TEDSummit
Don Tapscott: How the blockchain is changing money and business
唐·泰普史考特: 区块链将如何改变金钱与贸易
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区块链是什么？如果你不知道，你应该了解；如果你知道，有可能你仍需要了解一些它工作原理。唐·泰普史考特在此使这改变世界、建立信任的科技变得简明易懂。他表示，这就是第二代互联网，将有可能改变我们的金钱、贸易、政府和社会。
Don Tapscott - Digital strategist
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The technology likely to have
the greatest impact
the greatest impact
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有可能在未来几十年
带来巨大影响的科技，
00:16
on the next few decades
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已经到来了。
00:18
has arrived.
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00:19
And it's not social media.
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并不是社交媒体，
00:22
It's not big data.
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也不是大数据，
00:23
It's not robotics.
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也不是机器人科学，
00:25
It's not even AI.
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甚至也不是人工智能。
00:27
You'll be surprised to learn
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你会惊讶地了解到，
00:29
that it's the underlying technology
of digital currencies like Bitcoin.
of digital currencies like Bitcoin.
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它是比特币等数字货币的技术基础，
00:34
It's called the blockchain. Blockchain.
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它叫做区块链。
00:38
Now, it's not the most sonorous
word in the world,
word in the world,
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它不是世界上最华丽的词汇，
00:42
but I believe that this is now
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但是我坚信
它将是下一代互联网，
00:44
the next generation of the internet,
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00:47
and that it holds vast promise
for every business, every society
for every business, every society
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并且给每一次贸易，
每一个社会，每一个人，
每一个社会，每一个人，
带来光明前景。
00:51
and for all of you, individually.
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00:54
You know, for the past few decades,
we've had the internet of information.
we've had the internet of information.
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过去的几十年里，
我们迎来了互联网的信息时代。
我们迎来了互联网的信息时代。
00:59
And when I send you an email
or a PowerPoint file or something,
or a PowerPoint file or something,
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当我向你发送一封电子邮件，
或一份PPT文件或者其他的时候，
或一份PPT文件或者其他的时候，
01:03
I'm actually not sending you the original,
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实际上我发送的并不是原始文件，
01:05
I'm sending you a copy.
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我发送的是拷贝的副本。
01:07
And that's great.
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那可真棒。
01:08
This is democratized information.
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这是民主化的信息时代。
01:12
But when it comes to assets --
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但是如果牵涉到资产的话，
01:15
things like money,
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比如说金钱，
01:17
financial assets like stocks and bonds,
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股票及债权等金融资产，
01:20
loyalty points, intellectual property,
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股份，知识产权，
01:23
music, art, a vote,
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音乐，艺术，一张选票，
01:26
carbon credit and other assets --
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碳信用额等其他资产，
01:29
sending you a copy is a really bad idea.
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发送一份副本真是个糟糕主意。
01:32
If I send you 100 dollars,
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如果我给了你100美元，
01:34
it's really important
that I don't still have the money --
that I don't still have the money --
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我不再拥有这笔钱是很重要的。
01:37
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:38
and that I can't send it to you.
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并且我不能再次发送。
01:40
This has been called
the "double-spend" problem
the "double-spend" problem
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这已经被密码专家叫做
“二次消费”问题
“二次消费”问题
01:42
by cryptographers for a long time.
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很久了。
01:45
So today, we rely entirely
on big intermediaries --
on big intermediaries --
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如今，我们完全依赖于大型中介机构，
01:50
middlemen like banks, government,
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中间商比如银行，政府，
01:53
big social media companies,
credit card companies and so on --
credit card companies and so on --
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大型社交媒体公司，
信用卡公司等等，
信用卡公司等等，
01:56
to establish trust in our economy.
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来构建经济中的信用体系。
01:59
And these intermediaries perform
all the business and transaction logic
all the business and transaction logic
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这些中介机构承办了
各式各样的商业贸易
各式各样的商业贸易
02:04
of every kind of commerce,
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的一切流程。
02:06
from authentication,
identification of people,
identification of people,
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从对人们的身份验证，
02:09
through to clearing, settling
and record keeping.
and record keeping.
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到记录的清除，设定和保存。
02:13
And overall, they do a pretty good job.
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总的来说，他们做得不错。
02:15
But there are growing problems.
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但是有一个问题日益凸显。
02:17
To begin, they're centralized.
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首先，他们过于集中，
02:19
That means they can be hacked,
and increasingly are --
and increasingly are --
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这就意味着它们会被黑客攻击，
02:22
JP Morgan, the US Federal Government,
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像摩根大通银行，美联储，
02:25
LinkedIn, Home Depot and others
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领英，家得宝等
02:26
found that out the hard way.
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惨痛的教训证明了这一点。
02:28
They exclude billions of people
from the global economy,
from the global economy,
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它们使数十亿人民与全球经济隔绝，
02:32
for example, people
who don't have enough money
who don't have enough money
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比方说，有人由于没有足够的资金
02:34
to have a bank account.
