TEDSummit
Don Tapscott: How the blockchain is changing money and business
唐.泰普史考特: 區塊鍊將如何改變金融與企業
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區塊鍊是什麼？如果你不知道，你應該要趕緊去了解；如果你知道，你可能還是得深入了解它是如何運作的。 唐.泰普史考特（Don Tapscott）幫我們解密這個改變世界、建立信任的科技，他說，把區塊鍊比喻成第二世代的網際網路也不為過，因為區塊鍊很有潛力即將改造現今金融、企業、政府、社會的運作方式。
Don Tapscott - Digital strategist
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Don Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The technology likely to have
the greatest impact
the greatest impact
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能在接下來的幾十年中
帶給我們重大的影響的科技，
00:16
on the next few decades
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00:18
has arrived.
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已經來臨了。
00:19
And it's not social media.
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但它不是社交媒體，
00:22
It's not big data.
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不是大數據，
00:23
It's not robotics.
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也不是機器人，
00:25
It's not even AI.
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更不是人工智慧。
00:27
You'll be surprised to learn
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各位將會很驚訝地發現，
00:29
that it's the underlying technology
of digital currencies like Bitcoin.
of digital currencies like Bitcoin.
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那就是數位貨幣如Bitcoin所基於的根本技術——
00:34
It's called the blockchain. Blockchain.
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我們稱它為「區塊鍊」，
「區塊——鍊」。
「區塊——鍊」。
00:38
Now, it's not the most sonorous
word in the world,
word in the world,
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它現在雖然名氣不是很響亮，
00:42
but I believe that this is now
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但我相信它會是
00:44
the next generation of the internet,
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下一世代的網際網路，
00:47
and that it holds vast promise
for every business, every society
for every business, every society
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而且它很有希望可以為
每個企業、社會、
每個企業、社會、
00:51
and for all of you, individually.
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個人帶來很多好處。
00:54
You know, for the past few decades,
we've had the internet of information.
we've had the internet of information.
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過去幾十年，我們有資訊網路。
00:59
And when I send you an email
or a PowerPoint file or something,
or a PowerPoint file or something,
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當我寄一封電子郵件或者一份幻燈片
或者某樣東西給你時，
或者某樣東西給你時，
01:03
I'm actually not sending you the original,
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我實際上寄給你的不是原創版本，
01:05
I'm sending you a copy.
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而是一份副本。
01:07
And that's great.
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這樣很好，
01:08
This is democratized information.
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這是大眾化的資訊。
01:12
But when it comes to assets --
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但當我們談到資產時——
01:15
things like money,
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比如說金錢，
01:17
financial assets like stocks and bonds,
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或是金融資產的股票、債劵、
01:20
loyalty points, intellectual property,
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紅利積點、知識產權、
01:23
music, art, a vote,
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音樂、藝術、投票權、
01:26
carbon credit and other assets --
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碳排信用額度和其他資產——
01:29
sending you a copy is a really bad idea.
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寄一個盜版的給你，
的確不是甚麼好事，
的確不是甚麼好事，
01:32
If I send you 100 dollars,
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如果我要寄100美元的資產給你，
01:34
it's really important
that I don't still have the money --
that I don't still have the money --
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而重要的是
實際上我卻沒有這筆資產，
實際上我卻沒有這筆資產，
01:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:38
and that I can't send it to you.
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所以我不能寄給你，
01:40
This has been called
the "double-spend" problem
the "double-spend" problem
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這就是密碼學家長期以來稱之為
01:42
by cryptographers for a long time.
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「重複花費」的問題，
01:45
So today, we rely entirely
on big intermediaries --
on big intermediaries --
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時至今日，我們依然完全
仰賴大型的中間機構——
仰賴大型的中間機構——
01:50
middlemen like banks, government,
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像是銀行、政府、
01:53
big social media companies,
credit card companies and so on --
credit card companies and so on --
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大型社交媒體公司、
信用卡公司...等等，
信用卡公司...等等，
01:56
to establish trust in our economy.
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讓他們在我們的經濟活動中
建立信用關係。
建立信用關係。
01:59
And these intermediaries perform
all the business and transaction logic
all the business and transaction logic
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而這些中間機構在
各種商業行為及交易過程中，
各種商業行為及交易過程中，
02:04
of every kind of commerce,
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扮演了重要的角色，
02:06
from authentication,
identification of people,
identification of people,
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從個人的信用審核到身分辨識、
02:09
through to clearing, settling
and record keeping.
and record keeping.
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從清賬到結算
以及交易記錄的保存。
以及交易記錄的保存。
02:13
And overall, they do a pretty good job.
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整體而言，它們表現得很不錯，
02:15
But there are growing problems.
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但之後問題也越來越多了。
02:17
To begin, they're centralized.
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從一開始，它們就是中心化的。
02:19
That means they can be hacked,
and increasingly are --
and increasingly are --
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這也意味著，它們可以被駭客入侵，
而且還有增加的趨勢——
而且還有增加的趨勢——
02:22
JP Morgan, the US Federal Government,
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JP摩根、美國聯邦政府、
02:25
LinkedIn, Home Depot and others
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LinkedIn、家得寶...等等
02:26
found that out the hard way.
