TED2015
Manuel Lima: A visual history of human knowledge
Manuel Lima: 人类知识图象史
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知识是如何成长的？很多时候，它先是从主体开始，慢慢成长出许多分支。信息图可视化专家 Manuel Lima 发现，在数千年来的绘图数据史中——无论是语言进化还是王朝更迭——它们都使用树形结构作来展示信息。这既是一段引人入胜的可视化发展史，也是一次对人类绘制知识图谱如何演化的探索。
Manuel Lima - Data visualization researcher
Manuel Lima studies how information can be organized -- into elegant and beautiful diagrams that illustrate the many unexpected twists of big data. Full bio
Manuel Lima studies how information can be organized -- into elegant and beautiful diagrams that illustrate the many unexpected twists of big data. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Over the past 10 years,
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过去的十年，
00:14
I've been researching the way
people organize and visualize information.
people organize and visualize information.
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我一直在研究，
人们如何整理和构想信息
人们如何整理和构想信息
00:19
And I've noticed an interesting shift.
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期间我发现了一个有趣的变化。
00:22
For a long period of time,
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很长一段时间里，
00:23
we believed in a natural ranking order
in the world around us,
in the world around us,
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我们相信我们所置身的
这个世界的自然秩序，
这个世界的自然秩序，
00:28
also known as the great chain of being,
or "Scala naturae" in Latin,
or "Scala naturae" in Latin,
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也称作“生存巨链”，
或拉丁文里的“自然级别”
或拉丁文里的“自然级别”
00:33
a top-down structure that normally starts
with God at the very top,
with God at the very top,
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一般以神为顶点
而开端自上而下
而开端自上而下
00:37
followed by angels, noblemen,
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下面是天使、贵族、
00:39
common people, animals, and so on.
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平民、动物等。
这理念其实是基于
亚里士多德的本体论，
亚里士多德的本体论，
00:43
This idea was actually based
on Aristotle's ontology,
on Aristotle's ontology,
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00:48
which classified all things known to man
in a set of opposing categories,
in a set of opposing categories,
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它将人类所知的东西
按对立关系分类，
按对立关系分类，
00:52
like the ones you see behind me.
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比如我身后这个例子。
00:56
But over time, interestingly enough,
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但随着时间的推移，有趣的是
00:59
this concept adopted
the branching schema of a tree
the branching schema of a tree
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这个理念吸收了来自树的分支结构，
01:03
in what became known
as the Porphyrian tree,
as the Porphyrian tree,
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后被称为“波菲利之树”，
01:06
also considered to be
the oldest tree of knowledge.
the oldest tree of knowledge.
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这也被认为是最早的智慧之树。
实际上，树的分支结构
01:11
The branching scheme
of the tree was, in fact,
of the tree was, in fact,
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01:13
such a powerful metaphor
for conveying information
for conveying information
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可以有效而形象地传递信息。
01:16
that it became, over time,
an important communication tool
an important communication tool
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它逐渐变成了一个重要的交流工具，
01:19
to map a variety of systems of knowledge.
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用以描绘不同的知识系统。
01:22
We can see trees being used
to map morality,
to map morality,
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我们可以发现树曾被用来描绘道德。
01:25
with the popular tree of virtues
and tree of vices,
and tree of vices,
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如人们熟知的善与恶之树。
01:28
as you can see here, with these beautiful
illustrations from medieval Europe.
illustrations from medieval Europe.
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比如这些来自欧洲中世纪的美丽插图。
01:32
We can see trees being used
to map consanguinity,
to map consanguinity,
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树也被用以描述血缘关系。
01:35
the various blood ties between people.
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人们之间各种血缘关系。
01:39
We can also see trees being used
to map genealogy,
to map genealogy,
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树也被用来描述家族谱系，
01:42
perhaps the most famous archetype
of the tree diagram.
of the tree diagram.
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这可能是最著名而原始的树形图表。
01:45
I think many of you in the audience
have probably seen family trees.
have probably seen family trees.
