TED2013
Christopher Ryan: Are we designed to be sexual omnivores?
Christopher Ryan: Jesmo li stvoreni kao seksualni svežderi?
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Jedna ideja prožima suvremen pogled na ljudske odnose: da se muškarci i žene uvijek udružuju u parove u seksualnoj vjernosti. No, prije osvita poljoprivrede, ljudi su možda bili posve promiskuitetni. Autor Christopher Ryan nas uvodi u kontroverzne dokaze po kojima su ljudska bića seksualni svežderi po naravi i nada se da će uravnoteženije razumijevanje okončati diskriminaciju, sram i nerealistična očekivanja koja razaraju veze.
Christopher Ryan - Psychologist
The co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality. Full bio
The co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm going to go off script
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Neću slijediti scenarij
00:13
and make Chris quite nervous here
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pa će se Chris uznemiriti
00:15
by making this audience participation.
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jer je dopustio sudjelovanje publike.
00:18
All right. Are you with me? Yeah. Yeah. All right.
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Dobro. Pratite me? Da. Da. Dobro.
00:21
So what I'd like to do is have you raise your hand
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Volio bih da podigne ruku svatko
00:23
if you've ever heard a
heterosexual couple having sex.
heterosexual couple having sex.
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tko je ikad čuo heteroseksualni
par pri spolnom odnosu.
par pri spolnom odnosu.
00:27
Could be the neighbors, hotel room,
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Mogli ste čuti susjede, nekoga u hotelu,
00:30
your parents. Sorry.
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svoje roditelje. Oprostite.
00:32
Okay. Pretty much everybody.
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Dobro. Više-manje svi.
00:34
Now raise your hand if the man was making
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Sad neka digne ruku onaj tko je čuo
00:35
more noise than the woman.
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muškarca kako stvara više buke od žene.
00:39
I see one guy there.
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Vidim samo jednu ruku.
00:41
It doesn't count if it was you, sir.
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Ne vrijedi ako ste taj muškarac
bili vi, gospodine.
bili vi, gospodine.
00:43
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:44
So his hand's down. And one woman. Okay.
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Spustio je ruku. I jedna žena. Dobro.
00:48
Sitting next to a loud guy.
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Koja sjedi kraj tog glasnog tipa.
00:50
Now what does this tell us?
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Što nam to govori?
00:52
It tells us that human beings
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Govori nam da ljudi
00:53
make noise when they have sex,
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prave buku tijekom seksa,
00:55
and it's generally the woman who makes more noise.
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i općenito je žena ta koja je glasnija.
00:57
This is known as female copulatory vocalization
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To je poznato kao ženska
snošajna vokalizacija
snošajna vokalizacija
01:00
to the clipboard crowd.
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među onima koji to bilježe.
01:01
I wasn't even going to mention this,
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Nisam to htio ni spomenuti,
01:03
but somebody told me that Meg Ryan might be here,
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ali mi je netko rekao da bi Meg Ryan
mogla biti nazočna,
mogla biti nazočna,
01:06
and she is the world's most famous
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a ona je najslavnija
01:09
female copulatory vocalizer.
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ženska snošajna vokalizatorica.
01:11
So I thought, got to talk about that.
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Pa sam pomislio, moram o tome.
01:13
We'll get back to that a little bit later.
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Nešto kasnije ćemo se vratiti na to.
01:16
Let me start by saying human beings
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Počet ću s tvrdnjom da se ljudi
01:18
are not descended from apes,
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nisu razvili od majmuna,
01:20
despite what you may have heard. We are apes.
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usprkos onome što ste možda čuli.
Mi jesmo majmuni.
Mi jesmo majmuni.
01:22
We are more closely related
to the chimp and the bonobo
to the chimp and the bonobo
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U bližem smo srodstvu sa
čimpanzom i bonobom
čimpanzom i bonobom
01:25
than the African elephant is to the Indian elephant,
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nego što je afrički s indijskim slonom,
01:28
as Jared Diamond pointed
out in one of his early books.
out in one of his early books.
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kao što nam je Jared Diamond skrenuo
pažnju u jednoj od svojih ranih knjiga.
pažnju u jednoj od svojih ranih knjiga.
