TED Salon U.S. Air Force
Sarah T. Stewart: Where did the Moon come from? A new theory
Sara T. Stjuart (Sarah T. Stewart): Nova teorija o poreklu Meseca
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Zemlja i Mesec su poput identičnih blizanaca, sačinjeni su od potpuno istog materijala - a to je uistinu neobično s obzirom na to da druga nama poznata nebeska tela ne dele ovaj vid hemijske veze. Šta je odgovorno za ovu posebnu vezu? Tragajući za odgovorom, planetarna naučnica i dobitnica Makarturove stipendije „Genije”, Sara T. Stjuart otkrila je novi tip astronomskog objekta - sinestiju - i novi način rešavanja misterije o poreklu Meseca.
Sarah T. Stewart - Planetary scientist
Sarah T. Stewart specializes in the study of collisions in the solar system. Full bio
Sarah T. Stewart specializes in the study of collisions in the solar system. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Nobody likes to make a mistake.
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Niko ne voli da greši.
00:16
And I made a whopping one.
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A ja sam napravila ogromnu grešku.
00:19
And figuring out what I did wrong
led to a discovery
led to a discovery
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A razumevanje u čemu sam pogrešila
je dovelo do otkrića
je dovelo do otkrića
00:24
that completely changes the way
we think about the Earth and Moon.
we think about the Earth and Moon.
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koje u potpunosti menja način
na koji razmišljamo o Zemlji i Mesecu.
na koji razmišljamo o Zemlji i Mesecu.
00:29
I'm a planetary scientist,
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Ja sam planetarna naučnica
00:31
and my favorite thing to do
is smash planets together.
is smash planets together.
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i omiljena aktivnost
mi je da izazivam sudare planeta.
mi je da izazivam sudare planeta.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:36
In my lab, I can shoot at rocks
using cannons like this one.
using cannons like this one.
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U mojoj laboratoriji, mogu da pucam
u stene pomoću ovakvih topova.
u stene pomoću ovakvih topova.
00:43
(Cannon shot)
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(Pucanj topa)
00:44
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:46
In my experiments, I can generate
the extreme conditions
the extreme conditions
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U mojim eksperimentima,
mogu da stvorim ekstremne uslove
mogu da stvorim ekstremne uslove
00:50
during planet formation.
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prisutne tokom nastanka planete.
00:52
And with computer models,
I can collide whole planets together
I can collide whole planets together
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A uz pomoć kompjuterskih modela,
mogu da sudaram čitave planete
mogu da sudaram čitave planete
00:56
to make them grow,
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kako bih izazvala njihov rast
00:58
or I can destroy them.
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ili mogu da ih uništim.
01:00
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:02
I want to understand
how to make the Earth and the Moon
how to make the Earth and the Moon
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Želim da razumem
kako da napravim Zemlju i Mesec
kako da napravim Zemlju i Mesec
01:06
and why the Earth is so different
from other planets.
from other planets.
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i zašto je Zemlja toliko različita
od drugih planeta.
od drugih planeta.
01:11
The leading idea for the origin
of the Earth and Moon
of the Earth and Moon
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Vodeća ideja o nastanku Zemlje i Meseca
01:15
is called the "giant impact theory."
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se naziva „teorijom velikog udara”.
01:18
The theory states that a Mars-sized body
struck the young Earth,
struck the young Earth,
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Teorija tvrdi da je telo veličine Marsa
udarilo mladu Zemlju
udarilo mladu Zemlju
01:21
and the Moon formed from
the debris disc around the planet.
the debris disc around the planet.
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i da je Mesec nastao od diska
formiranog od otpadaka oko planete.
formiranog od otpadaka oko planete.
01:28
The theory can explain
so many things about the Moon,
so many things about the Moon,
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Ova teorija može da objasni
toliko toga u vezi s Mesecom,
toliko toga u vezi s Mesecom,
01:31
but it has a huge flaw:
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ali ima ogromni nedostatak:
01:34
it predicts that the Moon is mostly made
from the Mars-sized planet,
from the Mars-sized planet,
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predviđa da se Mesec uglavnom sastoji
od planete veličine Marsa
od planete veličine Marsa
01:38
that the Earth and the Moon
are made from different materials.
are made from different materials.
