TED2013
Christopher Ryan: Are we designed to be sexual omnivores?
克里斯．多福瑞德: 我們生來就是性雜食動物嗎？
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
2,237,814 views
我們對現代的關係有根深蒂固的觀念：也就是，男人和女人只能有一對一的關係。但農業社會開始之前，人類也許是有多重性伴侶的。作者克里斯多福．瑞德透過備受爭議的證據，帶領我們了解人類天性是性雜食性的。他希望人們進一步的了解可以讓彼此的關係不再被歧視、羞恥，或是各種不切實際的期待而破壞。
Christopher Ryan - Psychologist
The co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality. Full bio
The co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我會脫稿演說，
00:12
I'm going to go off script
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00:13
and make Chris quite nervous here
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克里斯肯定緊張。
00:15
by making this audience participation.
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但我想讓觀眾參與。
00:18
All right. Are you with me? Yeah. Yeah. All right.
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好的，你們有跟上我嗎? 有嗎?有嗎? 好的。
00:21
So what I'd like to do is have you raise your hand
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我想要你們舉手，
00:23
if you've ever heard a
heterosexual couple having sex.
heterosexual couple having sex.
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如果你們曾經聽過一對異性伴侶做愛，
00:27
Could be the neighbors, hotel room,
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可能是鄰居，在飯店
00:30
your parents. Sorry.
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你的父母，抱歉。
00:32
Okay. Pretty much everybody.
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好的，幾乎每個人都有聽過
00:34
Now raise your hand if the man was making
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現在舉起你的手，
00:35
more noise than the woman.
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如果男人比女人發出更多的聲音?
00:39
I see one guy there.
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我看到有一個男生舉手。
00:41
It doesn't count if it was you, sir.
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如果是你自己的話，就不算。
00:43
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:44
So his hand's down. And one woman. Okay.
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那位先生的手放下了，有一位女士舉手，
00:48
Sitting next to a loud guy.
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她坐在一位很吵的先生旁邊。
00:50
Now what does this tell us?
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這個告訴我們什麼?
00:52
It tells us that human beings
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它告訴我們人類，
00:53
make noise when they have sex,
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在做愛時發出聲音，
00:55
and it's generally the woman who makes more noise.
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女生一般比男生發出更多聲音。
00:57
This is known as female copulatory vocalization
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這就是女性的交配發聲。
01:00
to the clipboard crowd.
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對科學家來說，
01:01
I wasn't even going to mention this,
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我本來沒有要提到這個，
01:03
but somebody told me that Meg Ryan might be here,
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但是有人告訴我梅格萊恩或許會在這裡，
01:06
and she is the world's most famous
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她是世界上最知名的
01:09
female copulatory vocalizer.
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女性交配發聲器。
01:11
So I thought, got to talk about that.
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所以我後來想，應該要提到這個
01:13
We'll get back to that a little bit later.
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我們稍後會再回到這個話題。
01:16
Let me start by saying human beings
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一開始，我想說人類
01:18
are not descended from apes,
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並不是來自於大猩猩。
01:20
despite what you may have heard. We are apes.
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儘管你或許聽到這種說法，我們是大猩猩。
01:22
We are more closely related
to the chimp and the bonobo
to the chimp and the bonobo
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但人類和黑猩猩
還有倭黑猩猩之間的關連，
還有倭黑猩猩之間的關連，
01:25
than the African elephant is to the Indian elephant,
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比非洲象和印度象之間更為相近。
01:28
as Jared Diamond pointed
out in one of his early books.
out in one of his early books.
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就像賈德戴蒙在他早期著作中指出的。
01:31
We're more closely related to chimps and bonobos
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我們和黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩，
01:36
than chimps and bonobos are related
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比和大猩猩和倭黑猩猩之間的關係更接近，
01:37
to any other primate --
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比起任何其他靈長類動物。
01:39
gorillas, orangutans, what have you.
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大猩猩，紅毛猩猩，你想得到的種類，
01:41
So we're extremely closely related to them,
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所以我們非常接近黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩，
01:44
and as you'll see in terms of our behavior,
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所以我們的行為，
01:47
we've got some relationship as well.
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也和牠們有些接近。
01:49
So what I'm asking today, the question
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所以我今天要問一個問題，
01:51
I want to explore with you today is,
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我今天想要和你們一起探討的是，
01:54
what kind of ape are we in terms of our sexuality?