01:31
We're more closely related to chimps and bonobos
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U bližem smo srodstvu sa
čimpanzom i bonobom
čimpanzom i bonobom
01:36
than chimps and bonobos are related
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nego što su čimpanza i bonobo
01:37
to any other primate --
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srodni bilo kojem drugom primatu --
01:39
gorillas, orangutans, what have you.
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gorilama, orangutanima, kojima god.
01:41
So we're extremely closely related to them,
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Dakle, izuzetno smo im bliski,
01:44
and as you'll see in terms of our behavior,
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a vidjet ćete iz našeg ponašanja,
01:47
we've got some relationship as well.
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da i tu postoji nekakva veza.
01:49
So what I'm asking today, the question
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Ono što pitam danas, pitanje
01:51
I want to explore with you today is,
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koje danas želim istražiti s vama je
01:54
what kind of ape are we in terms of our sexuality?
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koja vrsta majmuna smo mi,
u smislu naše seksualnosti?
u smislu naše seksualnosti?
01:58
Now, since Darwin's day there's been
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Od Darwinovih dana imamo ono
02:00
what Cacilda and I have called
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što Cacilda i ja nazivamo
02:02
the standard narrative of human sexual evolution,
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standardni narativ ljudske
seksualne evolucije,
seksualne evolucije,
02:05
and you're all familiar with it,
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i svi ste s njim upoznati,
02:06
even if you haven't read this stuff.
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čak i ako niste čitali o tome.
02:09
The idea is that, as part of human nature,
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Ideja je da su, od nastanka naše vrste,
02:12
from the beginning of our species' time,
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u skladu s ljudskom naravi,
02:14
men have sort of leased
women's reproductive potential
women's reproductive potential
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muškarci posuđivali ženski
reproduktivni potencijal
reproduktivni potencijal
02:18
by providing them with certain goods and services.
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osiguravajući im zauzvrat
određena dobra i usluge.
određena dobra i usluge.
02:22
Generally we're talking about meat, shelter, status,
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Govorimo o mesu, skloništu, statusu,
02:25
protection, things like that.
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zaštiti, takvim stvarima.
02:28
And in exchange, women have offered fidelity,
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Zauzvrat, žene pružaju vjernost,
02:30
or at least a promise of fidelity.
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ili barem obećanje vjernosti.
02:33
Now this sets men and women up
in an oppositional relationship.
in an oppositional relationship.
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Zbog toga se muškarci i žene
nalaze u opozicijskom odnosu.
nalaze u opozicijskom odnosu.
02:37
The war between the sexes is built right into
our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
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Rat između spolova je ugrađen izravno
u našu DNK, prema toj viziji. Dobro?
u našu DNK, prema toj viziji. Dobro?
02:43
What Cacilda and I have argued is that no,
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Cacilda i ja smo iznijeli drugačije argumente,
02:47
this economic relationship,
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da je taj ekonomski odnos,
02:49
this oppositional relationship,
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taj opozicijski odnos,
02:51
is actually an artifact of agriculture,
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zapravo posljedica poljoprivrede,
02:54
which only arose about 10,000
years ago at the earliest.
years ago at the earliest.
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koja se pojavila tek negdje prije
10.000 godina, najranije.
10.000 godina, najranije.
02:57
Anatomically modern human beings
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Anatomski moderni ljudi
03:00
have been around for about 200,000 years,
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postoje nekih 200.000 godina,
03:03
so we're talking about five percent, at most,
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što znači da govorimo o najviše pet posto
03:06
of our time as a modern, distinct species.
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našeg vremena u kojemu smo
moderna, zasebna vrsta.
moderna, zasebna vrsta.
03:10
So before agriculture,
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Prije poljoprivrede,
03:13
before the agricultural revolution,
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prije poljoprivredne revolucije,
03:15
it's important to understand that human beings
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važno je shvatiti da su ljudi
03:18
lived in hunter-gatherer groups that are
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živjeli u lovačko-sakupljačkim skupinama
03:21
characterized wherever they're found in the world
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koje, svuda u svijetu gdje su
otkrivene, karakterizira
otkrivene, karakterizira
03:24
by what anthropologists called fierce egalitarianism.
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ono što antropolozi zovu žestoki egalitarizam.
