TED2013
Christopher Ryan: Are we designed to be sexual omnivores?
克里斯.莱恩: 命中注定我们是性杂食动物吗？
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Readability: 4.7
2,237,814 views
一个渗入亲密关系的现代视角：男人和女人总是一对一的性关系。但是在农业社会的黎明前，人类也许实际上相当淫乱。作者克里斯.莱恩让我们看到人类是天然性杂食动物的争议的证据。希望有一种更加细致入微的理解可以把这种歧视，羞耻和某种杀伤亲密关系的期待打上句号，
Christopher Ryan - Psychologist
The co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality. Full bio
The co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm going to go off script
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我将现场即兴发挥，
00:13
and make Chris quite nervous here
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来让克里斯感到很紧张，
00:15
by making this audience participation.
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为了达到这个目标，我希望有
现场观众的参与。
现场观众的参与。
00:18
All right. Are you with me? Yeah. Yeah. All right.
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大家愿意帮忙么？
恩 很好。
恩 很好。
00:21
So what I'd like to do is have you raise your hand
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在场的朋友，如果你曾听过
一对异性情侣做爱的声音，
一对异性情侣做爱的声音，
00:23
if you've ever heard a
heterosexual couple having sex.
heterosexual couple having sex.
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请举手。
00:27
Could be the neighbors, hotel room,
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他们可以是你的邻居，
酒店里的陌生人，
酒店里的陌生人，
00:30
your parents. Sorry.
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或者你的父母。不好意思。
00:32
Okay. Pretty much everybody.
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好，几乎每个人都举手了。
00:34
Now raise your hand if the man was making
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现在，如果你听到做爱时
00:35
more noise than the woman.
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男性发出的声音高于女性的，
请举手。
00:39
I see one guy there.
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我看到一位先生举手了。
00:41
It doesn't count if it was you, sir.
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如果那个人就是你的话，
这可不算哦。
这可不算哦。
00:43
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:44
So his hand's down. And one woman. Okay.
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他把手放下了。有位女士举手了,
00:48
Sitting next to a loud guy.
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她坐在一个大嗓门的男士旁边。
00:50
Now what does this tell us?
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这个反映了什么呢？
00:52
It tells us that human beings
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这说明人类在做爱的时候
00:53
make noise when they have sex,
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会发出声音，
00:55
and it's generally the woman who makes more noise.
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而且通常情况下女性的声音高于男性。
00:57
This is known as female copulatory vocalization
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这种现象被许多科学家
称作女性交配发声现象。
01:00
to the clipboard crowd.
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01:01
I wasn't even going to mention this,
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我本来不打算讲这个的，
01:03
but somebody told me that Meg Ryan might be here,
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但是听说梅格·瑞恩也可能在场，
01:06
and she is the world's most famous
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在做爱呻吟方面，
01:09
female copulatory vocalizer.
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她是世界上最有名的女交配发声演员。
01:11
So I thought, got to talk about that.
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所以我决定，一定要说说这件事。
01:13
We'll get back to that a little bit later.
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等下我们会回到这个话题。
01:16
Let me start by saying human beings
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首先，我想说的是，
人类并不是由猿类进化而成的。
01:18
are not descended from apes,
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01:20
despite what you may have heard. We are apes.
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请抛弃你所听过的各种理论，
我们就是猿猴。
我们就是猿猴。
01:22
We are more closely related
to the chimp and the bonobo
to the chimp and the bonobo
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我们其实与黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩更相似。
01:25
than the African elephant is to the Indian elephant,
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这个相似度高于非洲象和印度象
的相似度。
的相似度。
01:28
as Jared Diamond pointed
out in one of his early books.
out in one of his early books.
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这个理论在贾瑞德·戴蒙德
早期的著作中有写出。
早期的著作中有写出。
01:31
We're more closely related to chimps and bonobos
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与其他生物——
大猩猩、猩猩等等相比，
我们人类与黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的关系
01:36
than chimps and bonobos are related
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01:37
to any other primate --
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最为亲近。
01:39
gorillas, orangutans, what have you.