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i da su Zemlja i Mesec
sačinjeni od različitih materijala.
sačinjeni od različitih materijala.
01:42
But that's not what we see.
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Međutim, to nije ono što vidimo.
01:45
The Earth and the Moon
are actually like identical twins.
are actually like identical twins.
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Zemlja i Mesec su zapravo
poput identičnih blizanaca.
poput identičnih blizanaca.
01:49
The genetic code of planets is written
in the isotopes of the elements.
in the isotopes of the elements.
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Genetski kod planeta je zapisan
u izotopima elemenata.
u izotopima elemenata.
01:54
The Earth and Moon
have identical isotopes.
have identical isotopes.
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Zemlja i Mesec imaju identične izotope.
01:57
That means that the Earth and Moon
are made from the same materials.
are made from the same materials.
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To znači da su Zemlja i Mesec
sačinjeni od istog materijala.
sačinjeni od istog materijala.
02:03
It's really strange that the Earth
and the Moon are twins.
and the Moon are twins.
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Zaista je čudno
da su Zemlja i Mesec blizanci.
da su Zemlja i Mesec blizanci.
02:07
All of the planets are made
from different materials,
from different materials,
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Sve planete su sačinjene
od različitih materijala,
od različitih materijala,
02:09
so they all have different isotopes,
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stoga sve imaju različite izotope,
02:11
they all have their own genetic code.
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sve imaju sopstvene genetske kodove.
02:14
No other planetary bodies
have the same genetic relationship.
have the same genetic relationship.
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Ne postoje druga planetarna tela
koja imaju istu genetsku vezu.
koja imaju istu genetsku vezu.
02:19
Only the Earth and Moon are twins.
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Samo su Zemlja i Mesec blizanci.
02:23
When I started working
on the origin of the Moon,
on the origin of the Moon,
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Kada sam počela da radim
na poreklu Meseca,
na poreklu Meseca,
02:26
there were scientists that wanted to
reject the whole idea of the giant impact.
reject the whole idea of the giant impact.
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postojali su naučnici koju su želeli
da odbace čitavu ideju velikog udara.
da odbace čitavu ideju velikog udara.
02:30
They didn't see any way for this theory
to explain the special relationship
to explain the special relationship
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Nisu videli način na koji ova teorija
može da objasni posebnu vezu
može da objasni posebnu vezu
02:34
between the Earth and the Moon.
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između Zemlje i Meseca.
02:36
We were all trying to think of new ideas.
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Svi smo pokušavali da smislimo nove ideje.
02:40
The problem was,
there weren't any better ideas.
there weren't any better ideas.
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Problem je bio što nije bilo boljih ideja.
02:43
All of the other ideas
had even bigger flaws.
had even bigger flaws.
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Sve druge ideje su imale
čak i krupnije nedostatke.
čak i krupnije nedostatke.
02:48
So we were trying to rescue
the giant impact theory.
the giant impact theory.
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Pa smo pokušavali da spasimo
teoriju velikog udara.
teoriju velikog udara.
02:53
A young scientist in my group suggested
that we try changing the spin
that we try changing the spin
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Mladi naučnik iz moje grupe je predložio
da pokušamo da izmenimo obrtanje
da pokušamo da izmenimo obrtanje
02:58
of the giant impact.
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prilikom velikog udara.
02:59
Maybe making the Earth spin faster
could mix more material
could mix more material
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Možda je Zemljino brže okretanje
moglo da izmeša više materijala
moglo da izmeša više materijala
03:04
and explain the Moon.
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i tako objasni Mesec.
03:06
The Mars-sized impactor had been chosen
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Odabran je sudarač veličine Marsa
03:09
because it could make the Moon
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jer je mogao da napravi Mesec
03:11
and make the length of Earth's day.
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i da uzrokuje dužinu dana na Zemlji.
03:15
People really liked
that part of the model.
that part of the model.
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Ljudima se zaista sviđao taj deo modela.
03:18
But what if something else determined
the length of Earth's day?
the length of Earth's day?
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Međutim, šta ako je nešto drugo
odredilo dužinu dana na Zemlji?
odredilo dužinu dana na Zemlji?
03:22
Then there would be many more possible
giant impacts that could make the Moon.
giant impacts that could make the Moon.
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Onda bi postojalo
mnogo više mogućih velikih udara
mnogo više mogućih velikih udara
koji su mogli da stvore Mesec.