03:29
They not only share things,
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Oni ne samo da dijele stvari,
03:30
they demand that things be shared:
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oni zahtijevaju da se stvari dijele:
03:33
meat, shelter, protection, all these things
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meso, zaklon, zaštita, sve ono
03:35
that were supposedly being traded to women
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što muškarci navodno dijele sa ženama
03:38
for their sexual fidelity, it turns out,
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za njihovu seksualnu vjernost,
03:41
are shared widely among these societies.
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ispada da se dijeli široko
između tih društava.
između tih društava.
03:44
Now I'm not saying that our ancestors
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Ne govorim da su naši predci
03:46
were noble savages, and I'm not saying
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bili plemeniti divljaci, i ne govorim
03:48
modern day hunter-gatherers
are noble savages either.
are noble savages either.
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ni da su suvremeni lovci-sakupljači
također plemeniti divljaci.
također plemeniti divljaci.
03:51
What I'm saying is that this is simply
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Kažem naprosto da je to
03:53
the best way to mitigate risk
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najbolji način za smanjenje rizika
03:55
in a foraging context.
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u kontekstu skupljačkog okružja.
03:57
And there's really no argument
about this among anthropologists.
about this among anthropologists.
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Među antropolozima zapravo
nema spora o tome.
nema spora o tome.
04:00
All Cacilda and I have done is extend
this sharing behavior to sexuality.
this sharing behavior to sexuality.
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Cacilda i ja smo samo proširili
ideju dijeljenja na seksualnost.
ideju dijeljenja na seksualnost.
04:05
So we've argued that human sexuality
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Naš je argument da je ljudska seksualnost
04:07
has essentially evolved, until agriculture,
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u biti evoluirala, sve do
pojave poljoprivrede,
pojave poljoprivrede,
04:12
as a way of establishing and maintaining
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kao sredstvo utvrđivanja i održavanja
04:15
the complex, flexible social systems, networks,
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kompleksnih, fleksibilnih socijalnih sustava, mreža,
04:19
that our ancestors were very good at,
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u čemu su naši preci bili vrlo dobri,
04:21
and that's why our species has survived so well.
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i da je to razlog zašto naša vrsta
tako uspješno opstaje.
tako uspješno opstaje.
04:26
Now, this makes some people uncomfortable,
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Ova ideja je nekima nelagodna,
04:28
and so I always need to take
a moment in these talks
a moment in these talks
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pa u ovakvim govorima uvijek zastanem
04:31
to say, listen,
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i kažem, čujte,
04:32
I'm saying our ancestors were promiscuous,
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Velim da su nam preci bili promiskuitetni,
04:35
but I'm not saying they were
having sex with strangers.
having sex with strangers.
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ali ne govorim da su imali
seksualne odnose sa strancima.
seksualne odnose sa strancima.
04:37
There were no strangers. Right?
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Nije bilo stranaca. Dobro?
04:39
In a hunter-gatherer band, there are no strangers.
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U lovačko-skupljačkoj skupini nema stranaca.
04:41
You've known these people your entire life.
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Te ljude znate cijeli svoj život.
04:43
So I'm saying, yes, there were
overlapping sexual relationships,
overlapping sexual relationships,
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Zato kažem, da, seksualni
odnosi su se miješali,
odnosi su se miješali,
04:47
that our ancestors probably had
several different sexual relationships
several different sexual relationships
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naši su preci vjerojatno imali
nekoliko različitih spolnih odnosa
nekoliko različitih spolnih odnosa
04:51
going on at any given moment in their adult lives.
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koji su se odvijali tijekom njihovih odraslih života.
04:54
But I'm not saying they were
having sex with strangers.
having sex with strangers.
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Ali ne kažem da su
imali odnose sa strancima.
imali odnose sa strancima.
04:57
I'm not saying that they didn't love the
people they were having sex with.
people they were having sex with.
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Ne kažem da nisu voljeli ljude
s kojima su imali odnose.
s kojima su imali odnose.
05:00
And I'm not saying there was
no pair-bonding going on.
no pair-bonding going on.
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I ne kažem da nije dolazilo
do bliskosti između parova.
do bliskosti između parova.
05:03
I'm just saying it wasn't sexually exclusive.
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Kažem samo da nisu bili spolno
orijentirani na jednu osobu.
orijentirani na jednu osobu.
