TEDxSanMigueldeAllende
Aleph Molinari: Let's bridge the digital divide!
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Five billion people can’t use the Internet. Aleph Molinari empowers the digitally excluded by giving them access to computers and the know-how to use them.
(Filmed at TEDxSanMigueldeAllende.)
Aleph Molinari - Economist, techno-activist
Through education and technology-focused community centers, Aleph Molinari empowers the 5 billion people who cannot access or use the Internet and other technologies. Full bio
Through education and technology-focused community centers, Aleph Molinari empowers the 5 billion people who cannot access or use the Internet and other technologies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:08
The digital divide is a mother
that's 45 years old and can't get a job,
that's 45 years old and can't get a job,
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数字鸿沟是
一位45岁母亲找工作的绊脚石，
一位45岁母亲找工作的绊脚石，
00:12
because she doesn't know
how to use a computer.
how to use a computer.
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因为她不会使用电脑；
是一位新移民不知道
如何才能免费和他的家人联系；
如何才能免费和他的家人联系；
00:14
It is an immigrant that doesn't know
that he can call his family for free.
that he can call his family for free.
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00:18
It is a child who can't
resolve his homework,
resolve his homework,
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是一个孩子没办法完成他的作业，
因为他不知道
如何才能找到他需要的信息。
如何才能找到他需要的信息。
00:21
because he doesn't have
access to information.
access to information.
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数字鸿沟导致了新“文盲”的涌现。
00:24
The digital divide is a new illiteracy.
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00:26
"Digital divide" is also defined as:
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“数字鸿沟”也可以被定义为：
00:28
the gap between individuals
and communities
and communities
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那些有信息技术资源的个人和社区
00:30
that have access
to information technologies
to information technologies
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和那些没有信息技术资源的
个人和社区之间的鸿沟。
个人和社区之间的鸿沟。
00:32
and those that don't.
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这种现象是怎么来的呢？
我认为有三个原因。
我认为有三个原因。
00:34
Why does this happen?
It happens because of 3 things.
It happens because of 3 things.
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第一是人们因为没有钱
而无法接触到这些技术。
而无法接触到这些技术。
00:36
The first is that people can't get
access to these technologies
access to these technologies
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00:40
because they can't afford them.
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00:41
The second is because
they don't know how to use them.
they don't know how to use them.
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第二是因为他们不知道
如何使用这些技术。
如何使用这些技术。
第三是因为他们不知道
这些科技能为他们带来哪些好处。
这些科技能为他们带来哪些好处。
00:44
The third is because they don't know
the benefits derived from technology.
the benefits derived from technology.
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让我们来看看一些非常简单的数据：
00:47
So let's consider
some very basic statistics.
some very basic statistics.
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00:51
The population of the world
is nearly seven billion people.
is nearly seven billion people.
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世界上的人口接近70亿人，
00:55
Out of these, approximately two billion
are digitally included.
are digitally included.
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其中大约有20亿人是
生活在这个数字世界里的。
生活在这个数字世界里的。
00:58
This is approximately 30%
of the entire world population,
of the entire world population,
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这大概占到世界总人口的30%，
也就是说剩下的70%，
01:02
which means that the remaining
70% of the world --
70% of the world --
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将近50亿人，
01:07
close to five billion people --
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没有电脑或网络。
01:09
do not have access
to a computer or the internet.
to a computer or the internet.
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01:12
Let's think about
that number for a second.
that number for a second.
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让我们仔细思考一下这个数据。
01:14
Five billion people; that's four
times the population of India,
times the population of India,
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50亿人，是印度人口的四倍；
他们从来没有
接触过电脑或者互联网。
接触过电脑或者互联网。
01:19
that have never touched a computer,
have never accessed the internet.
have never accessed the internet.
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01:22
So this is a digital abyss
that we're talking about,
that we're talking about,
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所以这何止是个数字鸿沟，
简直就是一个数字深渊。
01:25
this is not a digital divide.
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这是 Chris Harrison 绘制的地图，
01:26
Here we can see a map by Chris Harrison
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01:28
that shows the internet connections
around the world.
around the world.
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显示了世界各地的网络使用情况。
我们看到，网络连接最密集的地区
01:31
What we can see is that most
of the internet connections
of the internet connections
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01:34
are centered on North America and Europe,
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是北美和欧洲。
而剩下的地区则仍被笼罩在
数字鸿沟的阴影中。
数字鸿沟的阴影中。
01:36
while the rest of the world is engulfed
in the dark shadow of digital divide.
in the dark shadow of digital divide.