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01:41
So we're extremely closely related to them,
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所以我们跟它们很接近，
01:44
and as you'll see in terms of our behavior,
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此外，你还会发现，就我们的
行为而言
行为而言
01:47
we've got some relationship as well.
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我们它们也有一定的关系。
01:49
So what I'm asking today, the question
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那么我今天要问的问题
01:51
I want to explore with you today is,
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我今天想跟你们一起探索的是
01:54
what kind of ape are we in terms of our sexuality?
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在性能力方面我们是怎样的猿人？
01:58
Now, since Darwin's day there's been
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如今，从达尔文的时代就有了
02:00
what Cacilda and I have called
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卡西尔达和我称之为
02:02
the standard narrative of human sexual evolution,
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人类性进化的标准纲要，
02:05
and you're all familiar with it,
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而且你们都很熟悉它，
02:06
even if you haven't read this stuff.
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即使你还没有读过这个东西。
02:09
The idea is that, as part of human nature,
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它的核心是，作为人类的天性
02:12
from the beginning of our species' time,
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从我们种类开始之初，
02:14
men have sort of leased
women's reproductive potential
women's reproductive potential
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男性某种程度上租用
女性的生殖潜力
女性的生殖潜力
02:18
by providing them with certain goods and services.
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通过给她们提供一定的东西和服务。
02:22
Generally we're talking about meat, shelter, status,
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比如我们通常所说的肉，庇护的居所，
02:25
protection, things like that.
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身份，保护等东西。
02:28
And in exchange, women have offered fidelity,
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作为交换，女人给予忠诚，
02:30
or at least a promise of fidelity.
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或者至少是忠心的承诺。
02:33
Now this sets men and women up
in an oppositional relationship.
in an oppositional relationship.
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这就让男人和女人站在一种
相互对立的关系中。
相互对立的关系中。
02:37
The war between the sexes is built right into
our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
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按照这个说法，性别之间的战争
就建立在我们的DNA里面。对不对？
02:43
What Cacilda and I have argued is that no,
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但我和卡西尔达争论的是，不，
02:47
this economic relationship,
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这种经济关系，
02:49
this oppositional relationship,
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以及这种对立关系，
02:51
is actually an artifact of agriculture,
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实际上是一个农业社会的
人工副产品，
人工副产品，
02:54
which only arose about 10,000
years ago at the earliest.
years ago at the earliest.
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是最早一万年以前才形成的，
02:57
Anatomically modern human beings
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而解剖学上的现代人类
03:00
have been around for about 200,000 years,
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已经有20 万年的历史，
03:03
so we're talking about five percent, at most,
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所以，其实我们在说人类作为
现代独特的种类
现代独特的种类
03:06
of our time as a modern, distinct species.
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最多百分之五的时间，
03:10
So before agriculture,
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在农业，以及农业革命之前，
03:13
before the agricultural revolution,
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03:15
it's important to understand that human beings
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很重要的一点是理解人类
03:18
lived in hunter-gatherer groups that are
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是以狩猎采集群居的形式生活的
03:21
characterized wherever they're found in the world
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这种群居形式
无论存在于世界的哪个地方
都被人类学家称做激烈的
平均主义。
平均主义。
03:24
by what anthropologists called fierce egalitarianism.
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03:29
They not only share things,
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他们不止是分享东西
03:30
they demand that things be shared:
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他们要求东西被分享：
03:33
meat, shelter, protection, all these things
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肉类食物，藏身处，保护，
所有这些一般用来交换
03:35
that were supposedly being traded to women
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03:38
for their sexual fidelity, it turns out,
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女性性忠诚的东西，其实
03:41
are shared widely among these societies.
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在这些社会里是被广泛分享的。
03:44
Now I'm not saying that our ancestors
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我不是说我们的祖先是
03:46
were noble savages, and I'm not saying
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高尚的野人，我也不是说
03:48
modern day hunter-gatherers
are noble savages either.
are noble savages either.
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摩登的狩猎采集是高尚的野蛮行为
03:51
What I'm saying is that this is simply
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我要说的仅仅是，
这是在觅食情况下
03:53
the best way to mitigate risk
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03:55
in a foraging context.
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降低风险最好的办法。
03:57
And there's really no argument
about this among anthropologists.
about this among anthropologists.