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我想在座很多听众都见过树形族谱。
01:48
Many of you probably even have
your own family trees drawn in such a way.
your own family trees drawn in such a way.
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你们之中的很多人的族谱
可能和这些图类似。
可能和这些图类似。
01:53
We can see trees even mapping
systems of law,
systems of law,
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树也被用来描绘法律系统，
01:56
the various decrees and rulings
of kings and rulers.
of kings and rulers.
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各种国王和掌权者的法令和规定。
02:01
And finally, of course,
also a very popular scientific metaphor,
also a very popular scientific metaphor,
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最后，当然它通常还是科学的象征。
02:05
we can see trees being used
to map all species known to man.
to map all species known to man.
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如图，树被用来归纳人类已知物种。
最终，树变为一种有效的视觉象征。
02:11
And trees ultimately became
such a powerful visual metaphor
such a powerful visual metaphor
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02:15
because in many ways,
they really embody this human desire
they really embody this human desire
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因为它在很多方面都能体现，
人类对秩序、平衡、
统一、对称的渴望。
统一、对称的渴望。
02:17
for order, for balance,
for unity, for symmetry.
for unity, for symmetry.
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02:21
However, nowadays we are really facing
new complex, intricate challenges
new complex, intricate challenges
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但如今，
我们正面临错中复杂的新难题，
我们正面临错中复杂的新难题，
02:26
that cannot be understood by simply
employing a simple tree diagram.
employing a simple tree diagram.
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它们难以用简单的树形来描绘。
02:32
And a new metaphor is currently emerging,
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一种新的视觉隐喻在逐渐成型，
02:35
and it's currently replacing the tree
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它在逐渐取代树。
在各种图形化的知识系统中，
02:37
in visualizing various
systems of knowledge.
systems of knowledge.
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02:40
It's really providing us with a new lens
to understand the world around us.
to understand the world around us.
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它为我们对世界的认识提供了新视角。
02:45
And this new metaphor
is the metaphor of the network.
is the metaphor of the network.
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这种新形象就是网络结构。
我们可以发现网络逐渐取代树，
02:49
And we can see this shift
from trees into networks
from trees into networks
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出现在各知识领域。
02:52
in many domains of knowledge.
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02:54
We can see this shift in the way
we try to understand the brain.
we try to understand the brain.
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这种转变也发生在我们对大脑的认识。
03:00
While before, we used
to think of the brain
to think of the brain
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过去我们把大脑看作
03:02
as a modular, centralized organ,
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一个分块的中枢器官，
03:04
where a given area was responsible
for a set of actions and behaviors,
for a set of actions and behaviors,
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特定的区域控制特定的反应和行为。
当我们对大脑了解越多，
03:08
the more we know about the brain,
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03:10
the more we think of it
as a large music symphony,
as a large music symphony,
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就越觉得它像一部大型交响乐，
由数以千计的乐器演奏出来。
03:13
played by hundreds
and thousands of instruments.
and thousands of instruments.
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03:16
This is a beautiful snapshot
created by the Blue Brain Project,
created by the Blue Brain Project,
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这幅美妙的快照来自于蓝脑计划，
03:19
where you can see 10,000 neurons
and 30 million connections.
and 30 million connections.
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里面有一万个神经元和三千万条连接。
03:24
And this is only mapping 10 percent
of a mammalian neocortex.
of a mammalian neocortex.
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这仅表现了哺乳类的新大脑皮质的10%。
这种转变也体现在我们对人类知识的构想。
03:30
We can also see this shift in the way
we try to conceive of human knowledge.
we try to conceive of human knowledge.
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这是些很出色的知识树或科学树，
03:36
These are some remarkable trees
of knowledge, or trees of science,
of knowledge, or trees of science,
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03:39
by Spanish scholar Ramon Llull.
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出自西班牙学者 Ramon Llull。
03:41
And Llull was actually the precursor,
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Llull 是一个先驱，
03:43
the very first one who created
the metaphor of science as a tree,
the metaphor of science as a tree,
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是首个用树形结构来表现科学的人。
一个我们每天都用到的形象，例如：
03:47
a metaphor we use
every single day, when we say,
every single day, when we say,
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03:50
"Biology is a branch of science,"
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“生物学是科学的分支。”
03:52
when we say,
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当我们说：
03:53
"Genetics is a branch of science."