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无法开户。
02:36
They slow things down.
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它们降低了效率。
02:38
It can take a second for an email
to go around the world,
to go around the world,
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一封电子邮件转瞬即可环游世界，
02:42
but it can take days or weeks
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但是会花上几天甚至几周的时间
02:44
for money to move through
the banking system across a city.
the banking system across a city.
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通过银行移动城市内的金钱，
02:48
And they take a big piece of the action --
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它们从中收取大笔利益：
02:50
10 to 20 percent just to send money
to another country.
to another country.
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跨国转账需要10%到20%的手续费。
02:54
They capture our data,
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他们掌握了我们的交易数据，
02:55
and that means we can't monetize it
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这意味着我们不能将其货币化
02:57
or use it to better manage our lives.
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或是更好地管理我们的生活。
03:00
Our privacy is being undermined.
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我们的隐私正在暗中被侵蚀。
03:03
And the biggest problem is that overall,
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而最大的问题在于，
03:06
they've appropriated the largesse
of the digital age asymmetrically:
of the digital age asymmetrically:
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他们使得数字时代带给人们
的福利变得不再平衡。
的福利变得不再平衡。
03:11
we have wealth creation,
but we have growing social inequality.
but we have growing social inequality.
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我们创造着财富，
但是我们的社会也日趋不平等。
但是我们的社会也日趋不平等。
03:17
So what if there were not only
an internet of information,
an internet of information,
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如果我们有的不仅仅是信息的互联，
03:21
what if there were an internet of value --
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如果还有价值的互联：
03:24
some kind of vast, global,
distributed ledger
distributed ledger
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大量的，全球性的
分散式的账本，
分散式的账本，
03:28
running on millions of computers
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可以在数千万台电脑上运转，
03:30
and available to everybody.
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每个人都有权访问。
03:32
And where every kind of asset,
from money to music,
from money to music,
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无论是什么样的资产，
从金钱到音乐，
从金钱到音乐，
03:36
could be stored, moved, transacted,
exchanged and managed,
exchanged and managed,
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都可以进行储存，移动，
交易，交换和管理，
交易，交换和管理，
03:42
all without powerful intermediaries?
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全部不经过强大的中间商。
03:45
What if there were
a native medium for value?
a native medium for value?
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如果我们有价值的当地媒介？
03:50
Well, in 2008, the financial
industry crashed
industry crashed
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在2008年，金融业崩溃，
03:54
and, perhaps propitiously,
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也许幸运的是，
03:57
an anonymous person or persons
named Satoshi Nakamoto
named Satoshi Nakamoto
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一位或几位名叫中本聪的匿名人士
04:03
created a paper where he developed
a protocol for a digital cash
a protocol for a digital cash
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创造了一个针对数字货币的协议，
04:10
that used an underlying
cryptocurrency called Bitcoin.
cryptocurrency called Bitcoin.
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使用了一种加密货币，名为比特币。
04:14
And this cryptocurrency enabled people
to establish trust and do transactions
to establish trust and do transactions
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这一加密货币使得人们可以
建立信任并进行交易，
建立信任并进行交易，
04:20
without a third party.
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不需要第三方。
04:21
And this seemingly simple act
set off a spark
set off a spark
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这看似寻常的动作擦出的火花，
04:25
that ignited the world,
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点燃了整个世界，
04:27
that has everyone excited
or terrified or otherwise interested
or terrified or otherwise interested
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各地的人们或是激动，或是恐慌，
或是好奇。
04:33
in many places.
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04:34
Now, don't be confused about Bitcoin --
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现在不必为比特币感到困惑。
04:36
Bitcoin is an asset; it goes up and down,
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比特币是一种资产，它有涨有跌。
04:39
and that should be of interest
to you if you're a speculator.
to you if you're a speculator.
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投机商应该对此颇有兴趣。
04:43
More broadly, it's a cryptocurrency.
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总的来说，它是一种加密货币。
04:45
It's not a fiat currency
controlled by a nation-state.
controlled by a nation-state.
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它不是由国家控制的法定货币。
04:49
And that's of greater interest.
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这就很有趣了。
04:51
But the real pony here
is the underlying technology.
is the underlying technology.
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不过其中最根本的要素
是叫做区位链的技术。
04:54
It's called blockchain.
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04:57
So for the first time now
in human history,
in human history,
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这是人类历史上首次
05:01
people everywhere can trust each other
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各地的人们可以彼此信任，
05:03
and transact peer to peer.
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并进行点对点的交易。
05:07
And trust is established,
not by some big institution,
not by some big institution,
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信任的建立并不是基于一些大型机构，
05:11
but by collaboration, by cryptography
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而是基于合作，基于密码技术
05:14
and by some clever code.
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和一些精巧的代码。
05:16
And because trust is native
to the technology,
to the technology,
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因为信任正是起源于这一技术。
05:20
I call this, "The Trust Protocol."