05:06
And those of us who have
chosen to be monogamous --
chosen to be monogamous --
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Oni među nama koji su odabrali
biti monogamni --
biti monogamni --
05:10
my parents, for example, have been married
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moji roditelji, na primjer, u monogamnom
05:12
for 52 years monogamously,
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braku su već 52 godine,
05:15
and if it wasn't monogamously, Mom and Dad,
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a ako nije bio monogaman, mama i tata,
05:17
I don't want to hear about it—
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ne želim znati za to —
05:19
I'm not criticizing this and I'm not saying
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Ne kritiziram to i ne kažem
05:22
there's anything wrong with this.
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da tu ima ičega lošeg.
05:23
What I'm saying is that to argue
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Moj argument
05:25
that our ancestors were sexual omnivores
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da su nam preci bili seksualni svežderi
05:30
is no more a criticism of monogamy
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nije kritika monogamije ništa više
05:32
than to argue that our ancestors
were dietary omnivores
were dietary omnivores
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nego što bi argument da su
bili svežderi u pogledu hrane
bili svežderi u pogledu hrane
05:36
is a criticism of vegetarianism.
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bila kritika vegetarijanstva.
05:39
You can choose to be a vegetarian,
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Možete odabrati vegetarijanstvo,
05:41
but don't think that just because
you've made that decision,
you've made that decision,
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ali nemojte misliti da čim
ste donijeli tu odluku,
ste donijeli tu odluku,
05:44
bacon suddenly stops smelling good.
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slanina odmah prestaje dobro mirišati.
05:46
Okay? So this is my point.
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Dobro? Dakle, ovo je moja poanta.
05:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:52
That one took a minute to sink in, huh?
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Za tu vam je trebalo malo vremena, ha?
05:55
Now, in addition to being a great genius,
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Osim što je bio veliki genij,
05:57
a wonderful man, a wonderful husband,
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divan čovjek, divan suprug,
06:00
a wonderful father, Charles Darwin
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divan otac, Charles Darwin
06:01
was also a world-class Victorian prude.
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bio je usto i prvoklasni
viktorijanski moralist.
viktorijanski moralist.
06:05
All right? He was perplexed
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Dobro? Zbunjivale su ga
06:07
by the sexual swellings of certain primates,
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seksualne otekline kod određenih primata,
06:10
including chimps and bonobos,
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uključujući čimpanze i bonobe,
06:12
because these sexual swellings tend to provoke
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jer su te otekline poticale mnoge mužjake
06:14
many males to mate with the females.
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da se pare sa ženkama.
06:17
So he couldn't understand why on Earth would
the female have developed this thing
the female have developed this thing
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On nikako nije mogao razumjeti
zašto bi se kod ženki razvilo to svojstvo
zašto bi se kod ženki razvilo to svojstvo
06:20
if all they were supposed to be doing
is forming their pair bond, right?
is forming their pair bond, right?
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ako im je bilo potrebno jedino
izgraditi odnos sa svojim parom?
izgraditi odnos sa svojim parom?
06:24
Chimps and bonobos, Darwin didn't really know this,
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Čimpanze i bonobe, što Darwin nije znao,
06:26
but chimps and bonobos mate
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čimpanze i bonobe se pare
06:28
one to four times per hour
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do četiri puta po satu,
06:30
with up to a dozen males per day
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s po tuce mužjaka dnevno
06:33
when they have their sexual swellings.
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kada dobiju seksualne otekline.
06:36
Interestingly, chimps have sexual swellings
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Zanimljivo, čimpanze imaju te otekline
06:38
through 40 percent, roughly,
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tijekom, ugrubo, 40 posto vremena
06:40
of their menstrual cycle,
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svojeg menstrualnog ciklusa,
06:42
bonobos 90 percent,
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bonobe tijekom 90 posto,
06:45
and humans are among the
only species on the planet
only species on the planet
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a ljudi su među jedinim
vrstama na planetu
vrstama na planetu
06:48
where the female is available for sex
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kod kojih je ženka na raspolaganju za parenje
06:50
throughout the menstrual cycle,
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tijekom čitavog menstrualnog ciklusa,
06:52
whether she's menstruating,
whether she's post-menopausal,
whether she's post-menopausal,
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tijekom menstruacije,
nakon menopauze,
nakon menopauze,
06:55
whether she's already pregnant.
