TEDxYouth@Sydney
Oscar Schwartz: Can a computer write poetry?
奧斯卡．史古瓦茲: 電腦會寫詩嗎？
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如果你讀了首詩，而且被這首詩所感動，但卻發現這首詩是電腦寫的，你會不會有不一樣的感受？你會認為這部電腦有表達自己及創作的能力？或者，你會覺得你被騙了？在這一場談話中，作家奧斯卡．史古瓦茲（Oscar Schwartz ）分析了我們為什麼會對電腦會寫詩的這個想法反應這麼激烈，以及這些反應可以如何幫助我們了解甚麼是“ 人性”的定義。
詩測試＃1
詩1
小蒼蠅
夏天的嘻戲
我輕率的手
已揮走
我是不是
是隻蒼蠅像你一樣
或者，你是不是
個男人像我一樣
詩2
我們可以感受到
你生命中的每個活動
早上
停下來看看，教皇，我恨
沒有一個夜晚始於偉大否則
我將蜿蜒的紛飛
浩瀚的猜測
是否我完全是精神倉鼠
知道我把一年放上一個關鍵
絕對是
詩測試＃2
詩1
獅子怒吼和狗叫
鳥會飛而不會怒吼和狗叫，這很有趣也很迷人
關於動物的迷人故事都在我夢裡
如果我不筋疲力盡或疲憊不堪
我會為他們歌頌
詩2
哦！袋鼠、亮片、巧克力蘇打水！
你們真的很漂亮！
珍珠、口琴，棗子，阿司匹林！
全是他們一直提到的東西仍會使一首詩驚艷！
這些每天與我們在一起的東西
即使在灘頭陣地和棺材
他們真的有其意義
他們堅若磐石
詩測試＃3
詩1
漂亮的旗子原因除了是紅旗
還有緞帶
旗上的緞帶
及耐磨的材質
耐磨材料的原因
帶來榮幸
你能不能給我領土
領土和土地
領土和車輪
所有車輪是完美的
熱情的
詩2
受傷的鹿跳得最高
我聽見水仙在訴說
我今天聽旗子說
我聽到獵人的傳說
這是對死亡的狂喜
而傷害幾乎已經造成
而日出這麼的近
日出這麼的近
讓我們可以觸摸到絕望和
所有人的瘋狂希望
Oscar Schwartz - Writer and poet
Oscar Schwartz's research and writing concerns the influence of digital technology on culture and human interaction. Full bio
Oscar Schwartz's research and writing concerns the influence of digital technology on culture and human interaction. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have a question.
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我有一個問題，
電腦可以寫詩嗎？
00:15
Can a computer write poetry?
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00:18
This is a provocative question.
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這是個有爭議的問題。
00:21
You think about it for a minute,
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你稍微想一下，
00:23
and you suddenly have a bunch
of other questions like:
of other questions like:
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腦海裡突然就會浮現出
很多其他的問題：
很多其他的問題：
例如，甚麼是電腦？
00:26
What is a computer?
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00:28
What is poetry?
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甚麼是詩？
00:30
What is creativity?
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甚麼是創造力？
但這些問題，
00:33
But these are questions
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00:34
that people spend their entire
lifetime trying to answer,
lifetime trying to answer,
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很多人窮盡一生才能試著給出答案，
00:37
not in a single TED Talk.
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單單一場ＴＥＤ演說並不能回答。
00:40
So we're going to have to try
a different approach.
a different approach.
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所以，我們必須用不一樣的方法，
00:42
So up here, we have two poems.
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上面這裡有兩首詩，
其中一首是人類寫的，
00:45
One of them is written by a human,
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00:48
and the other one's written by a computer.
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另一首是電腦寫的。
00:50
I'm going to ask you to tell me
which one's which.
which one's which.
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我會讓各位來分辨哪首是誰寫的，
我們開始吧：
00:53
Have a go:
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00:55
Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play, /
My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.
My thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.
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１號詩：小蒼蠅，夏天的嘻戲，
我輕率的手，已揮走。
我輕率的手，已揮走。
00:59
Am I not / A fly like thee? /
Or art not thou / A man like me?
Or art not thou / A man like me?
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難道我，不是像你一樣的蒼蠅，
抑或妳，是像我一樣的人？
抑或妳，是像我一樣的人？
01:02
Poem 2: We can feel / Activist
through your life's / morning /
through your life's / morning /
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２號詩：我們可以感受到，
激進派在妳每日生活的清晨出沒
激進派在妳每日生活的清晨出沒
01:05
Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non
all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)
all the night to start a / great otherwise (...)
