡量的標準是
08:33
still wearing穿著 their knee膝蓋 six months個月 later後來?
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這個人是否六個月後
還是穿戴這副人工膝關節
08:36
The industry行業 average平均 is about 65 percent百分.
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一般業界平均值是 65%
08:38
Ours我們的 is 79 percent百分,
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而我們的產品則達 79%
08:41
and we're hoping希望 to get that higher更高.
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我們仍在嘗試能提升這個數據
08:44
Right now, our knees膝蓋 are worn磨損的 in 12 countries國家.
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目前有我們的膝關節使用者遍及 12 個國家
08:47
This is where we want to get, though雖然,
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這是我們接下來三年要努力的目標
08:48
in the next下一個 three years年份.
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這是我們接下來三年要努力的目標
08:50
We'll double the impact碰撞 in 2015,
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希望可以在 2015 年有雙倍成長
08:52
and we'll double it each of
the following以下 years年份 after that.
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並在那之後每年雙倍成長
08:55
But then we hit擊中 a new challenge挑戰,
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但之後又會面臨另一個新的挑戰
08:57
and that's the number of skilled技能的 prosthetists假肢
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就是是否有足夠協助
穿戴膝關節的優秀矯具師
08:59
who are able能夠 to fit適合 knees膝蓋.
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就是是否有足夠協助
穿戴膝關節的優秀矯具師
09:02
So I want to end結束 with a story故事 of PrinimaPrinima.
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最後,我想跟大家分享普利尼瑪(Prinima)的故事
09:05
PrinimaPrinima was 18 years年份 old
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普利尼瑪當時十八歲
09:07
when she was in a car汽車 accident事故
where she lost丟失 her leg,
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她在一場車禍裡失去了一條腿
09:10
and she traveled旅行 12 hours小時 by train培養
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她搭了十二個小時的火車
09:13
to come to the clinic診所 to be fit適合 with a knee膝蓋,
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來到診所裡試穿人工膝關節
09:15
and while all of the amputees截肢者 who wear穿 our knees膝蓋
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而當這些截肢患者穿戴上我們的膝關節時
09:18
affect影響 us as the designers設計師,
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是我們身為設計者最感動的時刻
09:20
she's particularly尤其 meaningful富有意義的 to me
as an engineer工程師 and as a woman女人,
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她身為一位工程師又是女性
對我而言意義非凡
09:24
because she was in school學校,
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因為她當時還在念書
09:26
she had just started開始 school學校 to study研究 engineering工程.
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剛開始準備研讀工程學
09:29
And she said, "Well, now that I can walk步行 again,
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她說,我現在又可以走路了
09:31
I can go back and complete完成 my studies學習."
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就也可以回到學校繼續就學了
09:33
And to me she represents代表 the next下一個 generation
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她就好像是代表了下一個世代
09:36
of engineers工程師 solving problems問題
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即將興起的工程師
不光解決現有問題
09:39
and ensuring確保 meaningful富有意義的 technologies技術
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還會確保這些意義非凡的科技
09:42
reach達到 their users用戶.
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落實於有需求的人
09:44
So thank you.
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謝謝大家
09:46
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Ada Wang
Reviewed by Hsieh YI-Hsiu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Krista Donaldson - Engineer
Krista Donaldson is the CEO of D-Rev, a non-profit product development company improving the health and incomes of people around the world.

Why you should listen

Prosthetic limbs are expensive and complex, and they must be fit to each individual -- yet having a replacement for a lost limb can mean the difference between working and not, having a social life and not. So, Krista Donaldson and her team at the nonprofit design firm, D-Rev, are attacking the problem on several fronts, from re-engineering the moving parts, to exploring way-new materials that replace expensive titanium, to forming deep local partnerships for distribution and maintenance around the world.

It's the kind of work that D-Rev does; with a mission "to improve the health and incomes of people living on less than $4 per day," their motto is "Design for the other 90%." Taking a truly user-centered approach that could be summarized as "Listen before you build."

As Donaldson wrote in a paper for the WEF: "The world is confounded by difficult problems in healthcare that are ripe for innovative solutions. The information most needed for these solutions ... is readily available -- from the users. They need to be asked: How can we solve X? What is your experience with Y? Instead of focusing on asking people in developing countries to change their behavior, those of us who work in healthcare should sit up and listen to what they have to say."

More profile about the speaker
Krista Donaldson | Speaker | TED.com