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接着我们可以看到
城市与城市之间的连接，
城市与城市之间的连接，
01:40
Next, we can see connections,
city-to-city, around the world,
city-to-city, around the world,
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01:44
and we can see that most
of the information generated
of the information generated
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而信息生产和流通最多的地方
01:46
is being generated
between North America and Europe,
between North America and Europe,
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仍旧是北美和欧洲，
01:50
while the rest of the world is not
broadcasting their ideas or information.
broadcasting their ideas or information.
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而其它地方
没有在传播自己的信息或思想。
没有在传播自己的信息或思想。
01:53
So what does this mean?
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那这是什么意思呢？
01:56
We are living in a world that seems
to be having a digital revolution,
to be having a digital revolution,
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虽然我们似乎生活在
一个正在发生数字革命的世界，
一个正在发生数字革命的世界，
02:01
a revolution that everyone here
thinks that we're part of,
thinks that we're part of,
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一场在座的所有人都认为
我们正在参与的革命，
我们正在参与的革命，
但是世界上还有70%的人
却被排除在这个世界之外。
却被排除在这个世界之外。
02:05
but the 70% of the world that is
digitally excluded is not part of this.
digitally excluded is not part of this.
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这代表着什么？
02:09
What does this mean?
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02:10
Well, the people that will be digitally
excluded won't be able to compete
excluded won't be able to compete
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没有接触过数字世界的人们，
无法在未来的劳动力市场里竞争，
02:14
in the labor markets of the future,
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无法与世界连接，
无法获得信息，
无法获得信息，
02:16
they won't be connected,
they'll be less informed,
they'll be less informed,
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无法获得灵感，
02:18
they'll be less inspired
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也无法承担起责任。
02:20
and they'll be less responsible.
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互联网不应该是一件奢侈品，
它应该是一项权利，
它应该是一项权利，
02:21
Internet should not be a luxury,
it should be a right,
it should be a right,
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02:24
because it is a basic social necessity
of the 21st century.
of the 21st century.
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因为在21世纪，互联网已是
社会的必需品。
社会的必需品。
没有互联网，世界无法运转。
02:28
We can't operate without it.
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（掌声）
02:29
(Applause)
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谢谢。
02:32
Thank you.
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02:33
It allows us to connect to the world.
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互联网让我们得以连接世界。
网络给了我们力量。
02:36
It empowers us.
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02:37
It gives us social participation.
It is a tool for change.
It is a tool for change.
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网络使我们能够参与社会，
成就改变。
成就改变。
02:42
And so, how are we going
to bridge this digital divide?
to bridge this digital divide?
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所以我们到底应该
怎么越过这个“数字鸿沟”呢？
怎么越过这个“数字鸿沟”呢？
02:46
Well, there are many models
that try and bridge the digital divide,
that try and bridge the digital divide,
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的确，有不少模型试图消除数字鸿沟，
02:50
that try and include
the population at large.
the population at large.
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并争取让大多数人进入数字世界。
02:53
But the question is:
Are they really working?
Are they really working?
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但问题是：有作用吗？
02:56
I'm sure everybody here
knows One Laptop per Child,
knows One Laptop per Child,
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让我们看看“一孩一电脑”
（OLPC）这个项目：
（OLPC）这个项目：
每个孩子会收到一台电脑。
02:59
where one computer is given to one child.
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问题是，
03:02
The problem with this is,
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03:04
do we really want children
to take computers to their homes,
to take computers to their homes,
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我们真的想让孩子把电脑带回到
03:07
homes that have adverse conditions?
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他们条件有限的家里吗？
03:09
And we also must understand
that by giving a child a computer,
that by giving a child a computer,
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要知道，在给孩子电脑的同时，
我们也在转让成本，很高的成本，
03:12
we're also transferring costs,
very high costs,
very high costs,
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03:15
such as internet connection, electricity,
maintenance, software, updates.
maintenance, software, updates.
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如网络连接、电力、
维护、软件、更新等等。
维护、软件、更新等等。
03:21
So we must create different models,
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所以我们必须创造不同的模型，
03:22
models that help the families
rather than add a burden on them.
rather than add a burden on them.
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能给家庭提供帮助
而不是带来负担的模型。
而不是带来负担的模型。
03:27
Also, let's not forget
about the carbon footprint.
about the carbon footprint.
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还有，我们别把碳足迹给忘了。
03:30
Imagine five billion laptops.
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想象一下50亿台电脑。
03:33
What would the world look like then?
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那时的世界会是怎么样的？
03:35
Imagine the hazardous residue
that would be generated from that.
that would be generated from that.