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暫且停下感受，那我憎惡的教皇
並非每晚都能開始，一個偉大的其他可能...
並非每晚都能開始，一個偉大的其他可能...
好的，時間到。
01:10
Alright, time's up.
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01:11
Hands up if you think Poem 1
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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認為１號詩是人寫的請舉手，
好的，你們大部分都是。
01:17
OK, most of you.
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01:19
Hands up if you think Poem 2
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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認為２號詩是人寫的請舉手，
你們很勇敢，
01:23
Very brave of you,
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01:24
because the first one was written
by the human poet William Blake.
by the human poet William Blake.
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因為第一首詩是由詩人William Blake所寫，
第二首詩是由一個演算法所寫出來的，
01:29
The second one was written by an algorithm
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01:32
that took all the language
from my Facebook feed on one day
from my Facebook feed on one day
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這裡所有的文法是從我
臉書裡一天灌進去的，
臉書裡一天灌進去的，
01:36
and then regenerated it algorithmically,
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然後，用演算法重新製作出來的，
01:39
according to methods that I'll describe
a little bit later on.
a little bit later on.
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關於方法我稍後會提到一些。
我們來做另一個測驗，
01:43
So let's try another test.
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01:46
Again, you haven't got ages to read this,
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我再次說明，
你不用花太多時間去讀它，
你不用花太多時間去讀它，
01:48
so just trust your gut.
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所以，相信你的直覺。
01:50
Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks.
It is interesting / and fascinating
It is interesting / and fascinating
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１號詩：獅吼，狗吠，
鳥飛，卻不吼也不吠，這真迷人且有趣吶
鳥飛，卻不吼也不吠，這真迷人且有趣吶
01:54
that a bird will fly and not / roar
or bark. Enthralling stories about animals
or bark. Enthralling stories about animals
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我夢裡有著關於動物的迷人故事
01:58
are in my dreams and I will sing them all
if I / am not exhausted or weary.
if I / am not exhausted or weary.
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如果我不筋疲力盡或疲憊不堪
我會為他們歌頌。
我會為他們歌頌。
02:02
Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate
sodas! / You are really beautiful!
sodas! / You are really beautiful!
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２號詩：喔！袋鼠、亮片、
巧克力蘇打！你們真漂亮！
巧克力蘇打！你們真漂亮！
02:06
Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins!
All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)
All / the stuff they've always talked about (...)
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珍珠、口琴、棗子、阿斯匹林！
全是他們一直提到的東西（...)
全是他們一直提到的東西（...)
02:11
Alright, time's up.
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好的，時間到。
02:12
So if you think the first poem
was written by a human,
was written by a human,
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如果你認為第一首詩是人寫的，
02:15
put your hand up.
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請舉手。
02:17
OK.
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好的。
02:18
And if you think the second poem
was written by a human,
was written by a human,
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如果你認為第二首詩是人寫的，
02:21
put your hand up.
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請舉手。
02:23
We have, more or less, a 50/50 split here.
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我們這裡大約是50／50比例，
這題比較難一點。
02:28
It was much harder.
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02:29
The answer is,
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答案是，
02:31
the first poem was generated
by an algorithm called Racter,
by an algorithm called Racter,
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第一首詩是一個名叫Racter的
電腦演算法
電腦演算法
02:34
that was created back in the 1970s,
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在1970年所創造的，
02:37
and the second poem was written
by a guy called Frank O'Hara,
by a guy called Frank O'Hara,
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第二首詩是一位叫
Frank O'Hara的傢伙寫的，
Frank O'Hara的傢伙寫的，
02:41
who happens to be
one of my favorite human poets.
one of my favorite human poets.
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他意外地成為我最喜歡
的“ 人類詩人”其中之一，
的“ 人類詩人”其中之一，
02:44
(Laughter)
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（笑聲)
02:48
So what we've just done now
is a Turing test for poetry.
is a Turing test for poetry.
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所以，我們為這首詩
做了「圖靈測試」。
做了「圖靈測試」。
02:52
The Turing test was first proposed
by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,
by this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,
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「圖靈測試」在1950年，
由Alan Turing做第一次發表，
由Alan Turing做第一次發表，
02:56
in order to answer the question,
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是為了回答一個問題：
02:58
can computers think?