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我把它叫做“信任协议”。
05:22
Now, you're probably wondering:
How does this thing work?
How does this thing work?
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你也许会想：
它的工作原理是什么？
它的工作原理是什么？
05:25
Fair enough.
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问得好。
05:28
Assets -- digital assets like money
to music and everything in between --
to music and everything in between --
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资产——数字资产从金钱到音乐，
或是其他的产品，
或是其他的产品，
05:33
are not stored in a central place,
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并不储存在中央区域，
05:35
but they're distributed
across a global ledger,
across a global ledger,
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而是分散于全球的账本之中，
05:37
using the highest level of cryptography.
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使用最高级别的密码技术。
05:40
And when a transaction is conducted,
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当一次交易处理完成后，
05:43
it's posted globally,
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它会通过数亿台计算机
05:45
across millions and millions of computers.
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发布全球通告。
05:49
And out there, around the world,
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而在全世界，
05:51
is a group of people called "miners."
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有一群叫做“矿工”的人们。
05:53
These are not young people,
they're Bitcoin miners.
they're Bitcoin miners.
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他们并不一定是年轻人，
他们是比特币矿工。
他们是比特币矿工。
05:57
They have massive computing power
at their fingertips --
at their fingertips --
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他们手头有着巨大的计算能力——
06:00
10 to 100 times bigger
than all of Google worldwide.
than all of Google worldwide.
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比谷歌全球规大数十倍。
06:05
These miners do a lot of work.
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这些矿工要做很多工作。
06:08
And every 10 minutes,
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每隔十分钟，
06:09
kind of like the heartbeat of a network,
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有点类似于网络的一次心跳，
06:11
a block gets created
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一个区块便诞生了，
06:14
that has all the transactions
from the previous 10 minutes.
from the previous 10 minutes.
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它包含了过去10分钟的所有交易信息。
06:17
Then the miners get to work,
trying to solve some tough problems.
trying to solve some tough problems.
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然后矿工们开始工作，
尝试解决一些难题。
尝试解决一些难题。
06:22
And they compete:
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他们彼此竞争，
06:24
the first miner to find out the truth
and to validate the block,
and to validate the block,
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第一个找出真相并使区块有效的矿工
06:28
is rewarded in digital currency,
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将会有数字货币的奖励，
06:30
in the case of the Bitcoin
blockchain, with Bitcoin.
blockchain, with Bitcoin.
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这就是关于比特币的区块链。
06:34
And then -- this is the key part --
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随后是关键的部分，
06:36
that block is linked to the previous block
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该区块连接到前一个区块，
06:38
and the previous block
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以及更前面的区块
06:40
to create a chain of blocks.
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形成了一连串的区块。
06:43
And every one is time-stamped,
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每一个区块都是时间标记，
06:44
kind of like with a digital waxed seal.
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有点像是数字蜡印。
06:47
So if I wanted to go and hack a block
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假如说我想要破解其中的一个区块，
06:49
and, say, pay you and you
with the same money,
with the same money,
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比方说给你还有你一样的金钱，
06:54
I'd have to hack that block,
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我需要破解那个区块，
06:55
plus all the preceding blocks,
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和前面所有的区块，
06:57
the entire history of commerce
on that blockchain,
on that blockchain,
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就是那区块链上完整的交易历史，
07:00
not just on one computer
but across millions of computers,
but across millions of computers,
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并不只是破解一台电脑，
而是要同时破解数亿台电脑，
07:04
simultaneously,
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07:06
all using the highest
levels of encryption,
levels of encryption,
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它们都使用着最高级别的加密技术，
07:09
in the light of the most powerful
computing resource in the world
computing resource in the world
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世界上最强大的计算资源
07:12
that's watching me.
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正在监视着我。
07:13
Tough to do.
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几乎不可能的任务。
07:15
This is infinitely more secure
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比起我们现有的计算机系统，
07:17
than the computer systems
that we have today.
that we have today.
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这绝对要安全得多。
07:20
Blockchain. That's how it works.
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区块链，这就是它工作的原理。
07:23
So the Bitcoin blockchain is just one.
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而比特币的区块链只是其中之一。
07:25
There are many.
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还有许多种类。
07:26
The Ethereum blockchain was developed
by a Canadian named Vitalik Buterin.
by a Canadian named Vitalik Buterin.
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以太坊区块链由加拿大人维塔利·布塔林开发。
07:31
He's [22] years old,
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他只有19岁。
（实际年龄应为22岁）
（实际年龄应为22岁）
07:33
and this blockchain
has some extraordinary capabilities.
has some extraordinary capabilities.
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这一区块链有一些无与伦比的特点。
07:38
One of them is that you can
build smart contracts.
build smart contracts.
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其中之一是你可以制定智能合约。
07:41
It's kind of what it sounds like.