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想象下这会带来的有害垃圾，
想想这垃圾。
03:38
Imagine the trash.
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03:39
So if we give one computer to one person,
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如果我们给每人1台笔记本电脑，
03:43
and we multiply that times five billion,
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乘50亿，
即使每台电脑100美元（650人民币），
03:47
even if that laptop is a hundred dollars,
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03:49
then we would have 483 trillion dollars.
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那就是483万亿美元。
03:53
Now let's consider we're only counting
the youth, ages 10 to 24.
the youth, ages 10 to 24.
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现在让我们只考虑10~24岁的青年，
03:58
That's approximately 30%
of the digitally excluded population.
of the digitally excluded population.
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他们占生活在数字世界之外的
总人口的30%左右。
总人口的30%左右。
04:02
Then that would be 145 trillion dollars.
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那就是145万亿美元。
04:04
What nation has this amount of money?
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世界上哪个国家有这一笔钱呢？
04:07
This is not a sustainable model.
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这不是一个可持续发展的模型。
考虑到这些，
我们创造了一个不同的模型。
我们创造了一个不同的模型。
04:09
So with this in mind,
we created a different model.
we created a different model.
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04:11
We created the RIA, in Spanish,
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我们创造了RIA 模型，
04:14
or in English, Learning
and Innovation Network,
and Innovation Network,
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也就是，学习和创新网络。
04:16
which is a network of community centers
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它是一系列配备电脑设备的社区中心，
04:19
that bring education
through the use of technology.
through the use of technology.
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通过科技促进教育。
04:21
We wanted to increase the number
of users per computer in such a way
of users per computer in such a way
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我们想增加每台电脑的用户量，
这样可以降低设备的成本，
平均到每个用户的成本，
平均到每个用户的成本，
04:24
that we could dilute the cost
of infrastructure, the cost per user,
of infrastructure, the cost per user,
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04:28
and that we could bring
education and technology
education and technology
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让我们可以真正把教育和技术，
04:30
to everybody within these communities.
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带给这些社区中的每一个人。
04:33
Let's look at a basic comparison.
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让我们看个基本的对比：
04:36
The RIA has 1,650 computers.
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RIA 有1650台电脑。
04:39
If we had used
the One Laptop per Child model
the One Laptop per Child model
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如果我们用“一孩一电脑”
(OLPC) 的模型——
(OLPC) 的模型——
04:42
of a 1 to 1 ratio,
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小孩和电脑1:1的比例，
04:43
then we would have benefited 1,650 users.
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那我们只能服务1650个用户。
而我们则是成立了多个中心，
04:47
What we did instead is set up centers
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04:50
that have longer hours
of operation than schools,
of operation than schools,
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营业时间比学校还长，
04:53
that also include all of the population --
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也面向所有人群：
04:56
our youngest user is 3 years old,
the oldest is 86 --
the oldest is 86 --
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我们最小的用户3岁，最大的86岁。
05:00
and with this, in less than two years,
we were able to reach 140,000 users,
we were able to reach 140,000 users,
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就这样，我们在不到两年的时间
服务了14万用户
服务了14万用户
05:06
out of which --
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其中有－－
05:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
05:09
Thank you.
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谢谢。
05:11
out of which, 34,000 have already
graduated from our courses.
graduated from our courses.
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其中有34000人
已经完成了我们的课程。
已经完成了我们的课程。
05:15
Another thing with One Laptop per Child
is that it doesn't guarantee
is that it doesn't guarantee
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“一孩一电脑” (OLPC) 的
另一个问题是它也不能保证
另一个问题是它也不能保证
05:18
the educational use of a computer.
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电脑会真的用在教育上。
05:20
Technology is nothing
without that content.
without that content.
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技术如果没了内容就没有意义。
05:22
We need to use it
as a means, not as an end.
as a means, not as an end.
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我们需要把它当作工具，
而不是目的。
而不是目的。
05:26
How did we accomplish such a high impact?
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那我们是如何取得这样的成效的呢？
05:31
Well, you can't just go into a community
and pretend to change it,
and pretend to change it,
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改变一个社区需要实实在在的行动，
05:34
you need to look at a lot of factors.
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你需要考虑很多因素。
05:36
So what we do is a thing
we call "urban acupuncture."
we call "urban acupuncture."
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我们把我们采取的方法
称之为“城市针灸”：
称之为“城市针灸”：
05:39
We first start by looking
at the basic geography of a site.
at the basic geography of a site.
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我们先了解目标地点的基本地理特征。
举个例子，我们来看Ecatepec：
05:42
So take, for example, Ecatepec.