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簡直防不勝防。
02:28
They exclude billions of people
from the global economy,
from the global economy,
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它們也把好幾百萬人
屏除在經濟活動之外，
屏除在經濟活動之外，
02:32
for example, people
who don't have enough money
who don't have enough money
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比如，錢不夠的人
02:34
to have a bank account.
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不能在銀行開戶。
02:36
They slow things down.
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它們浪費了很多時間。
02:38
It can take a second for an email
to go around the world,
to go around the world,
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你發一封信到世界任何一個角落，
只要幾秒鐘的時間，
只要幾秒鐘的時間，
02:42
but it can take days or weeks
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但透過銀行體系，
卻得要好幾天或幾個禮拜，
卻得要好幾天或幾個禮拜，
02:44
for money to move through
the banking system across a city.
the banking system across a city.
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才能把錢從一個城市
轉到另一個城市，
轉到另一個城市，
02:48
And they take a big piece of the action --
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而且它們所費不貲——
02:50
10 to 20 percent just to send money
to another country.
to another country.
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只是把錢轉到另一個城市，
就要收取10~20%的費用。
就要收取10~20%的費用。
02:54
They capture our data,
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他們手中握著我們所有的資料，
02:55
and that means we can't monetize it
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這也意味著，這筆資料不能變現
02:57
or use it to better manage our lives.
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或者用它來改善我們的生活。
03:00
Our privacy is being undermined.
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我們的隱私被侵犯了。
03:03
And the biggest problem is that overall,
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但最大的問題是，
03:06
they've appropriated the largesse
of the digital age asymmetrically:
of the digital age asymmetrically:
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它們超出自身應有範圍地
挪用數位化時代的無形資產：
挪用數位化時代的無形資產：
03:11
we have wealth creation,
but we have growing social inequality.
but we have growing social inequality.
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我們的財富雖然增加了，
但社會的不公也跟著增加。
但社會的不公也跟著增加。
03:17
So what if there were not only
an internet of information,
an internet of information,
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所以，如果我們不僅是有資訊網路，
03:21
what if there were an internet of value --
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要是還有價值網路，那又會如何呢？
03:24
some kind of vast, global,
distributed ledger
distributed ledger
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比如說像是大型的全球記帳本，
03:28
running on millions of computers
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由好幾百萬台的電腦來運作，
03:30
and available to everybody.
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而且每個人都可以使用。
03:32
And where every kind of asset,
from money to music,
from money to music,
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各種類型的資產，從金錢到音樂，
03:36
could be stored, moved, transacted,
exchanged and managed,
exchanged and managed,
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都不用透過中間機構的介入
就能完成儲存、移動、交易、交換、管理的動作，
就能完成儲存、移動、交易、交換、管理的動作，
03:42
all without powerful intermediaries?
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那會如何呢？
03:45
What if there were
a native medium for value?
a native medium for value?
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要是有一個價值的
天然媒介那該有多好？
天然媒介那該有多好？
03:50
Well, in 2008, the financial
industry crashed
industry crashed
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果然，2008年的金融海嘯，
03:54
and, perhaps propitiously,
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也許是因為這樣的時空背景，
03:57
an anonymous person or persons
named Satoshi Nakamoto
named Satoshi Nakamoto
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一位匿名者叫「中本聰」的人或團體，
04:03
created a paper where he developed
a protocol for a digital cash
a protocol for a digital cash
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創造了數位現金協議的白皮書，
04:10
that used an underlying
cryptocurrency called Bitcoin.
cryptocurrency called Bitcoin.
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運用在一個叫做比特幣的
加密電子貨幣上。
加密電子貨幣上。
04:14
And this cryptocurrency enabled people
to establish trust and do transactions
to establish trust and do transactions
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這個加密電子貨幣讓人們可以
不用透過第三方
就能建立信任、直接進行交易。
就能建立信任、直接進行交易。
04:20
without a third party.
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04:21
And this seemingly simple act
set off a spark
set off a spark
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而這看似一個簡單的動作，
引起了很大的迴響，
引起了很大的迴響，
04:25
that ignited the world,
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在世界上很多地方，造成了轟動，
04:27
that has everyone excited
or terrified or otherwise interested
or terrified or otherwise interested
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讓很多人不是興奮、害怕
就是感到有趣。
04:33
in many places.
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04:34
Now, don't be confused about Bitcoin --
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千萬不要誤會比特幣——
04:36
Bitcoin is an asset; it goes up and down,
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比特幣僅是個資產，
價格會上上下下，
價格會上上下下，
04:39
and that should be of interest
to you if you're a speculator.
to you if you're a speculator.
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應該只有投機客會對它感興趣。
04:43
More broadly, it's a cryptocurrency.
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更廣義地說，
它只是一種「加密電子貨幣」。
它只是一種「加密電子貨幣」。
04:45
It's not a fiat currency
controlled by a nation-state.
controlled by a nation-state.
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它不是由某一個國家
所控制的實體貨幣，
所控制的實體貨幣，
04:49
And that's of greater interest.
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它有比較多的優點。
04:51
But the real pony here
is the underlying technology.
is the underlying technology.
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但這項科技真正厲害的地方，
04:54
It's called blockchain.
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就是它的「區塊鏈」技術。
04:57
So for the first time now
in human history,
in human history,
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這是人類史上第一次，
05:01
people everywhere can trust each other
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各地的人們可以互相信任
05:03
and transact peer to peer.