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它正如其名。
07:43
It's a contract that self-executes,
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它是自我执行的合约，
07:45
and the contract handles the enforcement,
the management, performance
the management, performance
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合约负责处理强制措施，经营管理，
工作情况和支付方式，
工作情况和支付方式，
07:50
and payment -- the contract kind of has
a bank account, too, in a sense --
a bank account, too, in a sense --
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某种意义上来说，该合约也有一个银行账户，
07:55
of agreements between people.
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是关于人们之间的协议。
07:57
And today, on the Ethereum blockchain,
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如今，通过以太坊的区块链，
08:00
there are projects underway
to do everything
to do everything
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有各种工程进行着各种任务，
08:02
from create a new replacement
for the stock market
for the stock market
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从创造新的股票市场的替代品，
08:05
to create a new model of democracy,
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到创立一个政客对公民真正负责的
08:07
where politicians
are accountable to citizens.
are accountable to citizens.
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民主制度的新模型。
08:10
(Applause)
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（掌声）
08:14
So to understand what a radical change
this is going to bring,
this is going to bring,
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所以为了理解
即将到来的突破性的改变，
即将到来的突破性的改变，
08:18
let's look at one industry,
financial services.
financial services.
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让我们看一个行业：
金融服务业。
金融服务业。
08:21
Recognize this?
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你们能否认出这是什么？
08:23
Rube Goldberg machine.
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小题大做的机器。
08:25
It's a ridiculously complicated machine
that does something really simple,
that does something really simple,
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这台机器离奇地复杂，
工作却很简单，
工作却很简单，
08:28
like crack an egg or shut a door.
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像是敲碎鸡蛋或是关上门等。
08:31
Well, it kind of reminds me
of the financial services industry,
of the financial services industry,
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老实说，它使我想起了金融服务业。
08:35
honestly.
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08:36
I mean, you tap your card
in the corner store,
in the corner store,
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我的意思是，你在街角的商店刷了卡，
08:39
and a bitstream goes through
a dozen companies,
a dozen companies,
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一股比特流便穿过了好几家公司，
08:42
each with their own computer system,
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每一家都有自己的计算机系统，
08:45
some of them being 1970s mainframes
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其中还有一些20世纪70年代的主机，
08:47
older than many
of the people in this room,
of the people in this room,
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甚至比在座的各位还要老，
08:50
and three days later, a settlement occurs.
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然后三天过后，
一份交易说明诞生了。
一份交易说明诞生了。
08:53
Well, with a blockchain
financial industry,
financial industry,
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好吧，金融业有了区块链，
08:57
there would be no settlement,
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将不再会有交易说明，
08:58
because the payment and the settlement
is the same activity,
is the same activity,
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因为交易和交易说明是同一种行为，
09:01
it's just a change in the ledger.
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它只是在账本中有所不同。
09:04
So Wall Street and all around the world,
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所以在华尔街或世界上所有地方，
09:06
the financial industry
is in a big upheaval about this,
is in a big upheaval about this,
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金融业正在巨变，
09:09
wondering, can we be replaced,
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思考着自己是否会被取代，
09:11
or how do we embrace
this technology for success?
this technology for success?
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或是如何正视技术迎接成功？
09:15
Now, why should you care?
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现在为什么要在意呢？
09:18
Well, let me describe some applications.
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让我来讲述几个应用吧。
09:21
Prosperity.
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繁荣。
09:23
The first era of the internet,
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互联网的第一个时代，
09:25
the internet of information,
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信息的互联，
09:26
brought us wealth
but not shared prosperity,
but not shared prosperity,
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带给我们财富，
但是没有共享繁荣，
但是没有共享繁荣，
09:30
because social inequality is growing.
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因为社会变得日趋不平等。
09:32
And this is at the heart
of all of the anger and extremism
of all of the anger and extremism
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而这是所有的愤怒和极端主义的焦点，
09:36
and protectionism and xenophobia and worse
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还导致了贸易保护主义，仇外心理等
09:40
that we're seeing growing
in the world today,
in the world today,
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现在我们见到的现象。
09:43
Brexit being the most recent case.
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英国脱欧就是最近的例子。
09:46
So could we develop some new approaches
to this problem of inequality?
to this problem of inequality?
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我们能否针对这不平等的问题
想出一些新的解决方案？
想出一些新的解决方案？
09:52
Because the only approach today
is to redistribute wealth,
is to redistribute wealth,
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因为现在唯一的方法就是
财富的再分配，
财富的再分配，
09:56
tax people and spread it around more.
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征税来减小贫富差距。
09:58
Could we pre-distribute wealth?
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我们能否对财富进行预先分配？
10:01
Could we change the way that wealth
gets created in the first place
gets created in the first place
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我们能否从源头上改变财富的创造方式，
10:04
by democratizing wealth creation,
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通过民主化来进行财富创造，
10:07
engaging more people in the economy,
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吸引更多的人参与经济，
10:09
and then ensuring that they got
fair compensation?
fair compensation?