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在人类学家中这是没有争议的。
04:00
All Cacilda and I have done is extend
this sharing behavior to sexuality.
this sharing behavior to sexuality.
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所有的卡西尔达和我做过的是
将这些分享的行为延伸到性行为
04:05
So we've argued that human sexuality
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我们的论点是，人类的性行为
04:07
has essentially evolved, until agriculture,
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直到农业社会前逐渐形成了
04:12
as a way of establishing and maintaining
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一种建立和维持复杂而灵活的
04:15
the complex, flexible social systems, networks,
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社会系统、人际关系网的方式。
04:19
that our ancestors were very good at,
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这种方式我们的祖先很在行，
04:21
and that's why our species has survived so well.
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这也是为什么我们的种族生存得很好。
04:26
Now, this makes some people uncomfortable,
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现在，以上这些会让有些人感到不自在，
04:28
and so I always need to take
a moment in these talks
a moment in these talks
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所以我总是会在这些谈话里插一句
04:31
to say, listen,
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听着，我是说我们的
祖先是淫乱的，
祖先是淫乱的，
04:32
I'm saying our ancestors were promiscuous,
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04:35
but I'm not saying they were
having sex with strangers.
having sex with strangers.
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但是我没有说他们是跟陌生人
发生性关系。
发生性关系。
04:37
There were no strangers. Right?
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根本没有陌生人，对吗？
04:39
In a hunter-gatherer band, there are no strangers.
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在狩猎采集的队伍里，没有陌生人
是因为
是因为
04:41
You've known these people your entire life.
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你已经认识这些人很久了。
04:43
So I'm saying, yes, there were
overlapping sexual relationships,
overlapping sexual relationships,
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因此我的意思是，不错，交叠的
性关系是存在的，
性关系是存在的，
04:47
that our ancestors probably had
several different sexual relationships
several different sexual relationships
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我们的祖先可能在他们
成年生活的任何时候
成年生活的任何时候
04:51
going on at any given moment in their adult lives.
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有几个不同的性关系，
04:54
But I'm not saying they were
having sex with strangers.
having sex with strangers.
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但是我并不是说他们跟
陌生人发生性关系。
陌生人发生性关系。
04:57
I'm not saying that they didn't love the
people they were having sex with.
people they were having sex with.
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也不是说他们不爱和他们
有着性关系的 人。
有着性关系的 人。
05:00
And I'm not saying there was
no pair-bonding going on.
no pair-bonding going on.
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更不是说这中间没有一夫一妻的情况，
05:03
I'm just saying it wasn't sexually exclusive.
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我只是说祖先们的性关系不是排外的。
05:06
And those of us who have
chosen to be monogamous --
chosen to be monogamous --
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而我们中间选择一夫一妻制的
05:10
my parents, for example, have been married
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比方说我的父母，已经
在一夫一妻的情况下
05:12
for 52 years monogamously,
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结婚52年，
05:15
and if it wasn't monogamously, Mom and Dad,
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如果你们不是一夫一妻的话，
妈妈和爸爸，我不想听到——
05:17
I don't want to hear about it—
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05:19
I'm not criticizing this and I'm not saying
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我不是批评一夫一妻制，
我也并不是说
05:22
there's anything wrong with this.
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一夫一妻有什么不对。
05:23
What I'm saying is that to argue
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我要说的是
05:25
that our ancestors were sexual omnivores
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争论我们的祖先是杂食动物
05:30
is no more a criticism of monogamy
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而对一夫一妻批判
05:32
than to argue that our ancestors
were dietary omnivores
were dietary omnivores
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无外乎是争论因为我们的
祖先饮食上杂食
祖先饮食上杂食
05:36
is a criticism of vegetarianism.
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而对素食者批判。
05:39
You can choose to be a vegetarian,
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你可以选择做一个素食者，
05:41
but don't think that just because
you've made that decision,
you've made that decision,
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但不要以为仅仅是因为
你做了那个决定，
你做了那个决定，
05:44
bacon suddenly stops smelling good.
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咸肉就突然闻着不香了。
05:46
Okay? So this is my point.
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是吧？这就是我的论点。
05:49
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:52
That one took a minute to sink in, huh?