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pa i kad je već trudna.
06:56
This is vanishingly rare among mammals.
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To je sve rjeđe među sisavcima.
07:00
So it's a very interesting aspect of human sexuality.
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To je vrlo zanimljiv aspekt ljudske seksualnosti.
07:04
Now, Darwin ignored the reflections
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Darwin je u svoje doba ignorirao
07:07
of the sexual swelling in his own day,
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pitanje seksualnih oteklina,
07:10
as scientists tend to do sometimes.
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čemu su znanstvenici katkada skloni.
07:14
So what we're talking about is sperm competition.
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Ono o čemu govorimo je konkurencija
među spermijima.
među spermijima.
07:16
Now the average human ejaculate
has about 300 million sperm cells,
has about 300 million sperm cells,
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Ejakulat prosječnog čovjeka
sadrži oko 300 milijuna stanica spermija,
sadrži oko 300 milijuna stanica spermija,
07:20
so it's already a competitive environment.
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pa je to već konkurentno okružje.
07:22
The question is whether these sperm are
competing against other men's sperm
competing against other men's sperm
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Pitanje je natječu li se ti spermiji
sa spermijima drugih muškaraca
sa spermijima drugih muškaraca
07:26
or just their own.
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ili samo sa svojim vlastitima.
07:27
There's a lot to talk about in this chart.
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O ovom prikazu se može puno pričati.
07:29
The one thing I'll call your attention to right away
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Odmah ću vam skrenuti pažnju
07:32
is the little musical note above the
female chimp and bonobo and human.
female chimp and bonobo and human.
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na malu glazbenu notu iznad ženki
čimpanze, bonobe i žene.
čimpanze, bonobe i žene.
07:36
That indicates female copulatory vocalization.
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Ona označava žensku snošajnu vokalizaciju.
07:39
Just look at the numbers.
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Pogledajte brojeve.
07:41
The average human has sex
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Prosječan čovjek
07:43
about 1,000 times per birth.
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ima otprilike 1000 seksualnih
odnosa po jednom rođenju.
odnosa po jednom rođenju.
07:46
If that number seems high for some of you,
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Ako neki od vas misle
da je taj broj prevelik,
da je taj broj prevelik,
07:49
I assure you it seems low for others in the room.
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uvjeravam vas da neki drugi ovdje
misle da je prenizak.
misle da je prenizak.
07:52
We share that ratio with chimps and bonobos.
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Takav razmjer dijelimo sa
čimpanzama i bonobama.
čimpanzama i bonobama.
07:55
We don't share it with the other three apes,
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Ne dijelimo ga s tri druge vrste majmuna,
07:57
the gorilla, the orangutan and the gibbon,
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gorilama, orangutanima i gibonima,
07:59
who are more typical of mammals,
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koji su tipičniji sisavci,
08:01
having sex only about a dozen times per birth.
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s nekih tuce seksualnih odnosa po
jednom rođenju.
jednom rođenju.
08:04
Humans and bonobos are the only
animals that have sex face-to-face
animals that have sex face-to-face
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Ljudi i bonobe su jedine životinje
koje se gledaju prilikom odnosa
koje se gledaju prilikom odnosa
08:08
when both of them are alive.
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kad su oboje živi.
08:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:15
And you'll see that the human, chimp and bonobo
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Vidjet ćete da ljudi, čimpanze i bonobe
08:19
all have external testicles, which in our book
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imaju vanjske testise, što je po nama
08:21
we equate to a special fridge you have in the garage
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isto što i poseban hladnjak
koji držite u garaži
koji držite u garaži
08:25
just for beer.
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samo za pivo.
08:27
If you're the kind of guy who has a beer fridge
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Ako ste tip koji ima pivski
hladnjak u garaži
hladnjak u garaži
08:30
in the garage, you expect a party to happen
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očekujete da vas svaki tren
08:32
at any moment, and you need to be ready.
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može snaći zabava, i morate biti spremni.
08:34
That's what the external testicles are.
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To su vam vanjski testisi.
08:36
They keep the sperm cells cool
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Oni hlade stanice spermija
08:39
so you can have frequent ejaculations.
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kako biste mogli imati česte ejakulacije.
08:41
I'm sorry. It's true.
