TEDxYouth@Sydney
Oscar Schwartz: Can a computer write poetry?
奧斯卡．史古瓦茲: 电脑会写诗吗？
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如果你读了首诗，而且被这首诗所感动，但却发现这首诗是电脑写的，你会不会有不一样的感受？你会认为这部电脑有表达自己及创作的能力？或者，你会觉得你被骗了？在这一场谈话中，作家奥斯卡．史古瓦兹（Oscar Schwartz ）分析了我们为什么会对电脑会写诗的这个想法反应这么激烈，以及这些反应可以如何帮助我们了解什么是“ 人性”的定义。
诗测试＃1
诗1
小苍蝇
夏天的嘻戏
我轻率的手
已挥走
我是不是
是只苍蝇像你一样
或者，你是不是
个男人像我一样
诗2
我们可以感受到
你生命中的每个活动
早上
停下来看看，教皇，我恨
没有一个夜晚始于伟大否则
我将蜿蜒的纷飞
浩瀚的猜测
是否我完全是精神仓鼠
知道我把一年放上一个关键
绝对是
诗测试＃2
诗1
狮子怒吼和狗叫
鸟会飞而不会怒吼和狗叫，这很有趣也很迷人
关于动物的迷人故事都在我梦里
如果我不筋疲力尽或疲惫不堪
我会为他们歌颂
诗2
哦！袋鼠、亮片、巧克力苏打水！
你们真的很漂亮！
珍珠、口琴，枣子，阿司匹林！
全是他们一直提到的东西仍会使一首诗惊艳！
这些每天与我们在一起的东西
即使在滩头阵地和棺材
他们真的有其意义
他们坚若磐石
诗测试＃3
诗1
漂亮的旗子原因除了是红旗
还有缎带
旗上的缎带
及耐磨的材质
耐磨材料的原因
带来荣幸
你能不能给我领土
领土和土地
领土和车轮
所有车轮是完美的
热情的
诗2
受伤的鹿跳得最高
我听见水仙在诉说
我今天听旗子说
我听到猎人的传说
这是对死亡的狂喜
而伤害几乎已经造成
而日出这么的近
日出这么的近
让我们可以触摸到绝望和
所有人的疯狂希望
Oscar Schwartz - Writer and poet
Oscar Schwartz's research and writing concerns the influence of digital technology on culture and human interaction. Full bio
Oscar Schwartz's research and writing concerns the influence of digital technology on culture and human interaction. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have a question.
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我有一个问题，
电脑可以写诗吗？
00:15
Can a computer write poetry?
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00:18
This is a provocative question.
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这是个有争议的问题。
00:21
You think about it for a minute,
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你稍微想一下，
00:23
and you suddenly have a bunch
of other questions like:
of other questions like:
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脑海里突然就会浮现出
很多其他的问题：
很多其他的问题：
例如，什么是电脑？
00:26
What is a computer?
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00:28
What is poetry?
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什么是诗？
00:30
What is creativity?
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什么是创造力？
但这些问题，
00:33
But these are questions
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00:34
that people spend their entire
lifetime trying to answer,
lifetime trying to answer,
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很多人穷尽一生才能试着给出答案，
00:37
not in a single TED Talk.
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单单一场 TED 演说并不能回答。
00:40
So we're going to have to try
a different approach.
a different approach.
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所以，我们必须用不一样的方法，
00:42
So up here, we have two poems.
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上面这里有两首诗，
其中一首是人类写的，
00:45
One of them is written by a human,
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00:48
and the other one's written by a computer.
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另一首是电脑写的。
00:50
I'm going to ask you to tell me
which one's which.
which one's which.
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我会让各位来分辨哪首是谁写的，
我们开始吧：
00:53
Have a go:
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00:55
Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play, /
My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.
My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.
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１号诗：小苍蝇，你夏天的游戏，
给我的手，无心地抹去。
给我的手，无心地抹去。
00:59
Am I not / A fly like thee? /
Or art not thou / A man like me?
Or art not thou / A man like me?
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我岂不像你，是一只苍蝇，
你岂不像我，是一个人？
你岂不像我，是一个人？
01:02
Poem 2: We can feel / Activist
through your life's / morning /
through your life's / morning /
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２号诗：我们可以感受到，
激进派在妳每日生活的清晨出没
激进派在妳每日生活的清晨出没
01:05
Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non
all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)
all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)
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暂且停下感受，那我憎恶的教皇
并非每晚都能开始，一个伟大的其他可能...