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根據我們的性行為，我們是哪一種猩猩?
01:58
Now, since Darwin's day there's been
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從達爾文演化論一直以來，
02:00
what Cacilda and I have called
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卡欣達和我稱之為，
02:02
the standard narrative of human sexual evolution,
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人類性演化的標準說法。
02:05
and you're all familiar with it,
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你們對此也很熟悉，
02:06
even if you haven't read this stuff.
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即使你沒有讀過，
02:09
The idea is that, as part of human nature,
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這個說法的大意是，人類天性
02:12
from the beginning of our species' time,
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從人類最初開始，
02:14
men have sort of leased
women's reproductive potential
women's reproductive potential
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男人和女人建立一種契約關係，
女性有生育能力，
女性有生育能力，
02:18
by providing them with certain goods and services.
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所以男性提供某些物品和服務。
02:22
Generally we're talking about meat, shelter, status,
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一般來說，我們說的是肉品、住所、地位、
02:25
protection, things like that.
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保護，等等之類的。
02:28
And in exchange, women have offered fidelity,
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作為交換，女人提供她們的忠誠，
02:30
or at least a promise of fidelity.
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或至少忠誠的承諾。
02:33
Now this sets men and women up
in an oppositional relationship.
in an oppositional relationship.
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這種說法把男性和女性
建立在對立的關係上，
建立在對立的關係上，
02:37
The war between the sexes is built right into
our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
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根據這個理論，我們的基因
已經決定了兩性之間的對立，是嗎?
已經決定了兩性之間的對立，是嗎?
02:43
What Cacilda and I have argued is that no,
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我和卡欣達持反對的立場，
02:47
this economic relationship,
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因為這種利益的關係，
02:49
this oppositional relationship,
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這種對立的關係，
02:51
is actually an artifact of agriculture,
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是農業社會的產物。
02:54
which only arose about 10,000
years ago at the earliest.
years ago at the earliest.
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而農業最早出現在1萬年以前，
02:57
Anatomically modern human beings
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但從解剖學看，現代人類
03:00
have been around for about 200,000 years,
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卻在20萬年前就出現。
03:03
so we're talking about five percent, at most,
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所以農業時期只占
人類歷史百分之五的時間，最多。
人類歷史百分之五的時間，最多。
03:06
of our time as a modern, distinct species.
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在現代人類史中，
03:10
So before agriculture,
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所以農業出現以前，
03:13
before the agricultural revolution,
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農業革命之前，
03:15
it's important to understand that human beings
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我們必須了解人類
03:18
lived in hunter-gatherer groups that are
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生活在狩獵採集的群體中。
03:21
characterized wherever they're found in the world
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獵人盡可能的在各處尋找獵物，
03:24
by what anthropologists called fierce egalitarianism.
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人類學家稱之為: 競爭激烈的平等主義。
03:29
They not only share things,
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他們不但共享物品，
03:30
they demand that things be shared:
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他們要求物品要共享，
03:33
meat, shelter, protection, all these things
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肉品、住所、保護，所有這些東西，
03:35
that were supposedly being traded to women
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都應該作為交換女人忠誠的代價，但事實證明，
03:38
for their sexual fidelity, it turns out,
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都應該作為交換女人忠誠的代價，但事實證明，
03:41
are shared widely among these societies.
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狩獵採集部落共享所有以上的資源。
03:44
Now I'm not saying that our ancestors
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我現在不是說我們的祖先，
03:46
were noble savages, and I'm not saying
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是高貴的野蠻人，我也不是說
03:48
modern day hunter-gatherers
are noble savages either.
are noble savages either.
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現代的狩獵採集者是高貴的野蠻人。
03:51
What I'm saying is that this is simply
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我所要表達的是，這僅僅
03:53
the best way to mitigate risk
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是降低風險的方式。
03:55
in a foraging context.
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在覓食的環境中，
03:57
And there's really no argument
about this among anthropologists.
about this among anthropologists.
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人類學家也同意這種說法。
04:00
All Cacilda and I have done is extend
this sharing behavior to sexuality.
this sharing behavior to sexuality.