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这些需要一分钟来消化吧，哈？
05:55
Now, in addition to being a great genius,
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现在，除了成为一个伟大的天才，
05:57
a wonderful man, a wonderful husband,
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一个极好的男人，一个完美的丈夫，
06:00
a wonderful father, Charles Darwin
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一个令人称奇的父亲，
查尔斯达尔文也是一个
06:01
was also a world-class Victorian prude.
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世界级的维多利亚女王时代的老古板，
06:05
All right? He was perplexed
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好吧？他对某些灵长类的性器充盈
06:07
by the sexual swellings of certain primates,
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而感到困惑，
06:10
including chimps and bonobos,
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包括黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩，
06:12
because these sexual swellings tend to provoke
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因为那些充盈的性器倾向于激发
许多雄性跟雌性交配。
06:14
many males to mate with the females.
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06:17
So he couldn't understand why on Earth would
the female have developed this thing
the female have developed this thing
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于是，他不能理解为什么雌性
会形成那些充盈的性器
会形成那些充盈的性器
06:20
if all they were supposed to be doing
is forming their pair bond, right?
is forming their pair bond, right?
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如果她们所有要做的都只是
形成它们的一夫一妻制，对吗？
06:24
Chimps and bonobos, Darwin didn't really know this,
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达尔文并不知道，
06:26
but chimps and bonobos mate
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其实黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩
在性器充盈的时候，
06:28
one to four times per hour
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06:30
with up to a dozen males per day
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每小时交配一到四次
每天可以高达十二个雄性。
06:33
when they have their sexual swellings.
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06:36
Interestingly, chimps have sexual swellings
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令人感兴趣的是，黑猩猩
06:38
through 40 percent, roughly,
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性器充盈的时间大约
06:40
of their menstrual cycle,
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是月经期间的百分之四十，
06:42
bonobos 90 percent,
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而倭黑猩猩约百分之九十，
06:45
and humans are among the
only species on the planet
only species on the planet
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人类在地球上唯一一种
06:48
where the female is available for sex
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女性可以在整个月经周期
06:50
throughout the menstrual cycle,
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进行性交的物种，
06:52
whether she's menstruating,
whether she's post-menopausal,
whether she's post-menopausal,
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不管她在经期，
或者经期后，
或者经期后，
06:55
whether she's already pregnant.
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抑或她已经怀孕。
06:56
This is vanishingly rare among mammals.
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这在哺乳动物里是很非常少见的。
07:00
So it's a very interesting aspect of human sexuality.
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所以这是人类性活动的一个有趣之处。
07:04
Now, Darwin ignored the reflections
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现在，像科学家有时倾向于做的那样，
07:07
of the sexual swelling in his own day,
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达尔文他所处的时期，
忽略了性器充盈的反映。
07:10
as scientists tend to do sometimes.
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07:14
So what we're talking about is sperm competition.
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所以我们就讲到了精子的竞争。
07:16
Now the average human ejaculate
has about 300 million sperm cells,
has about 300 million sperm cells,
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如今人类平均射出大约
三百万个精细胞
三百万个精细胞
07:20
so it's already a competitive environment.
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这已经是一个相当有
竞争性的环境，
竞争性的环境，
07:22
The question is whether these sperm are
competing against other men's sperm
competing against other men's sperm
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问题是这些精子
是在跟其它男人的精子竞争
07:26
or just their own.
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还是只跟他们自己的精子竞争。
07:27
There's a lot to talk about in this chart.
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在这个图表里要说的有很多。
07:29
The one thing I'll call your attention to right away
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我想唤起你们立即注意的一点是
07:32
is the little musical note above the
female chimp and bonobo and human.
female chimp and bonobo and human.
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在雌性黑猩猩，倭黑猩猩
和人类女性上面的小音乐符。
07:36
That indicates female copulatory vocalization.
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它表明女性交配的发声。
07:39
Just look at the numbers.
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仅仅是看这个数字
07:41
The average human has sex
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人类平均性交的次数
07:43
about 1,000 times per birth.
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大约是每次出生一千次。
如果这个数目对你们中间
07:46
If that number seems high for some of you,
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某些人来说比较高的话，
07:49
I assure you it seems low for others in the room.