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“遗传学是科学的分支。”
03:56
But perhaps the most beautiful of all
trees of knowledge, at least for me,
trees of knowledge, at least for me,
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于我而言，最美的知识树可能是，
03:59
was created for the French encyclopedia
by Diderot and d'Alembert in 1751.
by Diderot and d'Alembert in 1751.
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Diderot 和 d'Alembert
在1751年为法国大百科全书创作的。
在1751年为法国大百科全书创作的。
04:04
This was really the bastion
of the French Enlightenment,
of the French Enlightenment,
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它体现了法国启蒙运动的成就，
04:07
and this gorgeous illustration
was featured as a table of contents
was featured as a table of contents
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这幅美妙的图表成为了最具特色的目录
04:10
for the encyclopedia.
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出现在百科全书上。
04:12
And it actually maps out
all domains of knowledge
all domains of knowledge
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事实上它将各领域的知识，
04:16
as separate branches of a tree.
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划分于树的各个分支上。
但知识是更错综复杂的。
04:19
But knowledge is much more
intricate than this.
intricate than this.
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04:22
These are two maps of Wikipedia
showing the inter-linkage of articles --
showing the inter-linkage of articles --
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这两幅来自维基的图，
表现了文章间的关联，
表现了文章间的关联，
04:27
related to history on the left,
and mathematics on the right.
and mathematics on the right.
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与左边的历史和右边的数学有关联。
04:31
And I think by looking at these maps
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我认为，这两幅图
04:33
and other ones that have been
created of Wikipedia --
created of Wikipedia --
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以及维基百科上的其他图，
04:36
arguably one of the largest rhizomatic
structures ever created by man --
structures ever created by man --
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可以说是人类创造的最庞大的根茎结构。
04:39
we can really understand
how human knowledge is much more intricate
how human knowledge is much more intricate
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由此可看出，
人类知识是如此错综复杂、
人类知识是如此错综复杂、
04:43
and interdependent, just like a network.
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相互关联，就像一个网络。
这种有趣的转变，
04:47
We can also see this interesting shift
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04:49
in the way we map
social ties between people.
social ties between people.
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也体现在我们描绘人们的社会关系中。
这是张典型的组织机构图。
04:53
This is the typical organization chart.
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04:55
I'm assuming many of you have seen
a similar chart as well,
a similar chart as well,
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我相信在座很多听众也见过类似的，
04:58
in your own corporations, or others.
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在你们的公司或其他机构中。
05:00
It's a top-down structure
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这是个至上而下结构，
05:01
that normally starts
with the CEO at the very top,
with the CEO at the very top,
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一般是CEO在顶端，
05:04
and where you can drill down all the way
to the individual workmen on the bottom.
to the individual workmen on the bottom.
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往下一直延伸到底部的各工作人员。
05:09
But humans sometimes are, well, actually,
all humans are unique in their own way,
all humans are unique in their own way,
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但每个人都有自己的独特之处。
但有时你无法在这种僵硬的框架下
施展所有才能。
施展所有才能。
05:14
and sometimes you really don't play well
under this really rigid structure.
under this really rigid structure.
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05:20
I think the Internet is really changing
this paradigm quite a lot.
this paradigm quite a lot.
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网络大幅度改变了这一架构。
05:23
This is a fantastic map
of online social collaboration
of online social collaboration
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这张奇妙的图形展示了网络上
05:27
between Perl developers.
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Perl 开发者间的社群合作。
05:28
Perl is a famous programming language,
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Perl 是种著名的编程语言，
05:30
and here, you can see
how different programmers
how different programmers
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在此，你可以看到那些不同的程序员
在为定制的项目交换文件和协同工作。
05:33
are actually exchanging files,
and working together on a given project.
and working together on a given project.