并非每晚都能开始，一个伟大的其他可能...
好的，时间到。
01:10
Alright, time's up.
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01:11
Hands up if you think Poem 1
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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认为１号诗是人写的请举手，
好的，你们大部分都是。
01:17
OK, most of you.
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01:19
Hands up if you think Poem 2
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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认为２号诗是人写的请举手，
你们很勇敢，
01:23
Very brave of you,
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01:24
because the first one was written
by the human poet William Blake.
by the human poet William Blake.
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因为第一首诗是由诗人William Blake所写，
第二首诗是由一个演算法所写出来的，
01:29
The second one was written by an algorithm
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01:32
that took all the language
from my Facebook feed on one day
from my Facebook feed on one day
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选取了我脸书一天的信息流里的文法,
01:36
and then regenerated it algorithmically,
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然后，用演算法重新制作出来的，
01:39
according to methods that I'll describe
a little bit later on.
a little bit later on.
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按照我稍后会提到的方法。
我们来做另一个测验，
01:43
So let's try another test.
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01:46
Again, you haven't got ages to read this,
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我再次说明，
你不用花太多时间去读它，
你不用花太多时间去读它，
01:48
so just trust your gut.
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所以，相信你的直觉。
01:50
Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks.
It is interesting / and fascinating
It is interesting / and fascinating
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１号诗：狮吼，狗吠，
鸟飞，却不吼也不吠，这真迷人且有趣呐
鸟飞，却不吼也不吠，这真迷人且有趣呐
01:54
that a bird will fly and not / roar
or bark. Enthralling stories about animals
or bark. Enthralling stories about animals
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我梦里有着关于动物的迷人故事
01:58
are in my dreams and I will sing them all
if I / am not exhausted or weary.
if I / am not exhausted or weary.
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如果我不筋疲力尽或疲惫不堪
我会为他们歌颂。
我会为他们歌颂。
02:02
Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate
sodas! / You are really beautiful!
sodas! / You are really beautiful!
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２号诗：喔！袋鼠、亮片、
巧克力苏打！你们真漂亮！
巧克力苏打！你们真漂亮！
02:06
Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins!
All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)
All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)
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珍珠、口琴、枣子、阿斯匹林！
所有他们进场谈论的素材（...)
所有他们进场谈论的素材（...)
02:11
Alright, time's up.
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好的，时间到。
02:12
So if you think the first poem
was written by a human,
was written by a human,
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如果你认为第一首诗是人写的，
02:15
put your hand up.
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请举手。
02:17
OK.
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好的。
02:18
And if you think the second poem
was written by a human,
was written by a human,
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如果你认为第二首诗是人写的，
02:21
put your hand up.
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请举手。
02:23
We have, more or less, a 50/50 split here.
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我们这里大约是50／50比例，
这题比较难一点。
02:28
It was much harder.
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02:29
The answer is,
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答案是，
02:31
the first poem was generated
by an algorithm called Racter,
by an algorithm called Racter,
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第一首诗是一个名叫Racter的
电脑演算法
电脑演算法
02:34
that was created back in the 1970s,
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在1970年所创造的，
02:37
and the second poem was written
by a guy called Frank O'Hara,
by a guy called Frank O'Hara,
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第二首诗是一位叫
Frank O'Hara的家伙写的，
Frank O'Hara的家伙写的，
02:41
who happens to be
one of my favorite human poets.
one of my favorite human poets.
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他刚好是我最喜欢
的“ 人类诗人 ”其中之一，
的“ 人类诗人 ”其中之一，
02:44
(Laughter)
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（笑声)
02:48
So what we've just done now
is a Turing test for poetry.
is a Turing test for poetry.
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所以，我们为这首诗
做了「图灵测试」。
做了「图灵测试」。
02:52
The Turing test was first proposed
by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,
by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,
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「图灵测试」在1950年，
由Alan Turing做第一次发表，
由Alan Turing做第一次发表，
02:56
in order to answer the question,
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是为了回答一个问题：
02:58
can computers think?