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我敢肯定对这里其他人来说就比较低。
07:52
We share that ratio with chimps and bonobos.
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我们和黑猩猩、倭黑猩猩的比例类似。
07:55
We don't share it with the other three apes,
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但是我们和其它三种更典型的哺乳动物
07:57
the gorilla, the orangutan and the gibbon,
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类人猿的比例不同，
07:59
who are more typical of mammals,
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比如大猩猩，猩猩，和长臂猿。
08:01
having sex only about a dozen times per birth.
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这些类人猿每次出生大约
只有十二次性交。
只有十二次性交。
08:04
Humans and bonobos are the only
animals that have sex face-to-face
animals that have sex face-to-face
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人类和倭黑猩猩是唯一脸对脸性交的动物
08:08
when both of them are alive.
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当然是在双方都活着的时候。
08:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
08:15
And you'll see that the human, chimp and bonobo
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你还可以发现，
人类、黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩
08:19
all have external testicles, which in our book
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都有外显的睾丸，
08:21
we equate to a special fridge you have in the garage
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在我们的书中，我们把这类比成
你在车库里专门放啤酒的特殊冰箱
08:25
just for beer.
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08:27
If you're the kind of guy who has a beer fridge
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如果你在车库里有一个啤酒冰箱
08:30
in the garage, you expect a party to happen
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你知道在任何时候都会有一个派对
08:32
at any moment, and you need to be ready.
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并且你需要准备就序。
08:34
That's what the external testicles are.
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这就是外显睾丸的用途。
08:36
They keep the sperm cells cool
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他们保持精子细胞的冷静
08:39
so you can have frequent ejaculations.
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这样你可以频繁地射精。
08:41
I'm sorry. It's true.
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对不起，但这是真的。
08:45
The human, some of you will be happy to hear,
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你们中的一些人会很高兴听到这个消息，
08:48
has the largest, thickest penis of any primate.
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人类在任何灵长类中
有最大，最厚实的阴茎。
08:50
Now, this evidence goes way beyond anatomy.
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现在，证据已经不局限在解剖学。
08:53
It goes into anthropology as well.
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还包括了人类学。
08:56
Historical records are full of accounts of people
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历史记录充满了全世界人类
08:58
around the world who have sexual practices
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在我们对人类性发展的认识前提下，
09:00
that should be impossible
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09:02
given what we have assumed
about human sexual evolution.
about human sexual evolution.
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看上去几乎不可能的性实践。
09:06
These women are the Mosuo
from southwestern China.
from southwestern China.
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这些女人是中国西南部的摩梭人
09:08
In their society, everyone, men and women,
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在他们的社会里， 每一个人，
男人和女人，
男人和女人，
09:11
are completely sexually autonomous.
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都完全性独立。
09:13
There's no shame associated with sexual behavior.
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进行性活动没有任何羞耻。
09:16
Women have hundreds of partners.
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女性有几百个性伙伴。
09:18
It doesn't matter. Nobody cares.
Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
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这没有关系。
没人在乎。也没人议论，
这不是什么问题。
这不是什么问题。
09:21
When the woman becomes pregnant,
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当女人怀孕了，
09:23
the child is cared for by her,
her sisters, and her brothers.
her sisters, and her brothers.
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孩子由她，她的姐妹和她的弟兄抚养。
09:26
The biological father is a nonissue.
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生理上的父亲不是一个问题。
09:28
On the other side of the planet, in the Amazon,
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在地球的另外一面，在亚马逊
09:31
we've got many tribes which practice
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有很多部落实行着人类学家所说的
09:34
what anthropologists call partible paternity.
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父系分享制。
09:36
These people actually believe --
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这些人相信一个婴儿的形成
09:39
and they have no contact among them,
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09:41
no common language or anything,
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是所有精子的积累。
09:42
so it's not an idea that spread,
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（他们之间并不接触，也没有共同的语言，
09:44
it's an idea that's arisen around the world --
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09:46
they believe that a fetus is literally made
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所以这不是一个传播而形成的观念，
09:48
of accumulated semen.