03:28
I was curious about what could happen,
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Zanimalo me je šta bi moglo da se desi,
03:31
so I tried simulating
faster-spinning giant impacts,
faster-spinning giant impacts,
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pa sam pokušala da simuliram
velike udare brže rotacije
velike udare brže rotacije
03:35
and I found that it is possible
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i otkrila sam da je moguće
03:38
to make a disc out of the same
mixture of materials as the planet.
mixture of materials as the planet.
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napraviti disk od iste smeše materijala
kao u slučaju planete.
kao u slučaju planete.
03:42
We were pretty excited.
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Bili smo prilično uzbuđeni.
03:44
Maybe this was the way
to explain the Moon.
to explain the Moon.
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Možda je ovo bio način
da se objasni Mesec.
da se objasni Mesec.
03:48
The problem is, we also found
that that's just not very likely.
that that's just not very likely.
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Problem je bio što smo takođe otkrili
da to nije naročito verovatno.
da to nije naročito verovatno.
03:54
Most of the time, the disc
is different from the planet,
is different from the planet,
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Većinu vremena,
disk je različit od planete
disk je različit od planete
03:57
and it looked like
making our Moon this way
making our Moon this way
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i činilo se da bi ovakav nastanak Meseca
04:00
would be an astronomical coincidence,
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bio astronomska slučajnost,
04:04
and it was just hard
for everyone to accept the idea
for everyone to accept the idea
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a bilo je prosto svima teško
da prihvate ovu ideju
da prihvate ovu ideju
04:07
that the Moon's special connection
to Earth was an accident.
to Earth was an accident.
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da je Mesečeva posebna veza
sa Zemljom slučajna.
sa Zemljom slučajna.
04:13
The giant impact theory
was still in trouble,
was still in trouble,
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Teorija o velikom udaru
je i dalje bila u nevolji,
je i dalje bila u nevolji,
04:16
and we were still trying to figure out
how to make the Moon.
how to make the Moon.
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a mi smo i dalje pokušavali
da otkrijemo kako da napravimo Mesec.
da otkrijemo kako da napravimo Mesec.
04:21
Then came the day
when I realized my mistake.
when I realized my mistake.
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Onda je došao dan
kad sam uvidela svoju grešku.
kad sam uvidela svoju grešku.
04:27
My student and I were looking at the data
from these fast-spinning giant impacts.
from these fast-spinning giant impacts.
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Moj student i ja smo posmatrali podatke
o ovim brzorotirajućim velikim udarima.
o ovim brzorotirajućim velikim udarima.
04:32
On that day, we weren't actually
thinking about the Moon,
thinking about the Moon,
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Tog dana, zapravo nismo
razmišljali o Mesecu,
razmišljali o Mesecu,
04:35
we were looking at the planet.
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posmatrali smo planetu.
04:36
The planet gets super-hot
and partially vaporized
and partially vaporized
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Planeta postaje veoma vrela
i delimično isparava
i delimično isparava
04:39
from the energy of the impact.
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od energije udarca.
04:43
But the data didn't look like a planet.
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Međutim, podaci nisu ličili na planetu.
04:45
It looked really strange.
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Izgledali su veoma čudno.
04:47
The planet was weirdly
connected to the disc.
connected to the disc.
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Planeta je neobično
bila povezana s diskom.
bila povezana s diskom.
04:51
I got that super-excited feeling
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Javio mi se onaj superuzbudljivi osećaj
04:54
when something really wrong
might be something really interesting.
might be something really interesting.
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kada nešto krajnje pogrešno
može da bude nešto krajnje zanimljivo.
može da bude nešto krajnje zanimljivo.
05:00
In all of my calculations,
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U svim mojim proračunima,
05:01
I had assumed there was a planet
with a separate disc around it.
with a separate disc around it.
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pretpostavila sam postojanje planete
sa odvojenim diskovima oko sebe.
sa odvojenim diskovima oko sebe.
05:04
Calculating what was in the disc
was how we tested
was how we tested
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Računanjem sastava diska smo testirali
05:07
whether an impact could make the Moon.
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da li je udar mogao da stvori Mesec.
05:10
But it didn't look that simple anymore.
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Međutim, više se nije činilo tako prosto.