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彼此點對點地處理事情（P2P）。
05:07
And trust is established,
not by some big institution,
not by some big institution,
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而這個信任的機制，
不是由一些大型機構所發佈的，
不是由一些大型機構所發佈的，
05:11
but by collaboration, by cryptography
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而是由集體的加密方式
05:14
and by some clever code.
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以運用一些頂尖的密碼學所組成的。
05:16
And because trust is native
to the technology,
to the technology,
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因為信任就是科技的天性。
05:20
I call this, "The Trust Protocol."
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我稱它為「信任協議」。
05:22
Now, you're probably wondering:
How does this thing work?
How does this thing work?
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現在各位可能會想：
它到底是怎麼運作的？
它到底是怎麼運作的？
05:25
Fair enough.
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這很合理。
05:28
Assets -- digital assets like money
to music and everything in between --
to music and everything in between --
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資產——數位資產，像是金錢、音樂、
這當中的所有東西——
這當中的所有東西——
05:33
are not stored in a central place,
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並不是集中在一個中心地方存放著，
05:35
but they're distributed
across a global ledger,
across a global ledger,
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而是用最高級的密碼科技
05:37
using the highest level of cryptography.
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存放在世界各地的帳本裡，
05:40
And when a transaction is conducted,
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當一個交易產生時，
05:43
it's posted globally,
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它就會被記錄在全球各地
05:45
across millions and millions of computers.
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好幾百萬台的電腦裡面。
05:49
And out there, around the world,
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此外，世界各地
05:51
is a group of people called "miners."
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還有一群人被稱之為「礦工」的人。
05:53
These are not young people,
they're Bitcoin miners.
they're Bitcoin miners.
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他們不是年輕人，
他們是挖比特幣的礦工。
他們是挖比特幣的礦工。
05:57
They have massive computing power
at their fingertips --
at their fingertips --
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他們的電腦有超強的運算能力
06:00
10 to 100 times bigger
than all of Google worldwide.
than all of Google worldwide.
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比世界上所有的Google電腦
還要快10到100倍。
還要快10到100倍。
06:05
These miners do a lot of work.
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這些礦工做了很多工作。
06:08
And every 10 minutes,
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每10分鐘，就會有一個區塊產生，
06:09
kind of like the heartbeat of a network,
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有點像是網路的心跳，
06:11
a block gets created
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06:14
that has all the transactions
from the previous 10 minutes.
from the previous 10 minutes.
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每一個區塊記錄著前10分鐘所有的交易。
06:17
Then the miners get to work,
trying to solve some tough problems.
trying to solve some tough problems.
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礦工就會嘗試著去解決最困難的問題。
06:22
And they compete:
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他們會互相競爭：
06:24
the first miner to find out the truth
and to validate the block,
and to validate the block,
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第一個找到真相並驗證區塊的礦工
06:28
is rewarded in digital currency,
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就可以得到一個數位幣，
06:30
in the case of the Bitcoin
blockchain, with Bitcoin.
blockchain, with Bitcoin.
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以比特幣區塊鍊而言，
先找到的人就會得一個比特幣。
先找到的人就會得一個比特幣。
06:34
And then -- this is the key part --
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之後，關鍵就在此，
06:36
that block is linked to the previous block
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這個區塊會連結之前的區塊，
06:38
and the previous block
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之前的區塊再連結之前的區塊，
06:40
to create a chain of blocks.
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進而形成一個區塊鍊。
06:43
And every one is time-stamped,
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每個人都是一個時間戳記
06:44
kind of like with a digital waxed seal.
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有點像是數位封條。
06:47
So if I wanted to go and hack a block
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所以如果我想駭進區塊
06:49
and, say, pay you and you
with the same money,
with the same money,
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比如說，用同樣一筆錢，
同時付給兩個人，
同時付給兩個人，
06:54
I'd have to hack that block,
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我就必須駭進該區塊，
06:55
plus all the preceding blocks,
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加上之前所有的區塊，
06:57
the entire history of commerce
on that blockchain,
on that blockchain,
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以及所有區塊鍊之前的
歷史交易記錄，
歷史交易記錄，
07:00
not just on one computer
but across millions of computers,
but across millions of computers,
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而且不只一台電腦，
且必須同時駭進上百萬台的電腦，
07:04
simultaneously,
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07:06
all using the highest
levels of encryption,
levels of encryption,
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這些電腦都是使用
最高級的加密技術、
最高級的加密技術、
07:09
in the light of the most powerful
computing resource in the world
computing resource in the world
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在全世界運算資源最強的環境下
07:12
that's watching me.
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監視著我的一舉一動，
07:13
Tough to do.
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太難了。
07:15
This is infinitely more secure
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這比我們現今所有的
電腦系統還要嚴密。
電腦系統還要嚴密。
07:17
than the computer systems
that we have today.
that we have today.
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07:20
Blockchain. That's how it works.
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這就是區塊鍊運作的原理。
07:23
So the Bitcoin blockchain is just one.
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比特幣區塊鍊僅是其中一個，
07:25
There are many.
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還有很多其他的。
07:26
The Ethereum blockchain was developed
by a Canadian named Vitalik Buterin.
by a Canadian named Vitalik Buterin.