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「电脑会思考吗？」
03:00
Alan Turing believed that if
a computer was able
a computer was able
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Alan Turing相信，如果电脑能够
和人类进行一场文字交流，
03:03
to have a to have a text-based
conversation with a human,
conversation with a human,
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流畅到让人无法分辨
03:06
with such proficiency
such that the human couldn't tell
such that the human couldn't tell
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03:08
whether they are talking
to a computer or a human,
to a computer or a human,
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对方是人还是一台电脑，
03:11
then the computer can be said
to have intelligence.
to have intelligence.
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那么这台电脑可以被称呼为
拥有人工智慧。
拥有人工智慧。
03:15
So in 2013, my friend
Benjamin Laird and I,
Benjamin Laird and I,
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所以在2013年，我的朋友
Benjamin Laird和我，
Benjamin Laird和我，
03:18
we created a Turing test
for poetry online.
for poetry online.
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我们创造了一个
在线的针推诗的图灵测试，
在线的针推诗的图灵测试，
03:21
It's called bot or not,
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叫做「bot or not」（是不是机器人），
03:22
and you can go and play it for yourselves.
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你可以上线自己玩玩看。
03:24
But basically, it's the game
we just played.
we just played.
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但基本上，它就是我们刚刚玩的游戏，
03:27
You're presented with a poem,
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你会看到一首诗，
03:28
you don't know whether it was written
by a human or a computer
by a human or a computer
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你不知道它是人写的还是电脑写的，
然后你必须猜一猜。
03:31
and you have to guess.
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03:33
So thousands and thousands
of people have taken this test online,
of people have taken this test online,
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好几千人已经在线上做测验，
03:36
so we have results.
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所以，我们有一个结论，
03:37
And what are the results?
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那结论是什么呢？
03:39
Well, Turing said that if a computer
could fool a human
could fool a human
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Turing说如果电脑可以骗过30%的人，
03:42
30 percent of the time
that it was a human,
that it was a human,
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那它就可以被当作人，
03:45
then it passes the Turing test
for intelligence.
for intelligence.
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它就通过了图灵测试的智力部分。
03:48
We have poems on the bot or not database
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我们在 bot or not
资料库里的诗集
资料库里的诗集
03:51
that have fooled 65 percent
of human readers into thinking
of human readers into thinking
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已经骗过65% 的人，
让他们认为里面的诗是人写的。
03:54
it was written by a human.
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03:55
So, I think we have an answer
to our question.
to our question.
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所以，我认为我们的问题有答案了，
03:59
According to the logic of the Turing test,
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根据图灵测试的逻辑，
04:01
can a computer write poetry?
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电脑可以写诗吗？
04:03
Well, yes, absolutely it can.
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是的，它绝对可以。
但，如果你觉得对这答案
有点让你不太舒服，
有点让你不太舒服，
04:07
But if you're feeling
a little bit uncomfortable
a little bit uncomfortable
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04:10
with this answer, that's OK.
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也没关系，
04:12
If you're having a bunch
of gut reactions to it,
of gut reactions to it,
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如果你对此有一些直觉的反应，
04:14
that's also OK because
this isn't the end of the story.
this isn't the end of the story.
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这也没关系，因为故事还没有结束。
我们来玩第三个
最后一个测验，
最后一个测验，
04:18
Let's play our third and final test.
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我再说明一下，你们要读完后，
04:22
Again, you're going to have to read
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04:23
and tell me which you think is human.
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告诉我哪一个是人写的。
04:25
Poem 1: Reg flags the reason
for pretty flags. / And ribbons.
for pretty flags. / And ribbons.
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１号诗：红旗之所以漂亮
除了红色，还有缎带
除了红色，还有缎带
04:29
Ribbons of flags / And wearing material /
Reasons for wearing material. (...)
Reasons for wearing material. (...)
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旗上的缎带及耐磨的材质
耐磨材料之所以（．．．）
耐磨材料之所以（．．．）
04:33
Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps
highest, / I've heard the daffodil
highest, / I've heard the daffodil
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２号诗：受伤的鹿跳最高，
我听见水仙的诉说， ¶
我听见水仙的诉说， ¶
04:37
I've heard the flag to-day /
I've heard the hunter tell; /
I've heard the hunter tell; /
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我今天听旗子的话，
我听到猎人的故事；
我听到猎人的故事；
04:41
'Tis but the ecstasy of death, /
And then the brake is almost done (...)
And then the brake is almost done (...)