05:15
We were making the mistake
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Pravili smo grešku
05:18
of thinking that a planet was always
going to look like a planet.
going to look like a planet.
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smatrajući da će planeta
uvek da izgleda kao planeta.
uvek da izgleda kao planeta.
05:24
On that day, I knew that a giant impact
was making something completely new.
was making something completely new.
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Tog dana, znala sam da veliki udar
stvara nešto sasvim novo.
stvara nešto sasvim novo.
05:33
I've had eureka moments.
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Imala sam trenutke eureke.
05:35
This was not one of them.
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Ovo nije bio jedan od njih.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:38
I really didn't know what was going on.
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Zaista nisam znala šta se zbivalo.
05:42
I had this strange, new object
in front of me
in front of me
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Imala sam taj čudni,
novi objekat ispred sebe,
novi objekat ispred sebe,
05:44
and the challenge
to try and figure it out.
to try and figure it out.
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kao i izazov da pokušam da ga razumem.
05:48
What do you do when faced
with the unknown?
with the unknown?
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Šta radite kada se suočite sa nepoznatim?
05:52
How do you even start?
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Kako uopšte da otpočnete?
05:55
We questioned everything:
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Sve smo dovodili u pitanje:
05:57
What is a planet?
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šta je planeta?
05:58
When is a planet no longer
a planet anymore?
a planet anymore?
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Kada planeta više nije planeta?
06:01
We played with new ideas.
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Poigravali smo se s novim idejama.
Morali smo se otarasiti
starog načina razmišljanja
starog načina razmišljanja
06:04
We had to get rid
of our old way of thinking,
of our old way of thinking,
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06:07
and by playing, I could
throw away all of the data,
throw away all of the data,
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i poigravajući se, mogla sam
da odbacim sve podatke,
da odbacim sve podatke,
06:10
all of the rules of the real world,
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sva pravila stvarnog sveta
06:12
and free my mind to explore.
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i oslobodim um da istražuje.
06:16
And by making a mental space
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A stvarajući mentalni prostor
06:19
where I could try out outrageous ideas
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na kom sam mogla da isprobavam
skandalozne ideje
skandalozne ideje
06:23
and then bring them back
into the real world to test them,
into the real world to test them,
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i da ih potom vratim
u stvarni svet radi testiranja,
u stvarni svet radi testiranja,
06:27
I could learn.
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bila sam u stanju da učim.
06:31
And by playing, we learned so much.
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A poigravajući se,
naučili smo toliko toga.
naučili smo toliko toga.
06:34
I combined my lab experiments
with computer models
with computer models
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Kombinovala sam eksperimente
iz laboratorije sa kompjuterskim modelima
iz laboratorije sa kompjuterskim modelima
06:38
and discovered that
after most giant impacts,
after most giant impacts,
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i otkrila sam da je nakon
većine velikih udara
većine velikih udara
06:40
the Earth is so hot, there's no surface.
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Zemlja toliko vrela da nema površinu.
06:43
There's just a deep layer of gas
that gets denser and denser with depth.
that gets denser and denser with depth.
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Postoji samo duboki sloj gasa
koji postaje sve gušći sa dubinom.
koji postaje sve gušći sa dubinom.
06:47
The Earth would have been like Jupiter.
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Zemlja bi izgledala kao Jupiter.
06:49
There's nothing to stand on.
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Bez ičega na šta biste stali.
06:52
And that was just part of the problem.
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A to je tek bio deo problema.
06:55
I wanted to understand the whole problem.
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Želela sam da razumem čitav problem.
06:58
I couldn't let go of the challenge
to figure out what was really going on
to figure out what was really going on
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Nisam mogla da odustanem od izazova
razumevanja šta se zaista zbiva
razumevanja šta se zaista zbiva
07:02
in giant impacts.
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tokom velikih udara.
07:04
It took almost two years
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Trebalo nam je skoro dve godine
07:07
of throwing away old ideas
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odbacivanja starih ideja
07:09
and building new ones
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i stvaranja novih
07:11
that we understood the data
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da razumemo podatke
07:14
and knew what it meant for the Moon.
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i shvatimo šta to znači za Mesec.
07:17
I discovered a new type
of astronomical object.
of astronomical object.
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Otkrila sam novi tip astronomskog objekta.