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以太坊區塊鍊是由一位名叫
Vitalik Buterin的加拿大人所建立的。
Vitalik Buterin的加拿大人所建立的。
07:31
He's [22] years old,
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他現在22歲，（講者口誤，非19歲）
07:33
and this blockchain
has some extraordinary capabilities.
has some extraordinary capabilities.
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這個區塊鍊有一些神奇的功能。
07:38
One of them is that you can
build smart contracts.
build smart contracts.
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其中一個是，你可以在這個平台上
建立智能合約。
建立智能合約。
07:41
It's kind of what it sounds like.
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正如其名，
07:43
It's a contract that self-executes,
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它是一份可以自我執行的合約，
07:45
and the contract handles the enforcement,
the management, performance
the management, performance
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它有強制性、管理與執行的能力
07:50
and payment -- the contract kind of has
a bank account, too, in a sense --
a bank account, too, in a sense --
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還有付款能力，——某種程度而言，
合約本身也像是個銀行帳戶——
合約本身也像是個銀行帳戶——
07:55
of agreements between people.
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可以處理人與人之間的約定，
07:57
And today, on the Ethereum blockchain,
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目前，在以太坊區塊鍊下，
08:00
there are projects underway
to do everything
to do everything
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已經有很多專案正在進行，
08:02
from create a new replacement
for the stock market
for the stock market
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從股票市場新的替代方案
08:05
to create a new model of democracy,
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到新民主模式的創建，
08:07
where politicians
are accountable to citizens.
are accountable to citizens.
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在這些模式下，政治人物
是需要為人民負責的。
是需要為人民負責的。
08:10
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:14
So to understand what a radical change
this is going to bring,
this is going to bring,
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所以為了要讓各位了解，
區塊鍊將帶來甚麼樣的大改變，
區塊鍊將帶來甚麼樣的大改變，
08:18
let's look at one industry,
financial services.
financial services.
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我們先從金融服務業開始講起。
08:21
Recognize this?
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認得出這是甚麼嗎？
08:23
Rube Goldberg machine.
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魯布·戈德堡機械。
08:25
It's a ridiculously complicated machine
that does something really simple,
that does something really simple,
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這是一部複雜到不行的機械設備，
但它只會做一些簡單動作，
但它只會做一些簡單動作，
08:28
like crack an egg or shut a door.
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像是打一顆蛋或關一扇門。
08:31
Well, it kind of reminds me
of the financial services industry,
of the financial services industry,
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它讓我聯想到現今的金融服物業，
08:35
honestly.
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真的。
08:36
I mean, you tap your card
in the corner store,
in the corner store,
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我的意思是，
你在轉角的一家商店刷卡，
你在轉角的一家商店刷卡，
08:39
and a bitstream goes through
a dozen companies,
a dozen companies,
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然後會有一串的數位資訊流，
08:42
each with their own computer system,
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流穿過好幾家公司的電腦，
08:45
some of them being 1970s mainframes
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有些電腦系統的主架構
都還是1970年代的，
都還是1970年代的，
08:47
older than many
of the people in this room,
of the people in this room,
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比在場很多人都還要來的老，
08:50
and three days later, a settlement occurs.
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三天後，交易完成了。
08:53
Well, with a blockchain
financial industry,
financial industry,
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對金融產業的區塊鍊而言，
08:57
there would be no settlement,
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根本沒有“結清”這回事，
08:58
because the payment and the settlement
is the same activity,
is the same activity,
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因為付款及結清是同一個動作，
09:01
it's just a change in the ledger.
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它只是帳本上數字的變動。
09:04
So Wall Street and all around the world,
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所以華爾街及全世界的金融市場，
09:06
the financial industry
is in a big upheaval about this,
is in a big upheaval about this,
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都相當關心這項科技的發展，
09:09
wondering, can we be replaced,
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關心他們是否會被取代，
09:11
or how do we embrace
this technology for success?
this technology for success?
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或者要如何擁抱這項科技進而獲得成功？
09:15
Now, why should you care?
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那，你為什麼要關心這件事？
09:18
Well, let me describe some applications.
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好，我再描述一些
這項科技的其他應用。
這項科技的其他應用。
09:21
Prosperity.
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繁榮。
09:23
The first era of the internet,
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第一世代的網際網路、
09:25
the internet of information,
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資訊網路，
09:26
brought us wealth
but not shared prosperity,
but not shared prosperity,
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為我們帶來了財富，
但並不是共享的繁榮，
但並不是共享的繁榮，
09:30
because social inequality is growing.
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因為社會不平等也跟著成長。
09:32
And this is at the heart
of all of the anger and extremism
of all of the anger and extremism
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而這陰影潛藏在
憤怒者與極端主義者的心理，
憤怒者與極端主義者的心理，
09:36
and protectionism and xenophobia and worse
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因此我們會看到現今的世界，
充滿了保護主義、
充滿了保護主義、
09:40
that we're seeing growing
in the world today,
in the world today,
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排外主義等各種糟糕的現象，
09:43
Brexit being the most recent case.
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英國脫歐就是最佳例子。
09:46
So could we develop some new approaches
to this problem of inequality?
to this problem of inequality?
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所以，我們可以發展一些方法
來解決不公平的問題嗎？
來解決不公平的問題嗎？
09:52
Because the only approach today
is to redistribute wealth,
is to redistribute wealth,
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因為現今唯一的方法
就是財富重新分配、
就是財富重新分配、
09:56
tax people and spread it around more.