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05:44
This is one of the most densely
populated municipalities in Mexico.
populated municipalities in Mexico.
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墨西哥人口最集中的城市之一。
05:49
It has a very low income level.
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这里的人们收入非常低。
05:52
So we look at the basic geography,
we look at roads, streets,
we look at roads, streets,
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我们会了解基本的地理信息，
我们会看公路、街道、
我们会看公路、街道、
05:55
the flux of pedestrians and vehicles.
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行人和车辆的流动。
05:58
Then we look at income,
we look at education.
we look at education.
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我们还会看收入、教育等。
06:00
Then we set up a center there
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然后我们再在可以治愈社区的地方
建立一个中心，
06:04
in the place that's going
to heal the body,
to heal the body,
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在那里插一根针，
以改变整个城市的健康状况。
以改变整个城市的健康状况。
06:06
a little needle to change the city body.
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06:11
And there we go.
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这样就行了。
06:12
And so, there are four basic elements
that we need to consider
that we need to consider
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当我们想要通过科技促进教育时，
06:15
when we're using education
through technology.
through technology.
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我们需要考虑四个基本的要素：
06:19
The first one is we need to create spaces.
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第一，我们需要建立空间。
06:22
We need to create a space
that is welcoming to the community,
that is welcoming to the community,
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我们需要建立
对社区成员友好的空间，
对社区成员友好的空间，
一个考虑了社区所有人需求的空间，
06:25
a space that is according to the needs
of the children and of the elders
of the children and of the elders
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06:31
and of every possible person
that lives within that community.
that lives within that community.
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从老人到小孩，
每一个生活在社区的人。
每一个生活在社区的人。
06:35
So we create these spaces
that are all made with recycled materials.
that are all made with recycled materials.
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我们的空间
用的都是回收过的材料。
用的都是回收过的材料。
06:39
We use modular architecture
to lower the ecological impact.
to lower the ecological impact.
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为了环保，我们用了模块化建筑
以减少生态影响。
以减少生态影响。
第二个要素是，连接。
06:44
And second, connection.
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06:48
By connection, I mean not only
a connection to the internet,
a connection to the internet,
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这里我说的不只是网络连接，
那没什么难的。
06:51
that's too easy.
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06:53
We need to create a connection
that's an interconnection of humans.
that's an interconnection of humans.
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我们需要的是
建立人与人之间的连接。
建立人与人之间的连接。
06:56
The internet is a very complex organism
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互联网是一个非常复杂的生物。
07:01
that is fueled of the ideas, the thoughts
and the emotions of human beings.
and the emotions of human beings.
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它的燃料是想法，
人们的思想和情感。
人们的思想和情感。
07:05
We need to create networks
that aid in exchanging information.
that aid in exchanging information.
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我们需要的是
帮助人们交换信息的网络。
帮助人们交换信息的网络。
07:10
Third, content.
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第三个要素，内容。
没有内容的教育什么也不是。
07:12
Education is nothing without content.
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07:14
And you can't pretend
to have a relationship
to have a relationship
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你不能塞给每个孩子一台电脑
07:16
of only a computer with a child.
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就算完事了。
07:18
So we create a route,
a very basic learning route,
a very basic learning route,
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所以我们打造了一个路径，
一个很基础的学习路径。
一个很基础的学习路径。
07:23
where we teach people
how to use a computer,
how to use a computer,
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我们教人们怎么用电脑，
07:26
how to use the internet,
how to use office software,
how to use office software,
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怎么用互联网，怎么用办公软件。
07:28
and in 72 hours,
we create digital citizens.
we create digital citizens.
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就这样，72小时内，
我们教出了数字公民。
我们教出了数字公民。
07:32
You can't pretend that people
are just going to touch a computer
are just going to touch a computer
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你不能假装
人们只要触碰了电脑
人们只要触碰了电脑
就能马上融入数字世界；
07:35
and become digitally included,
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你需要一个过程。
07:36
you need to have a process.
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在基础教学后，人们方可
继续更长远的教育之路。
继续更长远的教育之路。
07:38
And after this, then they can take on
a longer educational route.
a longer educational route.
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07:41
And then fourth, training.
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第四个要素，训练。
07:45
We need to train not only the users,
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我们需要训练的不只是用户，
还有会帮助这些用户学习的人们。
07:48
but we need to train the people
that will facilitate learning
that will facilitate learning
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07:51
for these people.
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说到数字鸿沟时，
人们会感到耻辱、恐惧；
人们会感到耻辱、恐惧；
07:52
When you're talking about
the digital divide,
the digital divide,
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07:54
people have stigmas, people have fears;
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人们不理解技术如何可以
改善他们的生活。
改善他们的生活。
07:56
people don't understand how
it can complement their lives.
it can complement their lives.