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卡欣達和我一直以來所探討的是，
將這種共享行為延伸到性行為，
將這種共享行為延伸到性行為，
04:05
So we've argued that human sexuality
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所以我們主張人們的性行為
04:07
has essentially evolved, until agriculture,
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基本上已經演變為，直到農業出現
04:12
as a way of establishing and maintaining
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建立和維護
04:15
the complex, flexible social systems, networks,
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這種複雜且靈活的社會網絡系統的方式。
04:19
that our ancestors were very good at,
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我們的祖先很擅長此方式，
04:21
and that's why our species has survived so well.
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這也是為什麼人類可以存活下來的原因。
04:26
Now, this makes some people uncomfortable,
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這個論點會讓一些人感到不舒服，
04:28
and so I always need to take
a moment in these talks
a moment in these talks
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所以我總需要在演說中，
花個幾分鐘解釋、
花個幾分鐘解釋、
04:31
to say, listen,
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聽著，
04:32
I'm saying our ancestors were promiscuous,
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我是說我們的祖先是多重性伴侶的，
04:35
but I'm not saying they were
having sex with strangers.
having sex with strangers.
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但我不是說他們和陌生人發生性關係，
04:37
There were no strangers. Right?
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在他們之間沒有陌生人，對嗎?
04:39
In a hunter-gatherer band, there are no strangers.
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在狩獵採集部落中，沒有陌生人。
04:41
You've known these people your entire life.
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你和周圍的人都認識一輩子，
04:43
So I'm saying, yes, there were
overlapping sexual relationships,
overlapping sexual relationships,
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所以我會說，
是的，他們有重疊的性關係，
是的，他們有重疊的性關係，
04:47
that our ancestors probably had
several different sexual relationships
several different sexual relationships
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而且我們的祖先大概有數段不同的性關係，
04:51
going on at any given moment in their adult lives.
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在他們的整個成年生活進行著。
04:54
But I'm not saying they were
having sex with strangers.
having sex with strangers.
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但我不是說他們和陌生人發生性關係，
04:57
I'm not saying that they didn't love the
people they were having sex with.
people they were having sex with.
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我不是說他們不愛和他們有性行為的人，
05:00
And I'm not saying there was
no pair-bonding going on.
no pair-bonding going on.
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我不是說他們之間沒有伴侶的關係，
05:03
I'm just saying it wasn't sexually exclusive.
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我只是說他們不只有一個性伴侶。
05:06
And those of us who have
chosen to be monogamous --
chosen to be monogamous --
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我們之中，有人選了一夫一妻制，
05:10
my parents, for example, have been married
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我的父母，舉例來說，已經結婚
05:12
for 52 years monogamously,
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52年了。
05:15
and if it wasn't monogamously, Mom and Dad,
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如果他們不是一夫一妻的話，爸爸媽媽
05:17
I don't want to hear about it—
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我不想要聽。
05:19
I'm not criticizing this and I'm not saying
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我不是在批評，我也不是在說
05:22
there's anything wrong with this.
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這樣有什麼不對，
05:23
What I'm saying is that to argue
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我想要表達的是，
05:25
that our ancestors were sexual omnivores
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我們的祖先是多重性伴侶。
05:30
is no more a criticism of monogamy
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我並不是批評一夫一妻制，
05:32
than to argue that our ancestors
were dietary omnivores
were dietary omnivores
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就像我認為我們的祖先是雜食性，
05:36
is a criticism of vegetarianism.
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不代表我批評素食主義，
05:39
You can choose to be a vegetarian,
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你可以選擇當一位素食者，
05:41
but don't think that just because
you've made that decision,
you've made that decision,
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但你不應該認為因為你的決定，
05:44
bacon suddenly stops smelling good.
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培根就突然聞起來不美味了。
05:46
Okay? So this is my point.
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好嗎?
這就是我的論點。
這就是我的論點。
05:49
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:52
That one took a minute to sink in, huh?
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這個笑話需要一些時間才能了解，是嗎?
05:55
Now, in addition to being a great genius,
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除了是偉大的天才，
05:57
a wonderful man, a wonderful husband,
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一位了不起的人，
一位很棒的丈夫，
一位很棒的丈夫，
06:00
a wonderful father, Charles Darwin
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一位好父親，查爾斯達爾文
06:01
was also a world-class Victorian prude.