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并确保他们得到平等的报酬？
10:13
Let me describe five ways
that this can be done.
that this can be done.
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我将有五点使其可行的方案。
10:16
Number one:
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第一点：
10:18
Did you know that 70 percent
of the people in the world who have land
of the people in the world who have land
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你们知道世界上70%的土地所有者
只是拥有一个脆弱的名头？
10:23
have a tenuous title to it?
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10:25
So, you've got a little farm in Honduras,
some dictator comes to power,
some dictator comes to power,
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你在洪都拉斯有个小农场，
当独裁者上台，
当独裁者上台，
10:29
he says, "I know you've got a piece
of paper that says you own your farm,
of paper that says you own your farm,
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他说：“我知道你有一张纸
证明你拥有你的农场，
证明你拥有你的农场，
10:32
but the government computer
says my friend owns your farm."
says my friend owns your farm."
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但是政府的计算机显示
我的朋友拥有你的农场。“
我的朋友拥有你的农场。“
10:36
This happened on a mass scale in Honduras,
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这种事在洪都拉斯屡见不鲜，
10:39
and this problem exists everywhere.
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而这一问题也非常普遍。
10:42
Hernando de Soto, the great
Latin American economist,
Latin American economist,
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伟大的拉丁美洲经济学家
埃尔南多·德·索托，
埃尔南多·德·索托，
10:45
says this is the number one
issue in the world
issue in the world
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把它列为经济流动性方面
10:47
in terms of economic mobility,
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世界头号问题，
10:48
more important than having a bank account,
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2141
比起拥有一个银行账户更重要。
10:50
because if you don't have
a valid title to your land,
a valid title to your land,
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因为倘若你对你的土地
没有有效的所有权，
没有有效的所有权，
10:53
you can't borrow against it,
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你就无法用它来借贷，
10:55
and you can't plan for the future.
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2022
你就无法计划于未来。
10:57
So today, companies
are working with governments
are working with governments
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所以现在，公司正在与政府合作
11:01
to put land titles on a blockchain.
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将土地所有权置于区块链中。
11:03
And once it's there, this is immutable.
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一旦放置完成，它将不再改变。
11:06
You can't hack it.
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你不能破解它。
11:08
This creates the conditions for prosperity
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这样就为数亿人的繁荣
11:11
for potentially billions of people.
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创造了可能的条件。
11:14
Secondly:
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第二点：
11:16
a lot of writers talk about Uber
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很多写手谈论起Uber
11:18
and Airbnb and TaskRabbit
and Lyft and so on
and Lyft and so on
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Airbnb，TaskRabbit，Lyft等企业时，
11:21
as part of the sharing economy.
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把他们当做了共享经济的一部分。
11:24
This is a very powerful idea,
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这个想法很不错，
11:25
that peers can come together
and create and share wealth.
and create and share wealth.
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个人也可以汇聚在一起
创造并共享财富。
创造并共享财富。
11:29
My view is that ...
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我的观点是
11:31
these companies are not really sharing.
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这些公司并没有真正的共享。
11:35
In fact, they're successful
precisely because they don't share.
precisely because they don't share.
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实际上，他们的成功恰恰
是因为他们不共享。
是因为他们不共享。
11:39
They aggregate services together,
and they sell them.
and they sell them.
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他们把服务汇集并加以出售。
11:43
What if, rather than Airbnb
being a $25 billion corporation,
being a $25 billion corporation,
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假如说Airbnb并不是
那家250亿美元的公司
那家250亿美元的公司
11:48
there was a distributed application
on a blockchain, we'll call it B-Airbnb,
on a blockchain, we'll call it B-Airbnb,
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在区块链上有一个分布式的应用，
我们叫它B-Airbnb，
我们叫它B-Airbnb，
11:54
and it was essentially owned
by all of the people
by all of the people
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它从根本上属于
所有提供房间出租的人们。
11:58
who have a room to rent.
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12:00
And when someone wants to rent a room,
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当有人想租借一间房间，
12:03
they go onto the blockchain
database and all the criteria,
database and all the criteria,
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他们进入区块链的数据库和标准库，
12:07
they sift through, it helps
them find the right room,
them find the right room,
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他们细细筛选，
帮助他们找到合适的房间，
帮助他们找到合适的房间，
12:09
and then the blockchain helps
with the contracting,
with the contracting,
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随后区块链帮助签订合约。
12:12
it identifies the party,
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鉴定当事人，
12:14
it handles the payments
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通过数字支付
解决支付问题，
解决支付问题，
12:15
just through digital payments --
they're built into the system.
they're built into the system.
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这是系统内置的支付方式。
12:19
And it even handles reputation,
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它甚至处理声誉问题，
12:20
because if she rates a room
as a five-star room,
as a five-star room,
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如果她给一间房间五星好评，
12:24
that room is there,
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1216
那么房间本身
12:26
and it's rated, and it's immutable.