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納稅機制的改革。
09:58
Could we pre-distribute wealth?
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我們有可能就事先
就分配好財富嗎？
就分配好財富嗎？
10:01
Could we change the way that wealth
gets created in the first place
gets created in the first place
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我們能否藉由財富增長大眾化、
10:04
by democratizing wealth creation,
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吸引更多人參與經濟活動、
10:07
engaging more people in the economy,
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確保他們得到公平的報酬等舉措
10:09
and then ensuring that they got
fair compensation?
fair compensation?
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來改變財富起初的創造方式呢？
10:13
Let me describe five ways
that this can be done.
that this can be done.
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我說明一下，有五種方式可以做到。
10:16
Number one:
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第一：
10:18
Did you know that 70 percent
of the people in the world who have land
of the people in the world who have land
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各位知不知道，
世界上70%擁有土地的人，
世界上70%擁有土地的人，
10:23
have a tenuous title to it?
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他們的土地權利有瑕疵呢？
10:25
So, you've got a little farm in Honduras,
some dictator comes to power,
some dictator comes to power,
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比如說，你在宏都拉斯有一塊小農地，
有一天，一些獨裁者當權，他們說
有一天，一些獨裁者當權，他們說
10:29
he says, "I know you've got a piece
of paper that says you own your farm,
of paper that says you own your farm,
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「我知道你有一張薄薄的紙
證明你擁有這塊土地，
證明你擁有這塊土地，
10:32
but the government computer
says my friend owns your farm."
says my friend owns your farm."
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但根據政府的電腦紀錄，
你這塊地是我朋友的。」
你這塊地是我朋友的。」
10:36
This happened on a mass scale in Honduras,
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這種現象在宏都拉斯很常見，
10:39
and this problem exists everywhere.
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這樣的問題，到處都有。
10:42
Hernando de Soto, the great
Latin American economist,
Latin American economist,
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埃爾南多·德·索托，
拉丁美洲最偉大的經濟學家，
拉丁美洲最偉大的經濟學家，
10:45
says this is the number one
issue in the world
issue in the world
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他說，這是世上
就經濟流動性來說的
頭號問題，
頭號問題，
10:47
in terms of economic mobility,
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10:48
more important than having a bank account,
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2141
比有銀行帳號還要重要，
10:50
because if you don't have
a valid title to your land,
a valid title to your land,
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因為如果你的土地
沒有合法的權利證明，
沒有合法的權利證明，
10:53
you can't borrow against it,
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你就不能借錢來
對抗這樣的事件，
對抗這樣的事件，
10:55
and you can't plan for the future.
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2022
你不能為未來做打算。
10:57
So today, companies
are working with governments
are working with governments
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所以目前，已經有公司開始協助政府，
11:01
to put land titles on a blockchain.
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把土地權利放到區塊鍊裡面。
11:03
And once it's there, this is immutable.
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一旦放進去了，就不能更動了。
11:06
You can't hack it.
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你無法駭進去。
11:08
This creates the conditions for prosperity
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這樣就能為好幾百萬人
11:11
for potentially billions of people.
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創造出繁榮。
11:14
Secondly:
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第二：
11:16
a lot of writers talk about Uber
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2234
有很多作家，提到 Uber、
11:18
and Airbnb and TaskRabbit
and Lyft and so on
and Lyft and so on
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Airbnb 、TaskRabbit、 Lyft 等等
11:21
as part of the sharing economy.
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說它們是屬於共享經濟的一部分。
11:24
This is a very powerful idea,
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這些點子都很棒，
11:25
that peers can come together
and create and share wealth.
and create and share wealth.
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大家一起創造共享財富。
11:29
My view is that ...
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1413
但我的看法是...
11:31
these companies are not really sharing.
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這些公司並不是真正的共享。
11:35
In fact, they're successful
precisely because they don't share.
precisely because they don't share.
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實際上，他們會成功的原因
是因為他們不分享。
是因為他們不分享。
11:39
They aggregate services together,
and they sell them.
and they sell them.
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他們把服務整合起來，然後賣掉。
11:43
What if, rather than Airbnb
being a $25 billion corporation,
being a $25 billion corporation,
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要是有一家由房東們所組成的公司，
我們就叫他B-Airbnb公司好了,
我們就叫他B-Airbnb公司好了,
11:48
there was a distributed application
on a blockchain, we'll call it B-Airbnb,
on a blockchain, we'll call it B-Airbnb,
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在區塊鍊上申請登記，而不是價值
25億美金的Airbnb公司，那會如何呢？
25億美金的Airbnb公司，那會如何呢？
11:54
and it was essentially owned
by all of the people
by all of the people
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11:58
who have a room to rent.
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12:00
And when someone wants to rent a room,
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當有人要租房間的時候，
12:03
they go onto the blockchain
database and all the criteria,
database and all the criteria,
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他們上區塊鍊上登記住房需求，
12:07
they sift through, it helps
them find the right room,
them find the right room,
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過濾了一些條件，區塊鍊
幫他們找出他們想要的房間，
幫他們找出他們想要的房間，
12:09
and then the blockchain helps
with the contracting,
with the contracting,
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然後協助雙方做出合約、
12:12
it identifies the party,
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驗證彼此的身分、
12:14
it handles the payments
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只要透過他們在系統上建立的數位付款方式，
區塊鍊就能幫忙處理付款流程。
區塊鍊就能幫忙處理付款流程。
12:15
just through digital payments --
they're built into the system.
they're built into the system.