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05:37
And here, you can notice that this is
a completely decentralized process --
a completely decentralized process --
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你可以发现，
这个开发过程是完全分散的。
这个开发过程是完全分散的。
05:41
there's no leader in this organization,
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这个组织里没有领导人，
05:43
it's a network.
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这是个网络。
05:46
We can also see this interesting shift
when we look at terrorism.
when we look at terrorism.
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这种有趣的转变，
也出现在恐怖主义者中。
也出现在恐怖主义者中。
05:51
One of the main challenges
of understanding terrorism nowadays
of understanding terrorism nowadays
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当今研究恐怖主义最主要的挑战是
05:54
is that we are dealing with
decentralized, independent cells,
decentralized, independent cells,
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我们正在和一个权力分散、个体独立，
05:58
where there's no leader
leading the whole process.
leading the whole process.
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没有领导人统筹整个过程的组织打交道。
06:02
And here, you can actually see
how visualization is being used.
how visualization is being used.
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这里，你看到了信息的视觉化的应用。
06:05
The diagram that you see behind me
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我身后这个图，
06:07
shows all the terrorists involved
in the Madrid attack in 2004.
in the Madrid attack in 2004.
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展示了参与 2004年马德里袭击的恐怖分子。
06:11
And what they did here is,
they actually segmented the network
they actually segmented the network
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这张图展示了他们所做的，
事实上他们将整个过程按年份分为三段，
06:14
into three different years,
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06:16
represented by the vertical layers
that you see behind me.
that you see behind me.
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如我身后所展示的这三个垂直平面。
06:19
And the blue lines tie together
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将平面联系起来的蓝线，
06:21
the people that were present
in that network year after year.
in that network year after year.
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代表了每年都参与了的人。
06:25
So even though there's no leader per se,
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因此，虽然没有领导人，
06:27
these people are probably the most
influential ones in that organization,
influential ones in that organization,
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这些人可能是组织中最具影响力的。
他们是这个特殊结构中最了解计划的过去
06:30
the ones that know more about the past,
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未来以及最终目的人。
06:32
and the future plans and goals
of this particular cell.
of this particular cell.
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06:37
We can also see this shift
from trees into networks
from trees into networks
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这种从树到网络的转变，
06:40
in the way we classify
and organize species.
and organize species.
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也出现在我们对物种的分类。
06:45
The image on the right
is the only illustration
is the only illustration
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右边这幅图，
是达尔文的《物种起源》中唯一的图。
06:48
that Darwin included
in "The Origin of Species,"
in "The Origin of Species,"
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06:51
which Darwin called the "Tree of Life."
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达尔文称之为“生命之树”。
06:54
There's actually a letter
from Darwin to the publisher,
from Darwin to the publisher,
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这实际是他给出版社的信，
用以解释这种结构的重要性。
06:57
expanding on the importance
of this particular diagram.
of this particular diagram.
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06:59
It was critical for Darwin's
theory of evolution.
theory of evolution.
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对于达尔文进化论，这很重要。
07:03
But recently, scientists discovered
that overlaying this tree of life
that overlaying this tree of life
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但科学家最近发现在这生命之树下，
07:06
is a dense network of bacteria,
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是个密集的细菌网络。
07:09
and these bacteria
are actually tying together
are actually tying together
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而正是这些细菌
07:11
species that were completely
separated before,
separated before,
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将那些原本无关的物种联系起来，
07:13
to what scientists are now calling
not the tree of life,
not the tree of life,
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科学家不再称之为生命之树，
07:16
but the web of life, the network of life.
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而称为生命之网，
一张连接生命的网络。
一张连接生命的网络。
最后一个例子，这种转变
07:21
And finally, we can really
see this shift, again,
see this shift, again,
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07:24
when we look at ecosystems
around our planet.
around our planet.
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也体现于地球生态系统中。
07:27
No more do we have these simplified
predator-versus-prey diagrams
predator-versus-prey diagrams
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不再是这简化的捕食与被捕食，
如在校学到的那样。
07:30
we have all learned at school.
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07:33
This is a much more accurate
depiction of an ecosystem.
depiction of an ecosystem.