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Žao mi je. To je istina.
08:45
The human, some of you will be happy to hear,
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Čovjek, neki od vas će biti sretni to čuti,
08:48
has the largest, thickest penis of any primate.
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ima najveći, najdeblji penis među primatima.
08:50
Now, this evidence goes way beyond anatomy.
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Dokazi za ovo nisu samo anatomski.
08:53
It goes into anthropology as well.
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Protežu se i u antropologiju.
08:56
Historical records are full of accounts of people
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Povijesni podaci su puni zapisa o ljudima
08:58
around the world who have sexual practices
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širom svijeta čija bi seksualna aktivnost
09:00
that should be impossible
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trebala biti nemoguća,
09:02
given what we have assumed
about human sexual evolution.
about human sexual evolution.
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s obzirom na naše pretpostavke
o ljudskoj seksualnoj evoluciji.
o ljudskoj seksualnoj evoluciji.
09:06
These women are the Mosuo
from southwestern China.
from southwestern China.
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Ovo su Mosuo žene
iz jugozapadne Kine.
iz jugozapadne Kine.
09:08
In their society, everyone, men and women,
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U njihovom društvu su svi,
muškarci i žene,
muškarci i žene,
09:11
are completely sexually autonomous.
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seksualno potpuno autonomni.
09:13
There's no shame associated with sexual behavior.
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Ne postoji sram povezan sa
seksualnim ponašanjem.
seksualnim ponašanjem.
09:16
Women have hundreds of partners.
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Žene imaju stotine partnera.
09:18
It doesn't matter. Nobody cares.
Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
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Nije važno. Nikoga nije briga.
Nitko ne ogovara. To ne postoji kao tema.
Nitko ne ogovara. To ne postoji kao tema.
09:21
When the woman becomes pregnant,
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Kad žena zatrudni,
09:23
the child is cared for by her,
her sisters, and her brothers.
her sisters, and her brothers.
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za dijete se brinu ona,
njene sestre i njena braća.
njene sestre i njena braća.
09:26
The biological father is a nonissue.
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Biološki otac je nebitan.
09:28
On the other side of the planet, in the Amazon,
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Na drugoj strani planeta, u Amazoni,
09:31
we've got many tribes which practice
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postoje mnoga plemena
koja prakticiraju
koja prakticiraju
09:34
what anthropologists call partible paternity.
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ono što antropolozi zovu mješovito očinstvo.
09:36
These people actually believe --
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Ti ljudi vjeruju --
09:39
and they have no contact among them,
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a nemaju kontakta među sobom,
09:41
no common language or anything,
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nema zajedničkog jezika
ili nečega sličnoga,
ili nečega sličnoga,
09:42
so it's not an idea that spread,
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što znači da to nije ideja
koja se proširila,
koja se proširila,
09:44
it's an idea that's arisen around the world --
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to je ideja koja je nastala
širom svijeta --
širom svijeta --
09:46
they believe that a fetus is literally made
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oni vjeruju doslovno da fetus nastaje
09:48
of accumulated semen.
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od akumulirane sperme.
09:51
So a woman who wants to have a child
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Pa žena koja želi dijete
09:53
who's smart and funny and strong
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koje će biti pametno i zabavno i snažno
09:55
makes sure she has lots of sex with the smart guy,
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upražnjava mnogo seksa s pametnim tipom,
09:57
the funny guy and the strong guy,
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zabavnim tipom i snažnim tipom,
09:59
to get the essence of each of
these men into the baby,
these men into the baby,
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kako bi se suština svakog od tih
muškaraca našla u bebi,
muškaraca našla u bebi,
10:01
and then when the child is born,
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a kada se dijete rodi,
10:03
these different men will come forward
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ti različiti muškarci istupaju
10:05
and acknowledge their paternity of the child.
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i priznaju očinstvo nad djetetom.
10:08
So paternity is actually sort of a team endeavor
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Očinstvo je neka vrsta
timskog nastojanja,
timskog nastojanja,
10:11
in this society.
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u njihovom društvu.
10:13
So there are all sorts of examples like this
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Puno je sličnih primjera
10:15
that we go through in the book.
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koje obrađujemo u knjizi.
10:17
Now, why does this matter?
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No, zašto je to važno?