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12:19
And it even handles reputation,
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1531
甚至也能處理評價問題，
12:20
because if she rates a room
as a five-star room,
as a five-star room,
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4192
因為如果客戶給5顆星，
12:24
that room is there,
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1216
那個房間的排名就會往前，
12:26
and it's rated, and it's immutable.
249
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2227
而且不能更改。
12:29
So, the big sharing-economy
disruptors in Silicon Valley
disruptors in Silicon Valley
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4744
所以，矽谷大型共享經濟的破壞者
是有可能被消滅的，
12:34
could be disrupted,
251
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1157
12:36
and this would be good for prosperity.
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2241
而這對繁榮才是好的。
12:38
Number three:
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1157
第三：
12:40
the biggest flow of funds
from the developed world
from the developed world
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2571
從已開發國家到發展中國家的
12:42
to the developing world
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最大的資金流
12:44
is not corporate investment,
256
752308
2262
不是企業的投資，
12:46
and it's not even foreign aid.
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2281
也不是國際支援。
12:49
It's remittances.
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2000
是匯款。
12:52
This is the global diaspora;
259
760329
1935
這群散佈在全球的海外區民，
12:54
people have left their ancestral lands,
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2357
他們離開了故鄉，
12:56
and they're sending money back
to their families at home.
to their families at home.
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3889
把在海外賺來的錢，
匯回到家裡。
匯回到家裡。
13:00
This is 600 billion dollars a year,
and it's growing,
and it's growing,
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3123
平均一年有6000億美金，
而且還在持續成長，
而且還在持續成長，
13:03
and these people are getting ripped off.
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2040
這些人簡直是被搶劫了。
13:06
AnnaLee Domingo is a housekeeper.
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2614
阿奈兒多明戈是一位女管家，
13:09
She lives in Toronto,
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1905
她住在多倫多，
13:11
and every month she goes
to the Western Union office
to the Western Union office
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4764
每個月她帶著現金，
去西聯的辦公室，
13:16
with some cash
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1539
13:18
to send her remittances
to her mom in Manila.
to her mom in Manila.
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2960
匯款給她在馬里拉家鄉的母親，
13:21
It costs her around 10 percent;
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1893
西聯會收取她10％的手續費；
13:23
the money takes four to seven
days to get there;
days to get there;
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2240
而且錢要4~7天才能匯到；
13:26
her mom never knows
when it's going to arrive.
when it's going to arrive.
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2164
她母親永遠不知道錢甚麼時候會到，
13:28
It takes five hours
out of her week to do this.
out of her week to do this.
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她每個禮拜要花五個小時來處理這件事。
13:31
Six months ago,
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1152
六個月前，
13:32
AnnaLee Domingo used
a blockchain application called Abra.
a blockchain application called Abra.
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4580
阿奈兒多明戈用了一個叫
Abra的區塊鍊的App。
Abra的區塊鍊的App。
13:37
And from her mobile device,
she sent 300 bucks.
she sent 300 bucks.
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2613
她從她的手機寄了300金
13:40
It went directly
to her mom's mobile device
to her mom's mobile device
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2480
到她母親的手機裡面，
13:42
without going through an intermediary.
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1884
匯款過程完全沒有
透過任何中間機構。
透過任何中間機構。
13:45
And then her mom
looked at her mobile device --
looked at her mobile device --
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2392
然後她母親查看她的手機設備——
13:47
it's kind of like an Uber interface,
there's Abra "tellers" moving around.
there's Abra "tellers" moving around.
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它有點像Uber的介面，
螢幕上有很多Abra的出納員跑來跑去。
螢幕上有很多Abra的出納員跑來跑去。
13:51
She clicks on a teller
that's a five-star teller,
that's a five-star teller,
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她點選了一位距離她7分鐘遠的
13:54
who's seven minutes away.
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五顆星出納員，
13:56
The guy shows up at the door,
gives her Filipino pesos,
gives her Filipino pesos,
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3080
那個人出現在她家門口，
直接給她菲律賓幣，
直接給她菲律賓幣，
13:59
she puts them in her wallet.
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然後她直接把錢放口袋。
14:01
The whole thing took minutes,
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整件事情前後不到幾分鐘，
14:03
and it cost her two percent.
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只收她2%的手續費。
14:06
This is a big opportunity for prosperity.
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這是人民繁榮興盛的好機會。
14:09
Number four: the most powerful asset
of the digital age is data.
of the digital age is data.
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第四：在數位年代，
最有價值的資產就是數據。
最有價值的資產就是數據。
14:14
And data is really a new asset class,
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數據真的是一個全新的資產類別，
14:17
maybe bigger than previous asset classes,
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也許比之前的資產類別還要大，
14:20
like land under the agrarian economy,
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像是農業經濟之下的土地，
14:23
or an industrial plant,
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或像是工業廠房、
14:24
or even money.
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甚至是金錢。
14:26
And all of you -- we -- create this data.