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这图更准确地描绘了生态系统。
07:36
This is a diagram created
by Professor David Lavigne,
by Professor David Lavigne,
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这个图出自David Lavigne教授。
07:39
mapping close to 100 species
that interact with the codfish
that interact with the codfish
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描绘了与鳕鱼相关的近100种物种，
07:42
off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada.
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位于加拿大纽芬兰沿岸。
07:46
And I think here, we can really understand
the intricate and interdependent nature
the intricate and interdependent nature
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由此，可以明白地球各生态系统中，
错综复杂、相互依存的本质。
07:50
of most ecosystems
that abound on our planet.
that abound on our planet.
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07:54
But even though recent,
this metaphor of the network,
this metaphor of the network,
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而如今，这种网络状的形象
07:58
is really already adopting
various shapes and forms,
various shapes and forms,
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已经有不同的形状和形式，
变成一门逐渐壮大的视觉分类学，
08:01
and it's almost becoming
a growing visual taxonomy.
a growing visual taxonomy.
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08:03
It's almost becoming
the syntax of a new language.
the syntax of a new language.
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几乎成为一门新语言的语法。
08:06
And this is one aspect
that truly fascinates me.
that truly fascinates me.
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这一点非常吸引我。
08:09
And these are actually
15 different typologies
15 different typologies
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实际上，有15种类型学，
08:12
I've been collecting over time,
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是我逐渐收集到的，
08:14
and it really shows the immense
visual diversity of this new metaphor.
visual diversity of this new metaphor.
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图中显示了这新形象极具多样性。
08:19
And here is an example.
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举例而言，
08:20
On the very top band,
you have radial convergence,
you have radial convergence,
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最上排是径向会聚型。
08:24
a visualization model that has become
really popular over the last five years.
really popular over the last five years.
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过去5年中，这个视觉模型广受欢迎。
08:29
At the top left, the very first project
is a gene network,
is a gene network,
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左上角，它最初是个基因网络，
紧接着是IP 地址、机器、服务器、
08:33
followed by a network
of IP addresses -- machines, servers --
of IP addresses -- machines, servers --
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08:37
followed by a network of Facebook friends.
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以及脸书网友的网络。
可能你难以找到与此迥异的话题，
08:41
You probably couldn't find
more disparate topics,
more disparate topics,
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08:43
yet they are using the same metaphor,
the same visual model,
the same visual model,
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但它们都用着相同的形象与视觉模型，
08:47
to map the never-ending complexities
of its own subject.
of its own subject.
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用以表现这一主题其自身
永无止境的复杂性。
永无止境的复杂性。
08:52
And here are a few more examples
of the many I've been collecting,
of the many I've been collecting,
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再举些我收集到的例子，
08:55
of this growing visual
taxonomy of networks.
taxonomy of networks.
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它们运用了这种视觉分类网络。
09:00
But networks are not just
a scientific metaphor.
a scientific metaphor.
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但网络不仅仅有科学化的形象。
09:04
As designers, researchers, and scientists
try to map a variety of complex systems,
try to map a variety of complex systems,
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当设计师、研究员、科学家
尽力地表达各种复杂系统，
尽力地表达各种复杂系统，
它们正以不同方式影响着传统艺术领域，
09:09
they are in many ways influencing
traditional art fields,
traditional art fields,
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09:12
like painting and sculpture,
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如绘画和雕塑，
09:14
and influencing many different artists.
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同样影响着不同的艺术家们。
09:16
And perhaps because networks have
this huge aesthetical force to them --
this huge aesthetical force to them --
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或许网络对他们有着巨大的美学推动力，
09:20
they're immensely gorgeous --
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它们如此多彩绚烂，
09:22
they are really becoming a cultural meme,
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以致成为一种文化因子，
09:24
and driving a new art movement,
which I've called "networkism."
which I've called "networkism."
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促成了一种新艺术运动，
我称之为“网络主义”。
我称之为“网络主义”。
09:30
And we can see this influence
in this movement in a variety of ways.
in this movement in a variety of ways.