10:21
Edward Wilson says we need to understand
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Edward Wilson kaže da moramo razumjeti
10:23
that human sexuality is first a bonding device
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da je ljudska seksualnost prvo
sredstvo povezivanja,
sredstvo povezivanja,
10:26
and only secondarily procreation.
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a tek potom razmnožavanja.
10:29
I think that's true. This matters because
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Mislim da je to točno. Važno je zato
10:31
our evolved sexuality is in direct conflict
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što je naša evoluirana seksualnost
u izravnom sukobu
u izravnom sukobu
10:34
with many aspects of the modern world.
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s mnogim aspektima suvremenog svijeta.
10:37
The contradictions between what we're told
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Razlike između onoga što nam tvrde
10:39
we should feel and what we actually do feel
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da bismo trebali osjećati i
onoga što zapravo osjećamo
onoga što zapravo osjećamo
10:43
generates a huge amount of unnecessary suffering.
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proizvode ogromnu nepotrebnu patnju.
10:48
My hope is that a more accurate,
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Nadam se da će točnije,
10:50
updated understanding of human sexuality
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ažurnije razumijevanje ljudske seksualnosti
10:52
will lead us to have greater tolerance for ourselves,
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dovesti do veće tolerancije
prema nama samima,
prema nama samima,
10:55
for each other,
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jednih prema drugima,
10:57
greater respect for unconventional
relationship configurations
relationship configurations
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do većeg poštovanja prema
nekonvencionalnim vezama
nekonvencionalnim vezama
11:01
like same-sex marriage or polyamorous unions,
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poput istospolnih ili poligamnih zajednica,
11:06
and that we'll finally put to rest the idea
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i da ćemo napokon napustiti ideju
11:09
that men have some innate, instinctive right
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da muškarci imaju nekakvo urođeno,
instinktivno pravo
instinktivno pravo
11:12
to monitor and control women's sexual behavior.
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nadzirati i kontrolirati spolno ponašanje žena.
11:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:19
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:21
And we'll see that it's not only gay people
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Otkrit ćemo da nisu samo homoseksualci
11:24
that have to come out of the closet.
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ti koji moraju izići iz ormara.
11:25
We all have closets we have to come out of. Right?
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Svi mi imamo ormare iz kojih trebamo izaći, zar ne?
11:29
And when we do come out of those closets,
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A kada to učinimo,
11:30
we'll recognize that our fight is not with each other,
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otkrit ćemo da nismo u sukobu sa sobom,
11:34
our fight is with an outdated,
Victorian sense of human sexuality
Victorian sense of human sexuality
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već sa zasterjelim, viktorijanskim
poimanjem ljudske seksualnosti
poimanjem ljudske seksualnosti
11:39
that conflates desire with property rights,
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koje miješa želju s pravom vlasništva,
11:42
generates shame and confusion
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stvara sram i zbunjenost
11:45
in place of understanding and empathy.
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umjesto razumijevanja i empatije.
11:48
It's time we moved beyond Mars and Venus,
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2716
Vrijeme je da se odmaknemo od
Marsa i Venere,
Marsa i Venere,
11:50
because the truth is
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jer je istina
11:52
that men are from Africa
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da su muškarci iz Afrike,
11:53
and women are from Africa.
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i žene su iz Afrike.
11:55
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
12:06
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
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Chris Anderson: Hvala vam.
Christopher Ryan: Hvala vam.
Christopher Ryan: Hvala vam.
12:09
CA: So a question.
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CA: Jedno pitanje.
12:10
It's so perplexing, trying to use arguments
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Zbunjujuće je argumente
12:14
about evolutionary history
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koji se odnose na evolucijsku povijest
12:17
to turn that into what we ought to do today.
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primjenjivati na ono što bismo
danas trebali činiti.
danas trebali činiti.
12:20
Someone could give a talk and say,
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Netko može održati govor i reći,
12:22
look at us, we've got these really sharp teeth
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2745
gledajte nas, imamo ove oštre zube
12:25
and muscles and a brain that's really good
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1727
i mišiće i mozak koji su stvarno dobri
12:27
at throwing weapons,
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za upotrebu oružja,
12:28
and if you look at lots of societies around the world,
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i ako promotrite mnoga društva
širom svijeta,
širom svijeta,
12:31
you'll see very high rates of violence.