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也是一位世界知名
維多利亞時期的保守人士。
維多利亞時期的保守人士。
06:05
All right? He was perplexed
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好嗎? 達爾文感到困惑，
06:07
by the sexual swellings of certain primates,
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他不瞭解某些靈長類動物的性器官的腫脹，
06:10
including chimps and bonobos,
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包括黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩，
06:12
because these sexual swellings tend to provoke
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因為牠們性器官的腫脹使得
06:14
many males to mate with the females.
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一個雌性可以和很多雄性交配。
06:17
So he couldn't understand why on Earth would
the female have developed this thing
the female have developed this thing
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達爾文無法理解為什麼性器官的腫脹
可以讓女性有多個性伴侶。
可以讓女性有多個性伴侶。
06:20
if all they were supposed to be doing
is forming their pair bond, right?
is forming their pair bond, right?
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如果男女是伴侶的關係，是嗎?
06:24
Chimps and bonobos, Darwin didn't really know this,
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關於黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩，
達爾文不知道的是
達爾文不知道的是
06:26
but chimps and bonobos mate
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黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩
06:28
one to four times per hour
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每小時可以交配一到四次，
06:30
with up to a dozen males per day
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一天可以和高達12個雄性進行交配，
06:33
when they have their sexual swellings.
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當雌猩猩的性器官開始腫脹。
06:36
Interestingly, chimps have sexual swellings
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有趣的是，黑猩猩經歷性器官腫脹的時間
06:38
through 40 percent, roughly,
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大概占百分之四十，大略來說
06:40
of their menstrual cycle,
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在牠們的月經周期，
06:42
bonobos 90 percent,
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倭黑猩猩則有百分之九十的時間都是如此。
06:45
and humans are among the
only species on the planet
only species on the planet
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而人類是靈長類動物之中，
06:48
where the female is available for sex
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唯一，女性可以隨時有性行為，
06:50
throughout the menstrual cycle,
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在整個月經周期，
06:52
whether she's menstruating,
whether she's post-menopausal,
whether she's post-menopausal,
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不管是月經期間，或是經期後，
06:55
whether she's already pregnant.
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不管是不是懷孕。
06:56
This is vanishingly rare among mammals.
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這在哺乳類動物中是少見的。
07:00
So it's a very interesting aspect of human sexuality.
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這是人類性行為中有趣的特點。
07:04
Now, Darwin ignored the reflections
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但達爾文忽略當時
07:07
of the sexual swelling in his own day,
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關於性器官腫脹的意見，
07:10
as scientists tend to do sometimes.
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如同科學家常常如此。
07:14
So what we're talking about is sperm competition.
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我們談的是精液的競爭，
07:16
Now the average human ejaculate
has about 300 million sperm cells,
has about 300 million sperm cells,
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一般男性射精時會有3億個精蟲，
07:20
so it's already a competitive environment.
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所以這是個競爭的環境。
07:22
The question is whether these sperm are
competing against other men's sperm
competing against other men's sperm
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問題是，精蟲需要和
別的男性的精蟲競爭
別的男性的精蟲競爭
07:26
or just their own.
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或只是自己競爭?
07:27
There's a lot to talk about in this chart.
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在這個圖表上，有很多東西可以討論。
07:29
The one thing I'll call your attention to right away
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唯一一件事我想要你們注意的是，
07:32
is the little musical note above the
female chimp and bonobo and human.
female chimp and bonobo and human.
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投影片上雌性黑猩猩，
倭黑猩猩和人類頭上的小音符，
倭黑猩猩和人類頭上的小音符，
07:36
That indicates female copulatory vocalization.
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代表牠們的雌性性交發聲，
07:39
Just look at the numbers.
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看一下這些數據，
07:41
The average human has sex
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人類性交的平均次數是
07:43
about 1,000 times per birth.
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一生一千次。
07:46
If that number seems high for some of you,
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如果這個數字對一些人來說太多了，
07:49
I assure you it seems low for others in the room.
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我保證這個數字對
這個房間的另一些人來說太少了。
這個房間的另一些人來說太少了。
07:52
We share that ratio with chimps and bonobos.
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人類和黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的性交次數相近，
07:55
We don't share it with the other three apes,
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但和其他三種猩猩不同。
07:57
the gorilla, the orangutan and the gibbon,
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大猩猩，猩猩和長臂猿
07:59
who are more typical of mammals,
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這三種都是典型的哺乳類動物。
08:01
having sex only about a dozen times per birth.