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「電腦會思考嗎？」
03:00
Alan Turing believed that if
a computer was able
a computer was able
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Alan Turing相信，如果電腦能夠
和人類進行一場流暢的以文字交流，
03:03
to have a to have a text-based
conversation with a human,
conversation with a human,
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結果讓人無法分辨
03:06
with such proficiency
such that the human couldn't tell
such that the human couldn't tell
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03:08
whether they are talking
to a computer or a human,
to a computer or a human,
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對方是人還是一台電腦，
03:11
then the computer can be said
to have intelligence.
to have intelligence.
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那麼這台電腦可以被稱呼為
擁有人工智慧。
擁有人工智慧。
03:15
So in 2013, my friend
Benjamin Laird and I,
Benjamin Laird and I,
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所以在2013年，我的朋友
Benjamin Laird和我，
Benjamin Laird和我，
03:18
we created a Turing test
for poetry online.
for poetry online.
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我們創造了一個
詩的線上圖靈測試程式，
詩的線上圖靈測試程式，
03:21
It's called bot or not,
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叫做「bot or not」（是不是機器人），
03:22
and you can go and play it for yourselves.
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你可以上線自己玩玩看。
03:24
But basically, it's the game
we just played.
we just played.
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但基本上，它就是我們剛剛玩的遊戲，
03:27
You're presented with a poem,
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你會看到一首詩，
03:28
you don't know whether it was written
by a human or a computer
by a human or a computer
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你不知道它是人寫的還是電腦寫的，
然後你必須猜一猜。
03:31
and you have to guess.
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03:33
So thousands and thousands
of people have taken this test online,
of people have taken this test online,
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好幾千人已經在線上做測驗，
03:36
so we have results.
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所以，我們有一個結論，
03:37
And what are the results?
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那結論是甚麼呢？
03:39
Well, Turing said that if a computer
could fool a human
could fool a human
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Turing說如果電腦可以騙過30%的人，
03:42
30 percent of the time
that it was a human,
that it was a human,
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那它就可以被當作人，
03:45
then it passes the Turing test
for intelligence.
for intelligence.
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它就通過了圖靈測試。
03:48
We have poems on the bot or not database
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我們在 bot or not
資料庫裡的詩集
資料庫裡的詩集
03:51
that have fooled 65 percent
of human readers into thinking
of human readers into thinking
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已經騙過65% 的人，
認為裡面的詩是人寫的。
03:54
it was written by a human.
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03:55
So, I think we have an answer
to our question.
to our question.
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所以，我認為我們的問題有答案了，
03:59
According to the logic of the Turing test,
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根據圖靈測試的邏輯，
04:01
can a computer write poetry?
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電腦可以寫詩嗎？
04:03
Well, yes, absolutely it can.
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是的，它絕對可以。
但，如果你覺得對這答案
有點讓你不太舒服，
有點讓你不太舒服，
04:07
But if you're feeling
a little bit uncomfortable
a little bit uncomfortable
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04:10
with this answer, that's OK.
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也沒關係，
04:12
If you're having a bunch
of gut reactions to it,
of gut reactions to it,
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如果你花了很多時間與它互動，
04:14
that's also OK because
this isn't the end of the story.
this isn't the end of the story.
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這也沒關係，因為這還沒完。
我們來玩第三個
最後一個測驗，
最後一個測驗，
04:18
Let's play our third and final test.
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我再說明一下，你們要讀完後，
04:22
Again, you're going to have to read
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04:23
and tell me which you think is human.
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告訴我哪一個是人寫的。
04:25
Poem 1: Reg flags the reason
for pretty flags. / And ribbons.
for pretty flags. / And ribbons.
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１號詩：紅旗之所以漂亮
除了紅色，還有緞帶
除了紅色，還有緞帶
04:29
Ribbons of flags / And wearing material /
Reasons for wearing material. (...)
Reasons for wearing material. (...)
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旗上的緞帶及耐磨的材質
耐磨材料之所以（．．．）
耐磨材料之所以（．．．）
04:33
Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps
highest, / I've heard the daffodil
highest, / I've heard the daffodil
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２號詩：受傷的鹿跳最高，
我聽見水仙在訴說，
我聽見水仙在訴說，
04:37
I've heard the flag to-day /
I've heard the hunter tell; /
I've heard the hunter tell; /
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我今天聽旗子說、
我聽到獵人說；
我聽到獵人說；
04:41
'Tis but the ecstasy of death, /
And then the brake is almost done (...)