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和评价都已不可更改。
12:29
So, the big sharing-economy
disruptors in Silicon Valley
disruptors in Silicon Valley
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所以硅谷共享制经济
的破坏者将不复存在。
的破坏者将不复存在。
12:34
could be disrupted,
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1157
12:36
and this would be good for prosperity.
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2241
这将有利于经济繁荣。
12:38
Number three:
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1157
第三点：
12:40
the biggest flow of funds
from the developed world
from the developed world
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2571
从发达国家到发展中国家
规模最大的资金流动
12:42
to the developing world
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1286
12:44
is not corporate investment,
256
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2262
并不是公司投资，
12:46
and it's not even foreign aid.
257
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2281
甚至也不是外国援助，
12:49
It's remittances.
258
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2000
而是汇款。
12:52
This is the global diaspora;
259
760329
1935
这是散居在全球的人们，
12:54
people have left their ancestral lands,
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2357
离开了祖辈的土地，
12:56
and they're sending money back
to their families at home.
to their families at home.
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3889
他们把钱汇回家中。
13:00
This is 600 billion dollars a year,
and it's growing,
and it's growing,
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3123
一年会产生6000亿美元的汇款，
而且还在不断增加。
而且还在不断增加。
13:03
and these people are getting ripped off.
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2040
而且他们正在被剥削。
13:06
AnnaLee Domingo is a housekeeper.
264
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2614
安娜丽·多明戈是位女管家。
13:09
She lives in Toronto,
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1905
她在多伦多生活，
13:11
and every month she goes
to the Western Union office
to the Western Union office
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4764
每个月都会带着现金
来到西联汇款公司
来到西联汇款公司
13:16
with some cash
267
784581
1539
13:18
to send her remittances
to her mom in Manila.
to her mom in Manila.
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2960
把钱汇给在马尼拉的妈妈。
13:21
It costs her around 10 percent;
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789835
1893
手续费占了将近10%，
13:23
the money takes four to seven
days to get there;
days to get there;
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2240
转账手续需要花费4到7天的时间，
13:26
her mom never knows
when it's going to arrive.
when it's going to arrive.
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2164
她妈妈从来不知道到账的时间。
13:28
It takes five hours
out of her week to do this.
out of her week to do this.
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2534
每个礼拜她都要花五个小时来
检查是否到账。
检查是否到账。
13:31
Six months ago,
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1152
六个月前，
13:32
AnnaLee Domingo used
a blockchain application called Abra.
a blockchain application called Abra.
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4580
安娜丽·多明戈使用了一款
名叫阿布拉的区块链应用。
名叫阿布拉的区块链应用。
13:37
And from her mobile device,
she sent 300 bucks.
she sent 300 bucks.
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805771
2613
她从自己的手机上
转出了300美元。
转出了300美元。
13:40
It went directly
to her mom's mobile device
to her mom's mobile device
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2480
直接转入了她母亲的手机上
13:42
without going through an intermediary.
277
810912
1884
并没有经过中间商。
13:45
And then her mom
looked at her mobile device --
looked at her mobile device --
278
813346
2392
她的母亲只需查看她的手机
13:47
it's kind of like an Uber interface,
there's Abra "tellers" moving around.
there's Abra "tellers" moving around.
279
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3789
有点像Uber的应用界面，
阿布拉中有”出纳员“在循环滚动。
阿布拉中有”出纳员“在循环滚动。
13:51
She clicks on a teller
that's a five-star teller,
that's a five-star teller,
280
819575
2738
她点击一个五星的出纳员，
13:54
who's seven minutes away.
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822337
1385
只相隔7分钟的路程。
13:56
The guy shows up at the door,
gives her Filipino pesos,
gives her Filipino pesos,
282
824266
3080
那位伙计很快出现在门口，
给了她菲律宾比索，
给了她菲律宾比索，
13:59
she puts them in her wallet.
283
827370
1566
随后把钱放进钱包。
14:01
The whole thing took minutes,
284
829365
1756
整个过程只需要几分钟时间，
14:03
and it cost her two percent.
285
831145
1863
并且花费只有2%。
14:06
This is a big opportunity for prosperity.
286
834269
2851
这是经济繁荣的巨大机遇。
14:09
Number four: the most powerful asset
of the digital age is data.
of the digital age is data.
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837637
4219
第四点：数字时代
最强大的资产就是数据。
最强大的资产就是数据。
14:14
And data is really a new asset class,
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3663
数据是一种新的资产种类，
14:17
maybe bigger than previous asset classes,
289
845966
2279
也许比以前的资产种类更庞大，
14:20
like land under the agrarian economy,
290
848269
2961
就像农业经济下的土地，
14:23
or an industrial plant,
291
851254
1653
或是工厂，
14:24
or even money.
292
852931
1157
甚至是金钱。
14:26
And all of you -- we -- create this data.
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854540
3010
是我们所有人，创造了这些数据。
14:29
We create this asset,
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857574
1782
我们创造了这种资产，
14:31
and we leave this trail
of digital crumbs behind us
of digital crumbs behind us
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859380
2715
在我们的数字生活中，
14:34
as we go throughout life.