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牠們一生的性交次數大約是12次。
08:04
Humans and bonobos are the only
animals that have sex face-to-face
animals that have sex face-to-face
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再來，人類和倭黑猩猩是
唯一會面對面性交的動物。
唯一會面對面性交的動物。
08:08
when both of them are alive.
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當兩方都是活著的時候。
08:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:15
And you'll see that the human, chimp and bonobo
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而且，人類，黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩
08:19
all have external testicles, which in our book
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都有外露的睾丸，在我們的著作裡，
08:21
we equate to a special fridge you have in the garage
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我們把它比喻成你放在車庫的特殊冰箱，
08:25
just for beer.
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只冰啤酒，
08:27
If you're the kind of guy who has a beer fridge
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如果你是那種男性，
在車庫裡有專門放啤酒的冰箱。
在車庫裡有專門放啤酒的冰箱。
08:30
in the garage, you expect a party to happen
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你隨時都可以舉辦派對，
08:32
at any moment, and you need to be ready.
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所以你需要準備好。
08:34
That's what the external testicles are.
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這就是外露睪丸的功用。
08:36
They keep the sperm cells cool
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這使得精蟲細胞能保持涼爽，
08:39
so you can have frequent ejaculations.
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所以才可以頻繁的射精。
08:41
I'm sorry. It's true.
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不好意思，
但這是事實。
但這是事實。
08:45
The human, some of you will be happy to hear,
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有些人會很高興地聽到，
08:48
has the largest, thickest penis of any primate.
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人類在所有靈長類動物中，
擁有最大最粗的陰莖。
擁有最大最粗的陰莖。
08:50
Now, this evidence goes way beyond anatomy.
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這個證據不僅在解剖學上被證實，
08:53
It goes into anthropology as well.
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它也在人類學中被證實。
08:56
Historical records are full of accounts of people
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歷史記載也記錄了
08:58
around the world who have sexual practices
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世界各地的性行為，
09:00
that should be impossible
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根據我們原先的推論，
09:02
given what we have assumed
about human sexual evolution.
about human sexual evolution.
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在人類性行為的演化中
是不可能發生的。
是不可能發生的。
09:06
These women are the Mosuo
from southwestern China.
from southwestern China.
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中國西南方的摩梭族女性，
09:08
In their society, everyone, men and women,
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在他們的社會中，
每個人，男人和女人
每個人，男人和女人
09:11
are completely sexually autonomous.
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都是性自主的。
09:13
There's no shame associated with sexual behavior.
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性行為從來不是可恥的，
09:16
Women have hundreds of partners.
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女人可以有數百個性伴侶。
09:18
It doesn't matter. Nobody cares.
Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
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這並不重要，沒有人在乎
沒有人八卦，這不是個問題。
沒有人八卦，這不是個問題。
09:21
When the woman becomes pregnant,
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當女人懷孕時，
09:23
the child is cared for by her,
her sisters, and her brothers.
her sisters, and her brothers.
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小孩由母親，
母親的姊妹和兄弟照顧。
母親的姊妹和兄弟照顧。
09:26
The biological father is a nonissue.
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誰是生父並不重要。
09:28
On the other side of the planet, in the Amazon,
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在地球的另一端，
在亞馬遜，
在亞馬遜，
09:31
we've got many tribes which practice
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我們現在得知許多部落有著
09:34
what anthropologists call partible paternity.
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人類學家稱之為
可分的父權制度，
可分的父權制度，
09:36
These people actually believe --
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這些人確實相信--
09:39
and they have no contact among them,
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這些部落之間彼此沒有聯繫，
09:41
no common language or anything,
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沒有共同語言或任何東西。
09:42
so it's not an idea that spread,
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所以這個觀念並沒有被傳播，
09:44
it's an idea that's arisen around the world --
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但這個想法在世界各地都出現。
09:46
they believe that a fetus is literally made
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人們相信胎兒是
09:48
of accumulated semen.