And then the brake is almost done (...)
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這是對死亡的狂喜，
而傷害幾乎已經造成（．．．）
而傷害幾乎已經造成（．．．）
04:44
OK, time is up.
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好的，時間到。
04:46
So hands up if you think Poem 1
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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認為１號詩是人寫的請舉手，
認為２號詩是人寫的請舉手，
04:51
Hands up if you think Poem 2
was written by a human.
was written by a human.
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04:55
Whoa, that's a lot more people.
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哇！多很多人！
你會很驚訝地發現，
04:58
So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1
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１號詩由一位純正的人類詩人Gertrude Stein所寫的，
05:01
was written by the very
human poet Gertrude Stein.
human poet Gertrude Stein.
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05:06
And Poem 2 was generated
by an algorithm called RKCP.
by an algorithm called RKCP.
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而２號詩是一個叫
RKCP演算法所創造的，
RKCP演算法所創造的，
05:11
Now before we go on, let me describe
very quickly and simply,
very quickly and simply,
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在我們要繼續以前，
讓我簡單快速描述一下
讓我簡單快速描述一下
05:14
how RKCP works.
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RKCP是如何運作的。
05:16
So RKCP is an algorithm
designed by Ray Kurzweil,
designed by Ray Kurzweil,
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RKCP是Ray Kurzweil
所設計的演算法，
所設計的演算法，
05:20
who's a director of engineering at Google
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他是一位谷歌的工程師主管，
05:22
and a firm believer
in artificial intelligence.
in artificial intelligence.
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也是一位人工智慧的堅定支持者。
05:25
So, you give RKCP a source text,
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那麼，你給 RKCP一個來源文字，
05:29
it analyzes the source text in order
to find out how it uses language,
to find out how it uses language,
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為了找出要如何使用這個語言，
它會分析來源文字，
它會分析來源文字，
05:34
and then it regenerates language
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然後，它會重新創造一段話來模仿源文字。
05:36
that emulates that first text.
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05:38
So in the poem we just saw before,
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所以，我們剛剛看到的詩，
05:40
Poem 2, the one that you all
thought was human,
thought was human,
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你們認為是人類寫的２號詩，
05:43
it was fed a bunch of poems
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它被灌入了很多一位名叫
Emily Dickinson詩人的詩，
Emily Dickinson詩人的詩，
05:45
by a poet called Emily Dickinson
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05:47
it looked at the way she used language,
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它取用了這位詩人的語言，
05:49
learned the model,
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學習她的模式，
05:50
and then it regenerated a model
according to that same structure.
according to that same structure.
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然後它依據同樣的結構
重製一首詩出來。
重製一首詩出來。
但我們對RKCP最需要了解的是，
05:56
But the important thing to know about RKCP
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05:58
is that it doesn't know the meaning
of the words it's using.
of the words it's using.
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它不明白它自己用的文字意義，
語言只是它的原料，
06:02
The language is just raw material,
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06:04
it could be Chinese,
it could be in Swedish,
it could be in Swedish,
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它可以是中文，瑞典文，
06:06
it could be the collected language
from your Facebook feed for one day.
from your Facebook feed for one day.
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它可以是你臉書上一天的文字。
06:11
It's just raw material.
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它就只是個原料而已。
06:13
And nevertheless, it's able
to create a poem
to create a poem
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除此之外，它還有辦法寫一首
06:16
that seems more human
than Gertrude Stein's poem,
than Gertrude Stein's poem,
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比Gertrude Stein寫的還要更有人味的詩，
06:19
and Gertrude Stein is a human.
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但Gertrude Stein才是人啊...
所以，我們剛剛做的
差不多就是，反向圖靈測試。
差不多就是，反向圖靈測試。
06:22
So what we've done here is,
more or less, a reverse Turing test.
more or less, a reverse Turing test.
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所以Gertrude Stein這位人類，
06:27
So Gertrude Stein, who's a human,
is able to write a poem
is able to write a poem
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可以寫出讓大部分人
誤認為是電腦寫出來的詩。
誤認為是電腦寫出來的詩。
06:33
that fools a majority
of human judges into thinking
of human judges into thinking
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06:36
that it was written by a computer.
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06:39
Therefore, according to the logic
of the reverse Turing test,
of the reverse Turing test,
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所以，根據圖靈測試的邏輯，
06:43
Gertrude Stein is a computer.