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这是对死亡的狂喜，
而伤害几乎已经造成（．．．）
而伤害几乎已经造成（．．．）
04:44
OK, time is up.
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好的，时间到。
04:46
So hands up if you think Poem 1
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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认为１号诗是人写的请举手，
认为２号诗是人写的请举手，
04:51
Hands up if you think Poem 2
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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04:55
Whoa, that's a lot more people.
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哇！多很多人！
你会很惊讶地发现，
04:58
So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1
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１号诗由一位纯正的人类诗人
Gertrude Stein所写的，
Gertrude Stein所写的，
05:01
was written by the very
human poet Gertrude Stein.
human poet Gertrude Stein.
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05:06
And Poem 2 was generated
by an algorithm called RKCP.
by an algorithm called RKCP.
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而２号诗是一个叫
RKCP演算法所创造的，
RKCP演算法所创造的，
05:11
Now before we go on, let me describe
very quickly and simply,
very quickly and simply,
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在我们要继续以前，
让我简单快速描述一下
让我简单快速描述一下
05:14
how RKCP works.
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RKCP是如何运作的。
05:16
So RKCP is an algorithm
designed by Ray Kurzweil,
designed by Ray Kurzweil,
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RKCP是Ray Kurzweil
所设计的演算法，
所设计的演算法，
05:20
who's a director of engineering at Google
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他是一位谷歌的工程师主管，
05:22
and a firm believer
in artificial intelligence.
in artificial intelligence.
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也是一位人工智慧的坚定支持者。
05:25
So, you give RKCP a source text,
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那么，你给 RKCP一个源程序正文，
05:29
it analyzes the source text in order
to find out how it uses language,
to find out how it uses language,
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为了找出要如何使用这个语言，
它会分析来源文字，
它会分析来源文字，
05:34
and then it regenerates language
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然后，它会重新创造一段话来模仿源文字。
05:36
that emulates that first text.
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05:38
So in the poem we just saw before,
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所以，我们刚刚看到的诗，
05:40
Poem 2, the one that you all
thought was human,
thought was human,
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你们认为是人类写的２号诗，
05:43
it was fed a bunch of poems
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它被灌入了很多一位名叫
Emily Dickinson诗人的诗，
Emily Dickinson诗人的诗，
05:45
by a poet called Emily Dickinson
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05:47
it looked at the way she used language,
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它取用了这位诗人的语言，
05:49
learned the model,
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学习她的模式，
05:50
and then it regenerated a model
according to that same structure.
according to that same structure.
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然后它依据同样的结构
重制一首诗出来。
重制一首诗出来。
但我们对RKCP最需要了解的是，
05:56
But the important thing to know about RKCP
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05:58
is that it doesn't know the meaning
of the words it's using.
of the words it's using.
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它不明白它自己用的文字意义，
语言只是它的原料，
06:02
The language is just raw material,
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06:04
it could be Chinese,
it could be in Swedish,
it could be in Swedish,
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它可以是中文，瑞典文，
06:06
it could be the collected language
from your Facebook feed for one day.
from your Facebook feed for one day.
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它可以是你脸书上一天的文字。
06:11
It's just raw material.
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它就只是个原料而已。
06:13
And nevertheless, it's able
to create a poem
to create a poem
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然而，它能够写一首
06:16
that seems more human
than Gertrude Stein's poem,
than Gertrude Stein's poem,
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比Gertrude Stein写的还要更有人味的诗，
06:19
and Gertrude Stein is a human.
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但Gertrude Stein才是人啊...
所以，我们刚刚做的
差不多就是，反向图灵测试。
差不多就是，反向图灵测试。
06:22
So what we've done here is,
more or less, a reverse Turing test.
more or less, a reverse Turing test.
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所以Gertrude Stein这位人类，
06:27
So Gertrude Stein, who's a human,
is able to write a poem
is able to write a poem
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可以写出让大部分人
误认为是电脑写出来的诗。
误认为是电脑写出来的诗。
06:33
that fools a majority
of human judges into thinking
of human judges into thinking
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06:36
that it was written by a computer.
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06:39
Therefore, according to the logic
of the reverse Turing test,
of the reverse Turing test,
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所以，根据图灵测试的反向逻辑，
06:43
Gertrude Stein is a computer.
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Gertrude Stein这人是个电脑． ． ． （笑声）
06:45
(Laughter)
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感觉很困惑吗？
06:47
Feeling confused?