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從累積的精液中產生的。
09:51
So a woman who wants to have a child
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如果一個女人想要一個孩子，
09:53
who's smart and funny and strong
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既聰明，有趣，又強壯
09:55
makes sure she has lots of sex with the smart guy,
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她會確認她分別和聰明
09:57
the funny guy and the strong guy,
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有趣，和強壯的男人有很多次的性行為。
09:59
to get the essence of each of
these men into the baby,
these men into the baby,
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為了讓她的孩子擁有這些男人的特質。
10:01
and then when the child is born,
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當小孩出生時，
10:03
these different men will come forward
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這些男人會上前
10:05
and acknowledge their paternity of the child.
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去承認他們是孩子的父親。
10:08
So paternity is actually sort of a team endeavor
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所以父權是團隊努力的結果。
10:11
in this society.
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在他們的社會中，
10:13
So there are all sorts of examples like this
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我們可以找到很多類似的例子。
10:15
that we go through in the book.
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當我們查閱文獻，
10:17
Now, why does this matter?
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但這有什麼重要的?
10:21
Edward Wilson says we need to understand
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艾德華威爾森說過: 我們需要了解，
10:23
that human sexuality is first a bonding device
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人類的性行為首要是形成親密關係的機制，
10:26
and only secondarily procreation.
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其次才是生育。
10:29
I think that's true. This matters because
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我想這是事實，
這是重要的。
這是重要的。
10:31
our evolved sexuality is in direct conflict
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因為我們演化的性觀念，
10:34
with many aspects of the modern world.
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和世界很多地方的觀念衝突。
10:37
The contradictions between what we're told
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我們被告知，
10:39
we should feel and what we actually do feel
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我們應該如何感受，
和我們真實的感覺有很大的不同。
和我們真實的感覺有很大的不同。
10:43
generates a huge amount of unnecessary suffering.
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我們因此被這些不必要的矛盾所困擾。
10:48
My hope is that a more accurate,
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我希望我們能了解更正確，
10:50
updated understanding of human sexuality
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更現代的人類性行為。
10:52
will lead us to have greater tolerance for ourselves,
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這會讓我們更包容自己，
10:55
for each other,
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和包容彼此。
10:57
greater respect for unconventional
relationship configurations
relationship configurations
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更能接納非傳統的關係組合。
11:01
like same-sex marriage or polyamorous unions,
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例如，同性婚姻或是多重伴侶，
11:06
and that we'll finally put to rest the idea
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然後，我們會摒棄所謂的觀念，
11:09
that men have some innate, instinctive right
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認為男性擁有與生俱來的權力，
11:12
to monitor and control women's sexual behavior.
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去監視和控制女性的性行為。
11:16
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:19
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:21
And we'll see that it's not only gay people
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我們會了解不是只有同性戀者，
11:24
that have to come out of the closet.
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需要出櫃，
11:25
We all have closets we have to come out of. Right?
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我們都有衣櫃需要出去，
對吧?
對吧?
11:29
And when we do come out of those closets,
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當我們走出我們的衣櫃，
11:30
we'll recognize that our fight is not with each other,
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我們會了解到我們要對抗的不是彼此，
11:34
our fight is with an outdated,
Victorian sense of human sexuality
Victorian sense of human sexuality
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而是那些過時，
維多利亞時期的人類性行為的觀念。
維多利亞時期的人類性行為的觀念。
11:39
that conflates desire with property rights,
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那些將慾望和財產合為一體的觀念。
11:42
generates shame and confusion
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這讓我們感到羞恥和困惑，
11:45
in place of understanding and empathy.
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而不是了解和同情。
11:48
It's time we moved beyond Mars and Venus,
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是時候我們要離開火星和金星
(認為男女是對立的關係)。
(認為男女是對立的關係)。
11:50
because the truth is
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因為，事實是
11:52
that men are from Africa
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男人來自非洲，
11:53
and women are from Africa.
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女人也來自非洲。
11:55
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:06
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
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克里斯安德森: 謝謝，
克里斯多福瑞德: 謝謝。
克里斯多福瑞德: 謝謝。
12:09
CA: So a question.
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克里斯安德森: 我有一個問題，
12:10
It's so perplexing, trying to use arguments
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我覺得這有點讓人難以了解，
因為你嘗試用
因為你嘗試用
12:14
about evolutionary history
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演化歷史
12:17
to turn that into what we ought to do today.