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而是一个在世界各地兴起的观念）
09:51
So a woman who wants to have a child
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所以一个女人如果想要一个
09:53
who's smart and funny and strong
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聪明，有趣而且强壮的孩子的话
09:55
makes sure she has lots of sex with the smart guy,
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她会和聪明的男人，有趣的男人，
09:57
the funny guy and the strong guy,
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还有强壮的男人，性交很多次，
09:59
to get the essence of each of
these men into the baby,
these men into the baby,
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来使这些男人的精华遗传给孩子，
10:01
and then when the child is born,
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当孩子出生的时候，
10:03
these different men will come forward
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这些不同的男人们都会过来
10:05
and acknowledge their paternity of the child.
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承认他们是孩子的父亲。
10:08
So paternity is actually sort of a team endeavor
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所以在这样的社会里，父亲抚养孩子
实际上是一个小组的共同努力。
10:11
in this society.
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10:13
So there are all sorts of examples like this
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在书中，我们有各种像上述的例子。
10:15
that we go through in the book.
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10:17
Now, why does this matter?
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现在，为什么这个很重要呢？
10:21
Edward Wilson says we need to understand
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爱德华.威尔逊说过 “我们需要理解
10:23
that human sexuality is first a bonding device
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人类的性关系首先是
情感的链接
情感的链接
10:26
and only secondarily procreation.
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其次才是生育繁殖。"
10:29
I think that's true. This matters because
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我认为这是对的。
这很重要
这很重要
10:31
our evolved sexuality is in direct conflict
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因为我们进化的性活动跟现代社会的
10:34
with many aspects of the modern world.
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很多方面有直接的冲突。
10:37
The contradictions between what we're told
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在我们被告知的应该感受到的
10:39
we should feel and what we actually do feel
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和我们实际感受到的之间的冲突
10:43
generates a huge amount of unnecessary suffering.
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产生了一种巨大却不必要的痛苦。
10:48
My hope is that a more accurate,
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我希望的是一种对人类性活动更准确，
10:50
updated understanding of human sexuality
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更先进的理解，将会引导我们更加宽容自己，
10:52
will lead us to have greater tolerance for ourselves,
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10:55
for each other,
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宽容对方，更尊重非传统的关系结构
10:57
greater respect for unconventional
relationship configurations
relationship configurations
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11:01
like same-sex marriage or polyamorous unions,
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比如同性婚姻或者
多妻多夫的联合，
多妻多夫的联合，
11:06
and that we'll finally put to rest the idea
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那样我们将会中止
11:09
that men have some innate, instinctive right
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男人有先天与生俱来
11:12
to monitor and control women's sexual behavior.
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监察和控制女人性行为
的观念。
的观念。
11:16
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
11:19
Thank you.
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谢谢。
11:21
And we'll see that it's not only gay people
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并且我们会看到，不仅是同性恋人群
11:24
that have to come out of the closet.
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已经承认出柜，
11:25
We all have closets we have to come out of. Right?
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我们都有需要摆脱的“衣柜”，对吗？
11:29
And when we do come out of those closets,
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当我们从这些禁锢中走出来后，
11:30
we'll recognize that our fight is not with each other,
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我们会意识到我们不是在互相斗争，
11:34
our fight is with an outdated,
Victorian sense of human sexuality
Victorian sense of human sexuality
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我们要挑战的是陈腐的，维多利亚时期
把人类性活动
把人类性活动
11:39
that conflates desire with property rights,
256
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跟财产权混为一谈，产生羞耻和困惑
11:42
generates shame and confusion
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11:45
in place of understanding and empathy.
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而不是理解和同情的观念。
11:48
It's time we moved beyond Mars and Venus,
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现在我们是时候超越火星和金星了，
11:50
because the truth is
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因为事实是
11:52
that men are from Africa
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男人来自非洲
11:53
and women are from Africa.
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女人也来自非洲。
11:55
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
11:57
(Applause)
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12:06
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
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克里斯.安得森：谢谢。
克里斯朵夫.莱恩：谢谢。
克里斯朵夫.莱恩：谢谢。
12:09
CA: So a question.
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克.安：那么，我有个问题
12:10
It's so perplexing, trying to use arguments
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用有关历史进化的论点
12:14
about evolutionary history
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12:17
to turn that into what we ought to do today.