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它从多个方面影响着这场艺术运动。
09:33
This is just one of many examples,
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这是其中一个例子，
表明这种影响从科学延伸到艺术。
09:35
where you can see this influence
from science into art.
from science into art.
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09:38
The example on your left side
is IP-mapping,
is IP-mapping,
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左边的是IP 映射，
一幅电脑生成的映射图，
一幅电脑生成的映射图，
09:41
a computer-generated map of IP addresses;
again -- servers, machines.
again -- servers, machines.
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及服务器、机器的网络。
09:45
And on your right side,
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在右边的是，
09:46
you have "Transient Structures
and Unstable Networks" by Sharon Molloy,
and Unstable Networks" by Sharon Molloy,
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Sharon Molloy 的
《瞬时结构与非稳定网络》，
《瞬时结构与非稳定网络》，
09:51
using oil and enamel on canvas.
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用油彩与珐琅绘于帆布上。
09:53
And here are a few more
paintings by Sharon Molloy,
paintings by Sharon Molloy,
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这些作品也来自于
Sharon Molloy，
Sharon Molloy，
09:56
some gorgeous, intricate paintings.
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是些美妙、繁复的画作。
10:00
And here's another example
of that interesting cross-pollination
of that interesting cross-pollination
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这是另一个例子，关于科学与艺术之间
异花授粉式的交融和影响。
10:03
between science and art.
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10:05
On your left side,
you have "Operation Smile."
you have "Operation Smile."
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左边的是 《微笑行动》，
10:08
It is a computer-generated map
of a social network.
of a social network.
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是幅电脑生成的社交网络图。
10:11
And on your right side,
you have "Field 4," by Emma McNally,
you have "Field 4," by Emma McNally,
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在右边的是出自
Emma McNally 的《字段4》，
Emma McNally 的《字段4》，
10:14
using only graphite on paper.
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仅用石墨绘于纸上。
10:17
Emma McNally is one of the main
leaders of this movement,
leaders of this movement,
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Emma McNally
是这场艺术运动中的主要领袖之一，
是这场艺术运动中的主要领袖之一，
10:20
and she creates these striking,
imaginary landscapes,
imaginary landscapes,
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她创造了这些惊艳而富想象力的作品，
10:23
where you can really notice the influence
from traditional network visualization.
from traditional network visualization.
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由此可见传统网络视觉化对其的影响。
10:30
But networkism doesn't happen
only in two dimensions.
only in two dimensions.
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但网络主义不仅限于二维平面。
这可能是这场新运动中
10:33
This is perhaps
one of my favorite projects
one of my favorite projects
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10:35
of this new movement.
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我最喜欢的作品之一。
10:37
And I think the title really
says it all -- it's called:
says it all -- it's called:
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我认为它的名字很好的描述了它，
10:39
"Galaxies Forming Along Filaments,
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“陷落在丝状中的星系，
10:41
Like Droplets Along the Strands
of a Spider's Web."
of a Spider's Web."
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犹如蜘蛛网上的悬挂的水珠。”
10:46
And I just find this particular project
to be immensely powerful.
to be immensely powerful.
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我觉得这个作品非常震撼，
10:49
It was created by Tomás Saraceno,
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它是 Tomás Saraceno 的作品。
10:51
and he occupies these large spaces,
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他在这种大空间中，
10:54
creates these massive installations
using only elastic ropes.
using only elastic ropes.
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仅用弹性绳来编织这巨大的装置。
10:57
As you actually navigate that space
and bounce along those elastic ropes,
and bounce along those elastic ropes,
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当你在其中穿梭，碰到这些弹性绳，
11:01
the entire network kind of shifts,
almost like a real organic network would.
almost like a real organic network would.
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整个网会变形，
就像个活生生的有机网络。
就像个活生生的有机网络。
这是另一个例子，
11:07
And here's yet another example
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网络主义被发挥至一个全新的水平。
11:09
of networkism taken
to a whole different level.
to a whole different level.
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11:12
This was created
by Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota
by Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota
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它是日本艺术家塩田千春的作品，
11:15
in a piece called "In Silence."