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數據是由你、我以及
14:29
We create this asset,
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我們所有人共同創造出來的資產，
14:31
and we leave this trail
of digital crumbs behind us
of digital crumbs behind us
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我們在日常生活中，
14:34
as we go throughout life.
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留下了很多數位的足跡。
14:35
And these crumbs are collected
into a mirror image of you,
into a mirror image of you,
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而這些足跡匯集起來，
會變成鏡中影像的你，
會變成鏡中影像的你，
14:38
the virtual you.
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一個虛擬的你。
14:40
And the virtual you may know
more about you than you do,
more about you than you do,
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而這個虛擬的你，
甚至比你還了解你自己，
甚至比你還了解你自己，
14:43
because you can't remember
what you bought a year ago,
what you bought a year ago,
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因為你根本記不起
你一年前買了甚麼，
你一年前買了甚麼，
14:45
or said a year ago,
or your exact location a year ago.
or your exact location a year ago.
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或者說一年前，
你在哪個地方。
你在哪個地方。
14:48
And the virtual you is not owned by you --
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而這個虛擬的你，
並不是由你所持有的——
並不是由你所持有的——
14:51
that's the big problem.
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這是個大問題。
14:53
So today, there are companies working
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所以目前，已經有公司開始創造
14:56
to create an identity in a black box,
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一種記錄身分的黑盒子，
14:59
the virtual you owned by you.
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一種由你個人所擁有的
虛擬的你。
虛擬的你。
15:01
And this black box moves around with you
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當你到世界各地旅行的時候，
15:05
as you travel throughout the world,
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893182
1990
這個黑盒子會跟在你身邊，
15:07
and it's very, very stingy.
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2070
而且它非常非常“吝嗇”。
15:09
It only gives away
the shred of information
the shred of information
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當你要做交易時，
它只會給出少量的必要的資訊。
15:12
that's required to do something.
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1547
15:13
A lot of transactions,
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有很多交易，
15:15
the seller doesn't even need
to know who you are.
to know who you are.
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2473
賣家根本都不認識你。
15:17
They just need to know that they got paid.
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他們只要知道他們有收到錢就好了。
15:20
And then this avatar
is sweeping up all of this data
is sweeping up all of this data
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3949
之後這個化身
會把這些信息全部清空，
會把這些信息全部清空，
15:24
and enabling you to monetize it.
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912714
2744
讓你可以兌現交易。
15:28
And this is a wonderful thing,
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1788
這是件很棒的事情，
15:29
because it can also help us
protect our privacy,
protect our privacy,
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3191
因為它可以幫助我們
保護我們的隱私，
保護我們的隱私，
15:33
and privacy is the foundation
of a free society.
of a free society.
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3812
而隱私就是自由社會的基石。
15:36
Let's get this asset that we create
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924924
1966
讓我們把這個資產的控制權
15:38
back under our control,
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926914
1777
要回來，
15:40
where we can own our own identity
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928715
2008
讓我們自己擁有自己的身分記錄
15:42
and manage it responsibly.
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930747
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讓我們自已管理它。
15:45
Finally --
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1157
最後——
15:46
(Applause)
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934998
4798
（掌聲）
15:52
Finally, number five:
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940335
1496
最後，第五：
15:53
there are a whole number
of creators of content
of creators of content
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3262
有很多的內容物創作家，
15:57
who don't receive fair compensation,
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2207
並沒有得到相對應的公平補償，
15:59
because the system
for intellectual property is broken.
for intellectual property is broken.
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947372
3092
因為在第一代的網際網路
16:02
It was broken by the first era
of the internet.
of the internet.
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3112
智慧財產權是不被重視的。
16:05
Take music.
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1467
例如，音樂。
16:07
Musicians are left with crumbs
at the end of the whole food chain.
at the end of the whole food chain.
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955734
3130
音樂家在整個產業的食物鏈裡，
幾乎是被遺棄的。
幾乎是被遺棄的。
16:10
You know, if you were a songwriter,
25 years ago, you wrote a hit song,
25 years ago, you wrote a hit song,
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各位應該知道，如果你是位作曲家，
25年前，你寫了一首相當熱賣的歌，
25年前，你寫了一首相當熱賣的歌，
16:15
it got a million singles,
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963752
2262
專輯賣了100萬張，
16:18
you could get royalties
of around 45,000 dollars.
of around 45,000 dollars.
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3521
你大概會有45000美元的收入。
16:21
Today, you're a songwriter,
you write a hit song,
you write a hit song,
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2316
但現在，你寫了一首流行歌，
16:23
it gets a million streams,
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1453
有100萬的流覽量，
16:25
you don't get 45k,
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1770
你拿不到45000美元，
16:27
you get 36 dollars,
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2587
你只能拿到36美元，
16:29
enough to buy a nice pizza.
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977805
1947
只夠買個披薩。
16:32
So Imogen Heap,
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980721
1378
所以，伊莫珍·希普
16:34
the Grammy-winning singer-songwriter,
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982123
2384
葛來美獎的歌手兼創作家，
16:36
is now putting music
on a blockchain ecosystem.
on a blockchain ecosystem.
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3971
已經開始把音樂放進區塊鍊生態系統。
16:40
She calls it "Mycelia."
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1849
她稱它叫「Mycelia」。
16:42
And the music has
a smart contract surrounding it.
a smart contract surrounding it.