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來告訴當今的我們應該如何做。
12:20
Someone could give a talk and say,
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別人也可以說
12:22
look at us, we've got these really sharp teeth
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看看我們，
我們有這些尖銳的牙齒，
我們有這些尖銳的牙齒，
12:25
and muscles and a brain that's really good
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肌肉，和頭腦，這些都讓我們
12:27
at throwing weapons,
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擅長丟擲武器，
12:28
and if you look at lots of societies around the world,
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然後如果你看看世界各地許多的社會，
12:31
you'll see very high rates of violence.
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你會看到暴力發生的比率非常高，
12:34
Nonviolence is a choice like vegetarianism,
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所以非暴力就像素食主義一樣少，
12:37
but it's not who you are.
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但這不代表你是誰。
12:39
How is that different
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以上的論述，
12:41
from the talk you gave?
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和你的演說有什麼不同?
12:44
CR: Well first of all, the evidence
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克里斯多福瑞德: 首先，
12:48
for high levels of violence in prehistory
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有關史前
高暴力發生率的證據，
高暴力發生率的證據，
12:50
is very debatable.
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這還有待商榷，
12:53
But that's just an example.
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這只是一個例子，
12:55
Certainly, you know, lots of people say to me,
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當然，很多人和我說，
12:59
just because we lived a certain way in the past
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不能因為我們以前的某種生活方式，
13:01
doesn't mean we should live that
way now, and I agree with that.
way now, and I agree with that.
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就表示我們應該也要如此生活。
我同意這種看法。
我同意這種看法。
13:04
Everyone has to respond to the modern world.
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每個人都需要對現代的世界做出回應。
13:07
But the body does have its inherent
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但是，
身體確實有其與生俱來的
身體確實有其與生俱來的
13:11
evolved trajectories.
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演變軌跡。
13:14
And so you could live on
McDonald's and milkshakes,
McDonald's and milkshakes,
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你可以只吃麥當勞和奶昔，
13:18
but your body will rebel against
that. We have appetites.
that. We have appetites.
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但你的身體會抗議，
我們有慾望，
我們有慾望，
13:21
I think it was Schopenhauer who said,
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我想這就是叔本華所說的，
13:23
a person can do what they want
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一個人可以做任何他們想做的事，
13:26
but not want what they want.
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但現代的社會規範讓他們無法隨心所欲。
13:28
And so what I'm arguing against
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所以這就是我反對
13:30
is the shame that's associated with desires.
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將羞恥和慾望連結在一起。
13:32
It's the idea that if you love your husband or wife
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也就是說，你愛你的丈夫或妻子，
13:35
but you still are attracted to other people,
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但你還是會被其他人所吸引，
13:38
there's something wrong with you,
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所以表示你有問題，
13:39
there's something wrong with your marriage,
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你的婚姻有問題，
13:41
something wrong with your partner.
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你的伴侶有問題。
13:42
I think a lot of families are fractured
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我想很多家庭破碎，
13:44
by unrealistic expectations
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因為不實際的期待
13:46
that are based upon this false
vision of human sexuality.
vision of human sexuality.
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建立在
對人類性行為有錯誤的見解。
對人類性行為有錯誤的見解。
13:50
That's what I'm trying to get at.
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這是我試圖要解釋的。
13:51
CA: Thank you. Communicated
powerfully. Thanks a lot.
powerfully. Thanks a lot.
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克里斯安德森: 謝謝。
這是很撼動人心的演說， 非常感謝。
這是很撼動人心的演說， 非常感謝。
13:53
CR: Thank you, Chris.
(Applause)
(Applause)
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克里斯多福瑞德: 謝謝，克里斯 (掌聲)。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Ryan - PsychologistThe co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality.
Why you should listen
In the fascinating book Sex at Dawn, Christopher Ryan and co-author Cacilda Jethá, MD, explore how humans' prehistoric promiscuity (perhaps similar to the bonobos') may have influenced our current attitudes toward pair-bonding, monogamy and long-lasting passion. Their thesis draws on evidence from anthropology, archeology, primatology, anatomy and psychosexuality.
As a psychologist, Ryan’s research focuses on trying to distinguish the human from the cultural. His book, he hopes, is "pointing toward a more optimistic future illuminated by our innate capacities for love, cooperation and generosity."
Christopher Ryan | Speaker | TED.com