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2286
otkrit ćete visoke stope nasilja.
12:34
Nonviolence is a choice like vegetarianism,
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Nenasilje je izbor poput vegetarijanstva,
12:37
but it's not who you are.
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ali to niste vi.
12:39
How is that different
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2050
Na koji način je takav argument
12:41
from the talk you gave?
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drugačiji od vašeg govora?
12:44
CR: Well first of all, the evidence
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CR: Kao prvo, dokazi
12:48
for high levels of violence in prehistory
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za veliko nasilje u pretpovijesti
12:50
is very debatable.
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su vrlo diskutabilni.
12:53
But that's just an example.
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Ali to je samo primjer.
12:55
Certainly, you know, lots of people say to me,
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Sigurno, znate, mnogi su mi rekli
12:59
just because we lived a certain way in the past
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da samo zato što smo u prošlosti
živjeli na određeni način
živjeli na određeni način
13:01
doesn't mean we should live that
way now, and I agree with that.
way now, and I agree with that.
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3199
ne znači da tako moramo živjeti
danas, i slažem se s time.
danas, i slažem se s time.
13:04
Everyone has to respond to the modern world.
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Svatko mora dati svoj odgovor na
suvremeni svijet.
suvremeni svijet.
13:07
But the body does have its inherent
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4422
Ali tijelo ima svoje ugrađene
13:11
evolved trajectories.
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evolucijske putanje.
13:14
And so you could live on
McDonald's and milkshakes,
McDonald's and milkshakes,
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3480
Vi možete živjeti na hamburgerima
i šejkovima iz McDonald'sa,
i šejkovima iz McDonald'sa,
13:18
but your body will rebel against
that. We have appetites.
that. We have appetites.
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ali tijelo će vam se pobuniti.
Imamo svoje apetite.
Imamo svoje apetite.
13:21
I think it was Schopenhauer who said,
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Mislim da je Schopenhauer rekao
13:23
a person can do what they want
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da čovjek može činiti što želi,
13:26
but not want what they want.
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ali ne može željeti ono što želi.
13:28
And so what I'm arguing against
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Tako da moj argument ide protiv
13:30
is the shame that's associated with desires.
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srama koji je povezan s našim željama.
13:32
It's the idea that if you love your husband or wife
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Protiv ideje da ako volite
svoga muža ili ženu
svoga muža ili ženu
13:35
but you still are attracted to other people,
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ali vas i dalje privlače drugi,
13:38
there's something wrong with you,
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da s vama nešto nije u redu,
13:39
there's something wrong with your marriage,
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1937
da nešto nije u redu s vašim brakom,
13:41
something wrong with your partner.
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s vašim partnerom.
13:42
I think a lot of families are fractured
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2023
Mislim da su mnoge obitelji nagrižene
13:44
by unrealistic expectations
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1985
nerealnim očekivanjima
13:46
that are based upon this false
vision of human sexuality.
vision of human sexuality.
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koja se temelje na pogrešnom
pogledu na ljudsku seksualnost.
pogledu na ljudsku seksualnost.
13:50
That's what I'm trying to get at.
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To vam pokušavam reći.
13:51
CA: Thank you. Communicated
powerfully. Thanks a lot.
powerfully. Thanks a lot.
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CA: Hvala. Snažna
argumentacija. Mnogo hvala.
argumentacija. Mnogo hvala.
13:53
CR: Thank you, Chris.
(Applause)
(Applause)
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CR: Hvala, Chris.
(Pljesak)
(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Christopher Ryan - PsychologistThe co-author of "Sex at Dawn," Christopher Ryan explores the prehistoric roots of human sexuality.
Why you should listen
In the fascinating book Sex at Dawn, Christopher Ryan and co-author Cacilda Jethá, MD, explore how humans' prehistoric promiscuity (perhaps similar to the bonobos') may have influenced our current attitudes toward pair-bonding, monogamy and long-lasting passion. Their thesis draws on evidence from anthropology, archeology, primatology, anatomy and psychosexuality.
As a psychologist, Ryan’s research focuses on trying to distinguish the human from the cultural. His book, he hopes, is "pointing toward a more optimistic future illuminated by our innate capacities for love, cooperation and generosity."
Christopher Ryan | Speaker | TED.com