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06:49
I think that's fair enough.
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我认为这情有可原。
06:51
So far we've had humans
that write like humans,
that write like humans,
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目前为止，我们有人可以写出
像是人写出的诗、
像是人写出的诗、
06:55
we have computers that write
like computers,
like computers,
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我们有电脑可以写出
像是电脑写出的诗、
像是电脑写出的诗、
06:58
we have computers that write like humans,
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我们有电脑可以写出
像是人写出的诗，
像是人写出的诗，
07:01
but we also have,
perhaps most confusingly,
perhaps most confusingly,
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但我们同时也有会让我们最容易混淆的
写诗像写得像电脑写的人。
写诗像写得像电脑写的人。
07:05
humans that write like computers.
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所以，我们从这里面了解到什么呢？
07:08
So what do we take from all of this?
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07:11
Do we take that William Blake
is somehow more of a human
is somehow more of a human
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我们会认为William Blake
比Gertrude Stein更像是个人吗？
07:14
than Gertrude Stein?
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07:16
Or that Gertrude Stein is more
of a computer than William Blake?
of a computer than William Blake?
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或者Gertrude Stein比
William Blake更像是个电脑？
William Blake更像是个电脑？
07:19
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:20
These are questions
I've been asking myself
I've been asking myself
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这些问题是这两年来，
我一直在问我自己，
07:23
for around two years now,
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07:24
and I don't have any answers.
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但我没有任何答案，
07:26
But what I do have are a bunch of insights
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但我真的有领悟到很多有关于
07:29
about our relationship with technology.
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我们与科技的关系。
所以，我的第一个领悟是，
07:32
So my first insight is that,
for some reason,
for some reason,
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为了一些原因，
我们把人与诗结合一起，
我们把人与诗结合一起，
07:36
we associate poetry with being human.
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07:40
So that when we ask,
"Can a computer write poetry?"
"Can a computer write poetry?"
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所以，当我们问，＂电脑会写诗吗？＂
07:43
we're also asking,
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我们也在问，
07:45
"What does it mean to be human
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人的定义是什么？
07:46
and how do we put boundaries
around this category?
around this category?
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我们要如何在这些类别之间划出界限？
07:50
How do we say who or what
can be part of this category?"
can be part of this category?"
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我们要如何分辨谁或是什么东西
是属于这一类的？ ＂
是属于这一类的？ ＂
07:54
This is an essentially
philosophical question, I believe,
philosophical question, I believe,
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我相信，本质上这是一道哲学的问题，
07:57
and it can't be answered
with a yes or no test,
with a yes or no test,
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而且，这不是像图灵测试这样
“对“或”错”的测试来回答
“对“或”错”的测试来回答
08:00
like the Turing test.
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我也相信，
08:01
I also believe that Alan Turing
understood this,
understood this,
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Alan Turing在1950年发明这个理论时，
也了解这一点，
也了解这一点，
08:04
and that when he devised
his test back in 1950,
his test back in 1950,
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08:08
he was doing it
as a philosophical provocation.
as a philosophical provocation.
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他当时引发了一个哲学上的争议。
08:13
So my second insight is that,
when we take the Turing test for poetry,
when we take the Turing test for poetry,
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我的第二个领悟是，
当我们在为诗做图灵测试时，
当我们在为诗做图灵测试时，
08:18
we're not really testing
the capacity of the computers
the capacity of the computers
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我们并不是真的在测试电脑的能力，
08:22
because poetry-generating algorithms,
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因为用演算法作诗相当简单，
08:25
they're pretty simple and have existed,
more or less, since the 1950s.
more or less, since the 1950s.
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而且它们大约在1950年代
早就已经存在了。
早就已经存在了。
我们现在为诗做的图灵测试，
08:31
What we are doing with the Turing
test for poetry, rather,
test for poetry, rather,
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反而，比较像是在收集关于
什么是构成人性的条件的看法。
什么是构成人性的条件的看法。
08:34
is collecting opinions about what
constitutes humanness.
constitutes humanness.
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08:40
So, what I've figured out,
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所以，我发现，
08:43
we've seen this when earlier today,
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稍早我们今天看到的，
08:46
we say that William Blake
is more of a human
is more of a human
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我们说William Blake
08:48
than Gertrude Stein.