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来转化成我们今天需要做的太复杂了。
12:20
Someone could give a talk and say,
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有人会发表一个演讲并说，
12:22
look at us, we've got these really sharp teeth
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看看我们，我们已经有了很尖的牙齿
12:25
and muscles and a brain that's really good
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很好的肌肉和大脑
12:27
at throwing weapons,
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很擅长于抛掷武器，
12:28
and if you look at lots of societies around the world,
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如果你看看世界各地的社会群体
12:31
you'll see very high rates of violence.
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你会发现暴力时常发生。
12:34
Nonviolence is a choice like vegetarianism,
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非暴力就像素食主义，
12:37
but it's not who you are.
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是一种选择而不是你是谁。
12:39
How is that different
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这跟你今天的演讲有何不同？
12:41
from the talk you gave?
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12:44
CR: Well first of all, the evidence
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克.莱：其实，首先，
史前高频率暴力的证据是有争议的。
12:48
for high levels of violence in prehistory
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12:50
is very debatable.
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12:53
But that's just an example.
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但是那仅仅是一个例子。
12:55
Certainly, you know, lots of people say to me,
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当然，你知道，会有很多人对我说，
12:59
just because we lived a certain way in the past
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仅仅是因为我们
过去用一定的方式生活
13:01
doesn't mean we should live that
way now, and I agree with that.
way now, and I agree with that.
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并不意味着我们现在应该那样生活，
我同意这个观点。
13:04
Everyone has to respond to the modern world.
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每个人必须适应现代化世界。
13:07
But the body does have its inherent
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但是身体的确有它固有的进化路径。
13:11
evolved trajectories.
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13:14
And so you could live on
McDonald's and milkshakes,
McDonald's and milkshakes,
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所以你可以靠着吃麦当劳和奶昔而活，
13:18
but your body will rebel against
that. We have appetites.
that. We have appetites.
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但是你的身体会反抗。
我们有食欲。
我们有食欲。
13:21
I think it was Schopenhauer who said,
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我想是西鹏郝尔说过，
13:23
a person can do what they want
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"一个人能做他们想做的
13:26
but not want what they want.
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但是却不能想他们所想的。"
13:28
And so what I'm arguing against
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所以，我在辩论的
是和欲望相连的羞耻感。
13:30
is the shame that's associated with desires.
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13:32
It's the idea that if you love your husband or wife
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是如果你爱着你的丈夫或者妻子
13:35
but you still are attracted to other people,
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但是你依然被另外的人所吸引，
13:38
there's something wrong with you,
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那就是你自己哪里出了
问题的想法，
问题的想法，
13:39
there's something wrong with your marriage,
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1937
你的婚姻有了问题，
13:41
something wrong with your partner.
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你的配偶有了问题。
13:42
I think a lot of families are fractured
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我认为很多家庭是由于
13:44
by unrealistic expectations
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1985
不切实际的预期，
13:46
that are based upon this false
vision of human sexuality.
vision of human sexuality.
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基于这种人类性活动错误的
想像而破碎的。
想像而破碎的。
13:50
That's what I'm trying to get at.
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这就是我想要表达的。
13:51
CA: Thank you. Communicated
powerfully. Thanks a lot.
powerfully. Thanks a lot.
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克.安：谢谢你。很有感染力的沟通。
非常感谢。
非常感谢。
13:53
CR: Thank you, Chris.
(Applause)
(Applause)
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克.莱：谢谢你，克里斯。（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Ryan - PsychologistThe co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality.
Why you should listen
In the fascinating book Sex at Dawn, Christopher Ryan and co-author Cacilda Jethá, MD, explore how humans' prehistoric promiscuity (perhaps similar to the bonobos') may have influenced our current attitudes toward pair-bonding, monogamy and long-lasting passion. Their thesis draws on evidence from anthropology, archeology, primatology, anatomy and psychosexuality.
As a psychologist, Ryan’s research focuses on trying to distinguish the human from the cultural. His book, he hopes, is "pointing toward a more optimistic future illuminated by our innate capacities for love, cooperation and generosity."
Christopher Ryan | Speaker | TED.com