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Gertrude Stein這人是個電腦．．．（笑聲）
06:45
(Laughter)
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感覺很困惑嗎？
06:47
Feeling confused?
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06:49
I think that's fair enough.
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我認為這情有可原。
06:51
So far we've had humans
that write like humans,
that write like humans,
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目前為止，我們有人可以寫出
像是人寫出的詩、
像是人寫出的詩、
06:55
we have computers that write
like computers,
like computers,
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我們有電腦可以寫出
像是電腦寫出的詩、
像是電腦寫出的詩、
06:58
we have computers that write like humans,
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我們有電腦可以寫出
像是人寫出的詩，
像是人寫出的詩，
07:01
but we also have,
perhaps most confusingly,
perhaps most confusingly,
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但我們同時也有會讓我們搞混
寫詩像電腦的人。
寫詩像電腦的人。
07:05
humans that write like computers.
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所以，我們從這裏面了解到甚麼呢？
07:08
So what do we take from all of this?
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07:11
Do we take that William Blake
is somehow more of a human
is somehow more of a human
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我們會認為William Blake
比Gertrude Stein更像是個人嗎？
07:14
than Gertrude Stein?
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07:16
Or that Gertrude Stein is more
of a computer than William Blake?
of a computer than William Blake?
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或者Gertrude Stein比
William Blake更像是個電腦？
William Blake更像是個電腦？
07:19
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:20
These are questions
I've been asking myself
I've been asking myself
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這兩年來，
我一直在問我自己，
07:23
for around two years now,
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07:24
and I don't have any answers.
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但我沒有任何答案，
07:26
But what I do have are a bunch of insights
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但我真的有領悟到很多有關於
07:29
about our relationship with technology.
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我們與科技的關係。
所以，我的第一個領悟是，
07:32
So my first insight is that,
for some reason,
for some reason,
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為了一些原因，我們把
人與詩結合一起，
人與詩結合一起，
07:36
we associate poetry with being human.
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07:40
So that when we ask,
"Can a computer write poetry?"
"Can a computer write poetry?"
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所以，當我們問，＂電腦會寫詩嗎？＂
07:43
we're also asking,
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我們也在問，
07:45
"What does it mean to be human
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人的定義是什麼？
07:46
and how do we put boundaries
around this category?
around this category?
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我們要如何界定、分類呢？
07:50
How do we say who or what
can be part of this category?"
can be part of this category?"
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我們要如何分辨誰或是東西
是歸於哪一類？＂
是歸於哪一類？＂
07:54
This is an essentially
philosophical question, I believe,
philosophical question, I believe,
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我相信，本質上這是一道哲學的問題，
07:57
and it can't be answered
with a yes or no test,
with a yes or no test,
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而且，這不是像圖靈測試是個
08:00
like the Turing test.
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對或錯的測試，
我也相信，
08:01
I also believe that Alan Turing
understood this,
understood this,
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Alan Turing在1950年發明這個理論時，
也了解這一點，
也了解這一點，
08:04
and that when he devised
his test back in 1950,
his test back in 1950,
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08:08
he was doing it
as a philosophical provocation.
as a philosophical provocation.
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他當時引發了一個哲學上的爭議。
08:13
So my second insight is that,
when we take the Turing test for poetry,
when we take the Turing test for poetry,
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我的第二個領悟是，
當我們在為詩做圖靈測試時，
當我們在為詩做圖靈測試時，
08:18
we're not really testing
the capacity of the computers
the capacity of the computers
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我們並不是真的在測試電腦的能力，
08:22
because poetry-generating algorithms,
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因為用演算法作詩相當簡單，
08:25
they're pretty simple and have existed,
more or less, since the 1950s.
more or less, since the 1950s.
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而且它們大約在1950年代
早就已經存在了。
早就已經存在了。
我們現在為詩做的圖靈測試，
08:31
What we are doing with the Turing
test for poetry, rather,
test for poetry, rather,
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反而，比較像是在收集
甚麼是構成人性的條件。
甚麼是構成人性的條件。
08:34
is collecting opinions about what
constitutes humanness.
constitutes humanness.
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08:40
So, what I've figured out,
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所以，我發現，
08:43
we've seen this when earlier today,
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稍早我們今天看到的，
08:46
we say that William Blake
is more of a human
is more of a human
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我們說William Blake
08:48
than Gertrude Stein.