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比Gertrude Stein更像个人，
08:50
Of course, this doesn't mean
that William Blake
that William Blake
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当然，这并不代表
William Blake比较有人性
08:52
was actually more human
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08:54
or that Gertrude Stein
was more of a computer.
was more of a computer.
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或者Gertrude Stein比较像电脑。
08:57
It simply means that the category
of the human is unstable.
of the human is unstable.
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这只能单纯的说明，
对人类的界定是不稳定的。
对人类的界定是不稳定的。
这让我明白了一件事，
09:03
This has led me to understand
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09:05
that the human is not a cold, hard fact.
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就是人性不是冷的、死板的事实，
09:08
Rather, it is something
that's constructed with our opinions
that's constructed with our opinions
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反倒是一种由我们
的意见所构成的东西，
的意见所构成的东西，
09:11
and something that changes over time.
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而这个东西会随着时间而改变。
09:16
So my final insight is that
the computer, more or less,
the computer, more or less,
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所以我最后的领悟是，
电脑，或多或少只是
09:21
works like a mirror
that reflects any idea of a human
that reflects any idea of a human
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一面反映出我们展示给它的人类思想的镜子。
09:25
that we show it.
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我们向它展示Emily Dickinson，
09:26
We show it Emily Dickinson,
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09:28
it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.
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它就展示Emily Dickinson给我们，
我们向它展示William Blake，
09:31
We show it William Blake,
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09:33
that's what it reflects back to us.
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它同样也会显示给我们，
09:35
We show it Gertrude Stein,
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我们向它展示Gertrude Stein，
09:37
what we get back is Gertrude Stein.
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我们得到的回应仅是Gertrude Stein。
还有其他更多的科技也是，
09:41
More than any other bit of technology,
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09:43
the computer is a mirror that reflects
any idea of the human we teach it.
any idea of the human we teach it.
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电脑只是一面镜子，
它只是展示我们教给他的任何东西。
它只是展示我们教给他的任何东西。
所以，我确定你们大部分人都曾听过
09:50
So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing
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09:52
a lot about artificial
intelligence recently.
intelligence recently.
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很多有关人工智慧的事情。
09:56
And much of the conversation is,
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而大部分的对话就类似：
「我们该建造它吗？」
10:00
can we build it?
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10:02
Can we build an intelligent computer?
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「我们可以建立一个智慧型电脑吗？」
10:05
Can we build a creative computer?
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「我们可以建立一个创造型电脑吗？」
10:08
What we seem to be asking over and over
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我们一次又一次的被问到，
10:10
is can we build a human-like computer?
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我们可以建立一个
类似人类的电脑吗？
类似人类的电脑吗？
但就我们刚刚看到的，
10:13
But what we've seen just now
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10:15
is that the human
is not a scientific fact,
is not a scientific fact,
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人类不是一个科学事实，
10:18
that it's an ever-shifting,
concatenating idea
concatenating idea
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人类是一个会不断地变化、串联想法、
10:22
and one that changes over time.
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随时间改变的物种。
10:24
So that when we begin
to grapple with the ideas
to grapple with the ideas
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所以，当我们开始要努力克服
10:27
of artificial intelligence in the future,
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未来人工智慧的这个想法时，
10:30
we shouldn't only be asking ourselves,
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我们不应该只问我们自己，
10:32
"Can we build it?"
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我们可以建造它吗？」
10:33
But we should also be asking ourselves,
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我们还得问我们自己，
10:35
"What idea of the human
do we want to have reflected back to us?"
do we want to have reflected back to us?"
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「我们希望可以得到什么样的人性回应？」
10:39
This is an essentially philosophical idea,
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这绝对是个哲学想法，
10:42
and it's one that can't be answered
with software alone,
with software alone,
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而且不是单靠软件就可以回答出来的，
10:45
but I think requires a moment
of species-wide, existential reflection.
of species-wide, existential reflection.
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但我认为，这需要一个各类物种
共存的反应时刻，
共存的反应时刻，
谢谢各位。
10:51
Thank you.
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10:52
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oscar Schwartz - Writer and poetOscar Schwartz's research and writing concerns the influence of digital technology on culture and human interaction.
Why you should listen
Oscar Schwartz is an Australian writer and poet undertaking a PhD that asks whether a computer can write poetry. His research led to the development of a Turing test for poetry, which is available on a website he cofounded called bot or not.
Oscar Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com