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名为《寂静》。
11:17
And Chiharu, like Tomás Saraceno,
fills these rooms with this dense network,
fills these rooms with this dense network,
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如同Tomás Saraceno的作品，
她让这些空间布满网络，
她让这些空间布满网络，
11:23
this dense web of elastic ropes
and black wool and thread,
and black wool and thread,
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由弹性绳、黑毛线、棉线编织的巨网。
11:26
sometimes including objects,
as you can see here,
as you can see here,
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有时加入了一些物品，
11:29
sometimes even including people,
in many of her installations.
in many of her installations.
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在她的一些作品中有时还有人。
11:35
But networks are also
not just a new trend,
not just a new trend,
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但网络不仅仅是种趋势，
我们容易认为它的影响仅此而已。
11:38
and it's too easy for us
to dismiss it as such.
to dismiss it as such.
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11:41
Networks really embody
notions of decentralization,
notions of decentralization,
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网络很好地表现了
11:44
of interconnectedness, of interdependence.
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零散、关联、以及互相依存这些概念。
11:48
And this new way of thinking is critical
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这种新思维非常对我们来说很重要，
可用以解决很多现今面临的复杂难题。
11:50
for us to solve many of the complex
problems we are facing nowadays,
problems we are facing nowadays,
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11:54
from decoding the human brain,
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从对人脑的解析，
11:56
to understanding
the vast universe out there.
the vast universe out there.
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到探索广袤的宇宙。
11:59
On your left side, you have a snapshot
of a neural network of a mouse --
of a neural network of a mouse --
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左边是一张有关老鼠的神经网络图片。
12:04
very similar to our own
at this particular scale.
at this particular scale.
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这种尺度下看和人类的很像。
12:07
And on your right side, you have
the Millennium Simulation.
the Millennium Simulation.
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右边的是“千禧模拟”
12:10
It was the largest
and most realistic simulation
and most realistic simulation
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它是最大型且最接近现实的
关于宇宙演化的模拟。
12:13
of the growth of cosmic structure.
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12:15
It was able to recreate the history
of 20 million galaxies
of 20 million galaxies
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它能再现两千万星系的历史，
12:20
in approximately 25 terabytes of output.
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并输出成大约有25TB的数据。
12:24
And coincidentally or not,
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无独有偶，
当我对比这两张图，
12:25
I just find this particular comparison
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一个是最小尺度的知识——大脑，
12:27
between the smallest scale
of knowledge -- the brain --
of knowledge -- the brain --
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12:30
and the largest scale of knowledge --
the universe itself --
the universe itself --
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一个是最大尺度的知识——宇宙。
12:32
to be really quite striking
and fascinating.
and fascinating.
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都如此繁复而美妙。
12:35
Because as Bruce Mau once said,
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正如 Bruce Mau 所说，
12:38
"When everything is connected
to everything else,
to everything else,
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“当所有事物彼此互相关联，
12:40
for better or for worse,
everything matters."
everything matters."
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无论好坏，所有的事物都变得重要。”
12:43
Thank you so much.
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谢谢。
12:44
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Manuel Lima - Data visualization researcherManuel Lima studies how information can be organized -- into elegant and beautiful diagrams that illustrate the many unexpected twists of big data.
Why you should listen
Data expert Manuel Lima approaches intimidatingly dry stacks of bits with the eye of a designer. His website, VisualComplexity, is an encyclopedic and visually stunning catalog of the myriad paths artists take to illuminate the shadowy corners of stockpiled information, whether it’s a taxonomy of rap names or tracking oil money.
Lima’s passion for data has also driven him to become a historian. In The Book of Trees, he digs to the 12th-century roots of the tree diagram, one of humanity’s most powerful and ancient tools for visually representing knowledge.
More profile about the speakerLima’s passion for data has also driven him to become a historian. In The Book of Trees, he digs to the 12th-century roots of the tree diagram, one of humanity’s most powerful and ancient tools for visually representing knowledge.
Manuel Lima | Speaker | TED.com