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比Gertrude Stein更像個人，
08:50
Of course, this doesn't mean
that William Blake
that William Blake
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當然，這不代表
William Blake比較有人性
08:52
was actually more human
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08:54
or that Gertrude Stein
was more of a computer.
was more of a computer.
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或者Gertrude Stein比較像電腦。
08:57
It simply means that the category
of the human is unstable.
of the human is unstable.
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這只能單純的說明，
對人類的界定是不穩定的。
對人類的界定是不穩定的。
這讓我明白了一件事，
09:03
This has led me to understand
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09:05
that the human is not a cold, hard fact.
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就是人性不是冷的、死板的事實，
09:08
Rather, it is something
that's constructed with our opinions
that's constructed with our opinions
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反倒是一種由我們
的意見所構成的東西，
的意見所構成的東西，
09:11
and something that changes over time.
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而這個東西會隨著時間而改變。
09:16
So my final insight is that
the computer, more or less,
the computer, more or less,
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所以我最後的領悟是，
電腦，或多或少只是
09:21
works like a mirror
that reflects any idea of a human
that reflects any idea of a human
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一面反映我們輸入進去的人類思想的鏡子。
09:25
that we show it.
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我們向它展示Emily Dickinson，
09:26
We show it Emily Dickinson,
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09:28
it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.
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它僅是模仿Emily Dickinson給我們，
我們向它展示William Blake，
09:31
We show it William Blake,
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09:33
that's what it reflects back to us.
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它就回應William Blake給我們的，
09:35
We show it Gertrude Stein,
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我們向它展示Gertrude Stein，
09:37
what we get back is Gertrude Stein.
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我們得到的回應僅是Gertrude Stein。
還有其他更多的科技也是，
09:41
More than any other bit of technology,
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09:43
the computer is a mirror that reflects
any idea of the human we teach it.
any idea of the human we teach it.
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電腦只是我們教它甚麼
它就反應甚麼的一面鏡子。
它就反應甚麼的一面鏡子。
所以，我確定你們大部分人都曾聽過
09:50
So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing
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09:52
a lot about artificial
intelligence recently.
intelligence recently.
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很多有關人工智慧的事情。
09:56
And much of the conversation is,
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而大部分的對話就類似：
「我們該建造它嗎？」
10:00
can we build it?
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10:02
Can we build an intelligent computer?
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「我們可以建立一個智慧型電腦嗎？」
10:05
Can we build a creative computer?
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「我們可以建立一個創造型電腦嗎？」
10:08
What we seem to be asking over and over
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我們一次又一次的被問到，
10:10
is can we build a human-like computer?
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我們可以建立一個
類似人類的電腦嗎？
類似人類的電腦嗎？
但就我們剛剛看到的，
10:13
But what we've seen just now
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10:15
is that the human
is not a scientific fact,
is not a scientific fact,
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人類不是一個科學事實，
10:18
that it's an ever-shifting,
concatenating idea
concatenating idea
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人類是一個會不斷地變化、串聯想法、
10:22
and one that changes over time.
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隨時間改變的物種。
10:24
So that when we begin
to grapple with the ideas
to grapple with the ideas
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所以，當我們開始要努力克服
10:27
of artificial intelligence in the future,
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未來人工智慧的這個想法時，
10:30
we shouldn't only be asking ourselves,
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我們不應該只問我們自己，
10:32
"Can we build it?"
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「我們可以建造它嗎？」
10:33
But we should also be asking ourselves,
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我們還得問我們自己，
10:35
"What idea of the human
do we want to have reflected back to us?"
do we want to have reflected back to us?"
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「我們希望可以得到甚麼樣的人性回應？」
10:39
This is an essentially philosophical idea,
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這絕對是個哲學想法，
10:42
and it's one that can't be answered
with software alone,
with software alone,
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而且不是單靠軟體就可以回答出來的，
10:45
but I think requires a moment
of species-wide, existential reflection.
of species-wide, existential reflection.
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但我認為，這需要一個各類物種
共存的反應時刻，
共存的反應時刻，
謝謝各位。
10:51
Thank you.
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10:52
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oscar Schwartz - Writer and poetOscar Schwartz's research and writing concerns the influence of digital technology on culture and human interaction.
Why you should listen
Oscar Schwartz is an Australian writer and poet undertaking a PhD that asks whether a computer can write poetry. His research led to the development of a Turing test for poetry, which is available on a website he cofounded called bot or not.
Oscar Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com