07:23
It's not a planet.
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Ne radi se o planeti.
07:25
It's made from planets.
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Sačinjen je od planeta.
07:27
A planet is a body whose self-gravity
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Planeta je telo
čija je sopstvena gravitacija
čija je sopstvena gravitacija
07:30
is strong enough to give it
its rounded shape.
its rounded shape.
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dovoljno jaka da mu podari sferni oblik.
07:32
It spins around all together.
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Vrti se u celosti oko sebe.
07:35
Make it hotter and spin it faster,
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Ukoliko postane toplija i vrti se brže,
07:38
the equator gets bigger and bigger
until it reaches a tipping point.
until it reaches a tipping point.
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ekvator postaje sve veći
dok ne dosegne prelomnu tačku.
dok ne dosegne prelomnu tačku.
07:42
Push past the tipping point,
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Pogurajte je preko prelomne tačke
07:44
and the material at the equator
spreads into a disc.
spreads into a disc.
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i materijal u predelu ekvatora
se širi i postaje disk.
se širi i postaje disk.
07:48
It's now broken all the rules
of being a planet.
of being a planet.
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U tom trentuku krši sva pravila
koja je čine planetom.
koja je čine planetom.
07:52
It can't spin around together anymore,
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Više ne može u celosti
da se obrće oko sebe,
da se obrće oko sebe,
07:54
its shape keeps changing
as it gets bigger and bigger;
as it gets bigger and bigger;
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oblik joj se sve više menja
kako postaje sve veća;
kako postaje sve veća;
planeta je postala nešto sasvim novo.
07:57
the planet has become something new.
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08:00
We gave our discovery its name:
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Imenovali smo naše otkriće:
08:04
synestia.
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sinestija.
08:06
We named it after the goddess Hestia,
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Imenovali smo ga po boginji Hestiji,
08:08
the Greek goddess of the hearth and home,
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grčkoj boginji ognjišta i doma
08:10
because we think the Earth became one.
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jer smatramo da je Zemlja postala dom.
08:13
The prefix means "all together,"
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Prefiks znači „sveukupno”,
08:14
to emphasize the connection
between all of the material.
between all of the material.
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kako bi se naglasila veza
između svih materijala.
između svih materijala.
08:18
A synestia is what a planet becomes
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Sinestija je ono što planeta postaje
08:21
when heat and spin push it over the limit
of a spheroidal shape.
of a spheroidal shape.
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kada je toplota i obrtanje odgurnu
mimo granica sfernog oblika.
mimo granica sfernog oblika.
08:27
Would you like to see a synestia?
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Da li biste želeli da vidite sinestiju?
08:30
(Cheers)
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(Klicanje)
08:33
In this visualization
of one of my simulations,
of one of my simulations,
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U ovoj vizualizaciji
jedne od mojih simulacija,
jedne od mojih simulacija,
08:37
the young Earth is already spinning
quickly from a previous giant impact.
quickly from a previous giant impact.
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mlada Zemlja se već obrće brzo
zbog prethodnog velikog udara.
zbog prethodnog velikog udara.
08:42
Its shape is deformed, but our planet
would be recognizable
would be recognizable
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Izobličena je, ali je naša planeta
i dalje prepoznatljiva
i dalje prepoznatljiva
08:45
by the water on its surface.
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po vodi na površini.
08:48
The energy from the impact
vaporizes the surface,
vaporizes the surface,
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Zbog energije od udara,
njena površina isparava,
njena površina isparava,
08:52
the water, the atmosphere,
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voda, atmosfera.
08:54
and mixes all of the gases together
in just a few hours.
in just a few hours.
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I svi gasovi se međusobno izmešaju
za svega nekoliko sati.
za svega nekoliko sati.
08:59
We discovered that many
giant impacts make synestias,
giant impacts make synestias,
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Otkrili smo da mnogi
veliki udari stvaraju sinestije,
veliki udari stvaraju sinestije,
09:03
but these burning, bright objects
don't live very long.
don't live very long.
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ali ovi plamteći,
jarki objekti ne žive dugo.
jarki objekti ne žive dugo.
09:06
They cool down, shrink
and turn back into planets.
and turn back into planets.
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Hlade se, skupljaju
i ponovo postaju planete.
i ponovo postaju planete.