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所以我们会训练工作人员，
07:59
So what we do is train facilitators
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08:01
so that they can help
in breaking that digital barrier.
in breaking that digital barrier.
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让他们可以为
打破数字鸿沟出一份力。
打破数字鸿沟出一份力。
08:06
So, we have four elements:
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总结一下，我们有四个要素：
08:08
we have a space that's created,
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我们有创造好的空间，
08:10
we have a connection,
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我们有连接，
08:12
we have content and we have training.
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我们有内容，我们有训练。
08:14
We have created
a digital learning community.
a digital learning community.
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我们创造了一个数字学习的社区。
08:16
But there is one more element,
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但其实还有一个元素，
08:18
which is the benefits
that technology can create,
that technology can create,
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就是技术可以带来的好处，
因为数字世界不是固定的。
08:23
because it is not printed, static content.
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08:25
It is dynamic; it is modifiable.
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它是动态的，可以改变的。
08:28
So we have we do is, we provide
content, then we do training,
content, then we do training,
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所以我们做的是提供内容和教学，
08:32
then we analyze the user patterns
so that we can improve content.
so that we can improve content.
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然后通过分析
用户的使用情况来改进内容。
用户的使用情况来改进内容。
这形成了一个良性循环。
08:36
So it creates a virtuous circle.
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08:37
It allows us to deliver education
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这样我们可以根据
不同信息种类和使用者需求
不同信息种类和使用者需求
08:39
according to different
types of intelligence
types of intelligence
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08:41
and according to different user needs.
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来提供合适的教育。
08:43
With this in mind,
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鉴于这一点，
08:46
we have to think that technology
is something that can modify
is something that can modify
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我们应该把技术视作一个
我们可以根据人类需求进行调整的东西。
我们可以根据人类需求进行调整的东西。
08:51
according to human processes.
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08:53
I want to share a story.
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我想分享一个故事。
08:55
In 2006, I went to live here.
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2006年，我去了这里。
08:57
This is one of the poorest
communities in all of Mexico.
communities in all of Mexico.
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这是墨西哥最贫穷的社区之一。
09:01
I went to film a documentary
on the people that live off trash,
on the people that live off trash,
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我是去拍摄一个纪录片，
记录这些以垃圾为生的人，
记录这些以垃圾为生的人，
真的全部都靠垃圾：
房子是用垃圾建的，
房子是用垃圾建的，
09:04
entirely of trash -- their houses
are built with trash,
are built with trash,
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吃的是垃圾，穿的是垃圾。
09:06
they eat trash, they dress in trash.
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和他们住了两个月后，
09:08
And after two months of living with them,
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我看到那些孩子及他们的工作方式，
09:10
of seeing the children
and the way they work,
and the way they work,
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09:13
I understood that the only thing
that can change
that can change
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我理解了唯一可以改变现状，
09:16
and that can break the poverty
cycle is education.
cycle is education.
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可以打破贫穷循环的东西
就是教育。
就是教育。
09:19
And we can use technology
to bring education to these communities.
to bring education to these communities.
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而我们可以通过科技
把教育带到这些社区。
把教育带到这些社区。
09:24
Here is another shot.
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这是另一张照片。
09:26
The main message is that technology
is not going to save the world;
is not going to save the world;
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通过这个故事我想说的是，
科技不会拯救世界；
科技不会拯救世界；
09:32
we are, and we can use
technology to help us.
technology to help us.
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我们才行，而我们可以
利用科技来帮助我们。
利用科技来帮助我们。
09:36
I'm sure everybody here
has experienced it;
has experienced it;
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我相信在座的各位也都有此经历；
09:39
what moves technology is human energy.
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科技的推动来源于人类的力量。
09:41
So let's use this energy
to make the world a better place.
to make the world a better place.
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所以让我们用这力量
把世界变得更美好吧！
把世界变得更美好吧！
09:44
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
09:45
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aleph Molinari - Economist, techno-activistThrough education and technology-focused community centers, Aleph Molinari empowers the 5 billion people who cannot access or use the Internet and other technologies.
Why you should listen
Economist Aleph Molinari is working to close the digital divide and empower people by providing access to technology education. In 2008, he founded Fundación Proacceso, and in 2009 launched the Learning and Innovation network, which uses community centers to educate under-served communities about different technologies and tools. To date, the network has graduated 28,000 users through 42 educational centers throughout Mexico.
Aleph Molinari | Speaker | TED.com