296
862119
1830
留下了零碎的痕迹。
14:35
And these crumbs are collected
into a mirror image of you,
into a mirror image of you,
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863973
2820
这些痕迹汇聚成了你的镜像，
14:38
the virtual you.
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1224
一个虚拟的你。
14:40
And the virtual you may know
more about you than you do,
more about you than you do,
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868481
2671
虚拟的你也许比你还要了解你，
14:43
because you can't remember
what you bought a year ago,
what you bought a year ago,
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871176
2631
因为你并不一定记得一年前买了什么，
或是说了什么，
或者你一年前的准确位置。
或者你一年前的准确位置。
14:45
or said a year ago,
or your exact location a year ago.
or your exact location a year ago.
301
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2639
14:48
And the virtual you is not owned by you --
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2777
而虚拟的你并不属于你，
14:51
that's the big problem.
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1467
那可是个大问题。
14:53
So today, there are companies working
304
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2578
所以现在有许多公司正致力于
14:56
to create an identity in a black box,
305
884021
3637
开发一个黑盒中的身份系统，
14:59
the virtual you owned by you.
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887682
1611
属于你自己的虚拟的你。
15:01
And this black box moves around with you
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3305
这个黑盒会随着你移动，
15:05
as you travel throughout the world,
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893182
1990
前往世界的每一个角落。
15:07
and it's very, very stingy.
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它对你的隐私守口如瓶。
15:09
It only gives away
the shred of information
the shred of information
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它只会根据需要
透露一丁点的信息。
15:12
that's required to do something.
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15:13
A lot of transactions,
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有许多的交易，
15:15
the seller doesn't even need
to know who you are.
to know who you are.
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卖家甚至不需要知道你是谁。
15:17
They just need to know that they got paid.
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他们只要知道能拿到钱。
15:20
And then this avatar
is sweeping up all of this data
is sweeping up all of this data
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3949
于是这化身清除了所有数据
15:24
and enabling you to monetize it.
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912714
2744
使你能够进行货币化。
15:28
And this is a wonderful thing,
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1788
这可真棒，
15:29
because it can also help us
protect our privacy,
protect our privacy,
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因为它也能保护我们的隐私，
15:33
and privacy is the foundation
of a free society.
of a free society.
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而隐私是自由社会的基础。
15:36
Let's get this asset that we create
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让我们重新夺回我们创造的
15:38
back under our control,
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1777
这一资产的控制权。
15:40
where we can own our own identity
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我们拥有我们自己的身份
15:42
and manage it responsibly.
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并且进行负责的管理。
15:45
Finally --
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最后
15:46
(Applause)
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（掌声）
15:52
Finally, number five:
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最后，第五点：
15:53
there are a whole number
of creators of content
of creators of content
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有许多内容的创造者
15:57
who don't receive fair compensation,
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并没有得到公平的报酬，
15:59
because the system
for intellectual property is broken.
for intellectual property is broken.
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3092
因为知识产权系统遭到了损害。
16:02
It was broken by the first era
of the internet.
of the internet.
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在互联网的第一个时代就遭到损害。
16:05
Take music.
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就拿音乐来说。
16:07
Musicians are left with crumbs
at the end of the whole food chain.
at the end of the whole food chain.
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3130
音乐家们只在食物链的
末端获得一些残渣碎屑。
末端获得一些残渣碎屑。
16:10
You know, if you were a songwriter,
25 years ago, you wrote a hit song,
25 years ago, you wrote a hit song,
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在25年前，如果你是一个作曲家，
写出一首流行的歌曲，
写出一首流行的歌曲，
16:15
it got a million singles,
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卖出一百万首单曲，
16:18
you could get royalties
of around 45,000 dollars.
of around 45,000 dollars.
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你可以获得大约45000美元的报酬。
16:21
Today, you're a songwriter,
you write a hit song,
you write a hit song,
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2316
而现在，作曲家的你
写出一首流行的歌曲，
写出一首流行的歌曲，
16:23
it gets a million streams,
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1453
被百万次播放，
16:25
you don't get 45k,
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1770
你并不能得到45000美元，
16:27
you get 36 dollars,
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2587
你只能得到36美元，
16:29
enough to buy a nice pizza.
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977805
1947
足以买一个不错的披萨了。
16:32
So Imogen Heap,
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980721
1378
所以伊莫金·希普，
16:34
the Grammy-winning singer-songwriter,
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982123
2384
一位荣获格莱美奖的创作歌手，
16:36
is now putting music
on a blockchain ecosystem.
on a blockchain ecosystem.
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3971
现在把音乐发表在一个
区块链的生态系统上。
区块链的生态系统上。
16:40
She calls it "Mycelia."
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1849
她称其为”菌丝“。
16:42
And the music has
a smart contract surrounding it.
a smart contract surrounding it.