09:11
While rocky planets
like Earth were growing,
like Earth were growing,
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Dok su stenovite planete,
poput Zemlje, rasle,
poput Zemlje, rasle,
09:13
they probably turned into synestias
one or more times.
one or more times.
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verovatno su postajale sinestije
jednom ili više puta.
jednom ili više puta.
09:19
A synestia gives us a new way to solve
the problem of the origin of the Moon.
the problem of the origin of the Moon.
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Sinestija nam pruža novi način
rešavanja problema nastanka Meseca.
rešavanja problema nastanka Meseca.
09:26
We propose that the Moon formed
inside a huge, vaporous synestia.
inside a huge, vaporous synestia.
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Naša je pretpostavka da je Mesec oblikovan
unutar ogromne, isparavajuće sinestije.
unutar ogromne, isparavajuće sinestije.
09:34
The Moon grew from magma rain
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Mesec je rastao zbog kiša od magme
09:37
that condensed out of the rock vapor.
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koje su se kondenzovale
iz isparavanja stena.
iz isparavanja stena.
09:41
The Moon's special connection to Earth
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Mesečeva posebna veza sa Zemljom
09:43
is because the Moon formed
inside the Earth
inside the Earth
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postoji zato što je Mesec
nastao unutar Zemlje
nastao unutar Zemlje
09:46
when Earth was a synestia.
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kada je Zemlja bila sinestija.
09:49
The Moon could have orbited
inside the synestia for years,
inside the synestia for years,
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Mesec je mogao da kruži
unutar sinestije godinama,
unutar sinestije godinama,
09:53
hidden from view.
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skriven od pogleda.
09:56
The Moon is revealed by the synestia
cooling and shrinking
cooling and shrinking
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Mesec je otkriven tokom
sinestijinog hlađenja i skupljanja
sinestijinog hlađenja i skupljanja
10:01
inside of its orbit.
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unutar njene orbite.
10:06
The synestia turns into planet Earth
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Sinestija se pretvorila u planetu Zemlju
10:09
only after cooling
for hundreds of years longer.
for hundreds of years longer.
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tek nakon što se hladila
još stotinama godina.
još stotinama godina.
10:14
In our new theory,
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U našoj novoj teoriji,
10:16
the giant impact makes a synestia,
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veliki udar stvara sinestiju,
10:19
and the synestia divides
into two new bodies,
into two new bodies,
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a sinestija se cepa u dva nova tela,
10:23
creating our isotopically
identical Earth and Moon.
identical Earth and Moon.
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stvarajući našu Zemlju i Mesec
koji su izotopski identični.
koji su izotopski identični.
10:29
Synestias have been created
throughout the universe.
throughout the universe.
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Sinestije su nastajale širom univerzuma.
10:34
And we only just realized that
by finding them in our imagination:
by finding them in our imagination:
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A mi smo to tek sad shvatili,
otkrivajući ih u našoj mašti.
otkrivajući ih u našoj mašti.
10:40
What else am I missing
in the world around me?
in the world around me?
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Šta mi i dalje promiče
u svetu koji me okružuje?
u svetu koji me okružuje?
10:45
What is hidden from my view
by my own assumptions?
by my own assumptions?
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Šta mi se skriva od pogleda
zbog mojih sopstvenih pretpostavki?
zbog mojih sopstvenih pretpostavki?
10:51
The next time you look at the Moon,
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Sledeći put kada pogledate u Mesec,
10:53
remember:
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setite se:
10:55
the things you think you know
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stvari koje mislite da znate
10:58
may be the opportunity to discover
something truly amazing.
something truly amazing.
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mogu da budu prilike da otkrijete
nešto istinski zadivljujuće.
nešto istinski zadivljujuće.
11:05
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sarah T. Stewart - Planetary scientistSarah T. Stewart specializes in the study of collisions in the solar system.
Why you should listen
Sarah T. Stewart has been a Professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Davis since 2014, following 11 years as a Professor at Harvard University. A planetary scientist and MacArthur Fellow, she specializes in the study of collisions in the solar system and directs the Shock Compression Laboratory, which uses light gas guns to study shock waves in planetary materials. Stewart is best known for proposing a new model for the origin of the Moon, and she is dedicated to public outreach in the planetary sciences.
Sarah T. Stewart | Speaker | TED.com