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4106
其中的音乐有着智能协议。
16:46
And the music protects
her intellectual property rights.
her intellectual property rights.
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3523
音乐保护着她的知识产权。
16:50
You want to listen to the song?
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1513
你想要听歌吗？
16:51
It's free, or maybe a few micro-cents
that flow into a digital account.
that flow into a digital account.
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3357
它是免费的，或者会有
几分钱流入数字账户。
几分钱流入数字账户。
16:54
You want to put the song
in your movie, that's different,
in your movie, that's different,
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1002994
2698
如果想要在电影中使用这首歌，
那就是另一回事了。
那就是另一回事了。
16:57
and the IP rights are all specified.
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1005716
1759
知识产权都有详细说明。
16:59
You want to make a ringtone?
That's different.
That's different.
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1007499
2263
你想要作为手机铃声？
那也是另一码事。
那也是另一码事。
17:02
She describes that the song
becomes a business.
becomes a business.
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3209
她描述道，歌曲成为了商业。
17:05
It's out there on this platform
marketing itself,
marketing itself,
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2809
在这个平台上歌曲实现了商业化，
17:08
protecting the rights of the author,
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1016296
1967
保护了作者的权利。
17:10
and because the song has a payment system
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1018287
2155
并且因为歌曲采用了一种
类似于银行账户的支付系统，
17:12
in the sense of bank account,
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1020466
1462
17:13
all the money flows back to the artist,
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2348
所有的钱都会到艺术家的手中，
17:16
and they control the industry,
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1024324
2235
他们掌控了行业，
17:18
rather than these powerful intermediaries.
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1026583
2412
而不是由那些强大的中间商所控制。
17:21
Now, this is --
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1029757
1151
现在
17:22
(Applause)
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1030932
4192
（掌声）
17:27
This is not just songwriters,
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1697
不仅仅是歌曲作家，
17:29
it's any creator of content,
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1499
任何形式的创作活动，
17:30
like art,
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1467
比如美术，
17:32
like inventions,
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1040339
2468
比如发明，
17:34
scientific discoveries, journalists.
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1042831
2961
科学发现，新闻记者。
17:37
There are all kinds of people
who don't get fair compensation,
who don't get fair compensation,
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1045816
3013
各行各业的没有得到公平报酬的人，
17:40
and with blockchains,
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1048853
1470
而有了区块链，
17:42
they're going to be able
to make it rain on the blockchain.
to make it rain on the blockchain.
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1050347
3762
他们将在区块链上得到滋润。
17:46
And that's a wonderful thing.
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1054133
1658
那样可真棒。
17:48
So, these are five opportunities
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1056775
4593
这只是十几种机遇中的5种，
17:53
out of a dozen
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1061392
1274
17:54
to solve one problem, prosperity,
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2301
来解决一个问题：繁荣。
17:57
which is one of countless problems
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1065015
3048
区块链可以应用于无数问题，
18:00
that blockchains are applicable to.
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1068087
2031
它只是其中之一。
18:03
Now, technology doesn't create
prosperity, of course -- people do.
prosperity, of course -- people do.
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1071036
3955
当然，科技不创造繁荣，
而是由人创造。
而是由人创造。
18:07
But my case to you is that, once again,
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3875
但是我只是再次表示，
18:11
the technology genie
has escaped from the bottle,
has escaped from the bottle,
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1079905
3437
科技的精灵已从瓶中逃出，
18:15
and it was summoned
by an unknown person or persons
by an unknown person or persons
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1083366
3212
受到一位或几位不知名的人士召唤
18:18
at this uncertain time in human history,
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1086602
2725
在人类历史上这个不确定的阶段，
18:22
and it's giving us
another kick at the can,
another kick at the can,
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1090216
3271
它给了我们一次尝试，
18:25
another opportunity to rewrite
the economic power grid
the economic power grid
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5117
另一个改写经济权利网络
18:30
and the old order of things,
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1098652
1724
和旧秩序的机会
18:32
and solve some of the world's most
difficult problems,
difficult problems,
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4396
并且只要我们愿意，
可以解决一些世界上最麻烦的问题。
18:37
if we will it.
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18:39
Thank you.
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谢谢。
18:41
(Applause)
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5423
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Don Tapscott - Digital strategistDon Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages
Why you should listen
A leading analyst of innovation and the impacts of technology, Don Tapscott has authored or co-authored 15 widely read books about various aspects of the reshaping of our society and economy. His work Wikinomics counts among the most influential business books of the last decade. His new book The Blockchain Revolution, co-authored with his son, Alex, discusses the blockchain, the distributed-database technology that's being deployed well beyond its original application as the public ledger behind Bitcoin. In the book, they analyze why blockchain technology will fundamentally change the internet -- how it works, how to use it and its promises and perils.
Tapscott is an adjunct professor of management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, a Senior Advisor at the World Economic Forum and an Associate of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
Don Tapscott | Speaker | TED.com