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4106
那些音樂有綁定一份智能合約。
16:46
And the music protects
her intellectual property rights.
her intellectual property rights.
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3523
這樣她的音樂智慧財產權
就能被保護起來。
就能被保護起來。
16:50
You want to listen to the song?
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998076
1513
你想聽歌嗎？
16:51
It's free, or maybe a few micro-cents
that flow into a digital account.
that flow into a digital account.
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999613
3357
它是免費的，或者只需要往電子賬戶裡打幾毛錢。
16:54
You want to put the song
in your movie, that's different,
in your movie, that's different,
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1002994
2698
你想把歌放進你的電影，
那就不同了，
那就不同了，
16:57
and the IP rights are all specified.
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1005716
1759
智慧財產權都是有約束性的。
16:59
You want to make a ringtone?
That's different.
That's different.
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1007499
2263
你想要把它弄成手機鈴聲？那也不同。
17:02
She describes that the song
becomes a business.
becomes a business.
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3209
她說，歌曲創作變成了一門生意。
17:05
It's out there on this platform
marketing itself,
marketing itself,
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1013463
2809
你把音樂放在平台上，
它自己就會開始賺錢，
它自己就會開始賺錢，
17:08
protecting the rights of the author,
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1016296
1967
保護創作者的權利，
17:10
and because the song has a payment system
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1018287
2155
因為音樂本身在銀行帳戶的
辨識系統下，有支付功能，
辨識系統下，有支付功能，
17:12
in the sense of bank account,
356
1020466
1462
17:13
all the money flows back to the artist,
357
1021952
2348
所有的錢都會回流到藝術家身上，
17:16
and they control the industry,
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1024324
2235
由藝術家來控制產業，
17:18
rather than these powerful intermediaries.
359
1026583
2412
而不是那些強勢中間媒介。
17:21
Now, this is --
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1029757
1151
如今...
17:22
(Applause)
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1030932
4192
（掌聲）
17:27
This is not just songwriters,
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1035604
1697
不僅只有詞曲創作家，
17:29
it's any creator of content,
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1037325
1499
任何內容物創造者，
17:30
like art,
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1038848
1467
像是美術，
17:32
like inventions,
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1040339
2468
發明、
17:34
scientific discoveries, journalists.
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1042831
2961
科學發現、新聞工作者。
17:37
There are all kinds of people
who don't get fair compensation,
who don't get fair compensation,
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1045816
3013
那些以前沒有得到合理公平待遇的人，
17:40
and with blockchains,
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1048853
1470
用了區塊鍊技術，
17:42
they're going to be able
to make it rain on the blockchain.
to make it rain on the blockchain.
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1050347
3762
他們就能如魚得水地赚錢。
17:46
And that's a wonderful thing.
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1054133
1658
這是很棒的事。
17:48
So, these are five opportunities
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1056775
4593
除了這五個機會，
17:53
out of a dozen
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1061392
1274
還有其它的，
17:54
to solve one problem, prosperity,
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2301
都是為了要解決一個問題，「繁榮」，
17:57
which is one of countless problems
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1065015
3048
這也是最不被關注的問題，
18:00
that blockchains are applicable to.
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1068087
2031
而區塊鍊是可以解決的。
18:03
Now, technology doesn't create
prosperity, of course -- people do.
prosperity, of course -- people do.
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1071036
3955
當然，不是科技創造了繁榮，
是人創造的，
是人創造的，
18:07
But my case to you is that, once again,
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1075507
3875
但我要提醒各位，我再說一遍，
18:11
the technology genie
has escaped from the bottle,
has escaped from the bottle,
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3437
科技精靈已經逃離了枷鎖，
18:15
and it was summoned
by an unknown person or persons
by an unknown person or persons
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1083366
3212
在人類歷史上的這某個時間
被某些未知的人或團體召喚出來了，
被某些未知的人或團體召喚出來了，
18:18
at this uncertain time in human history,
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1086602
2725
18:22
and it's giving us
another kick at the can,
another kick at the can,
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1090216
3271
這次的改變給予了我們
再次嘗試去改善的機會，
再次嘗試去改善的機會，
18:25
another opportunity to rewrite
the economic power grid
the economic power grid
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1093511
5117
另一次重繪經濟權力版圖的機會，
18:30
and the old order of things,
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1098652
1724
改寫舊思維的機會，
18:32
and solve some of the world's most
difficult problems,
difficult problems,
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4396
並且可以解決世界上一些最困難的問題，
18:37
if we will it.
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如果我們願意的話...
18:39
Thank you.
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感謝各位。
18:41
(Applause)
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5423
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Don Tapscott - Digital strategistDon Tapscott, Executive Chairman of the Blockchain Research Institute, is one of the world’s leading authorities on the impact of technology in business and society. He has authored 16 books, including "Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything," which has been translated into over 25 languages
Why you should listen
A leading analyst of innovation and the impacts of technology, Don Tapscott has authored or co-authored 15 widely read books about various aspects of the reshaping of our society and economy. His work Wikinomics counts among the most influential business books of the last decade. His new book The Blockchain Revolution, co-authored with his son, Alex, discusses the blockchain, the distributed-database technology that's being deployed well beyond its original application as the public ledger behind Bitcoin. In the book, they analyze why blockchain technology will fundamentally change the internet -- how it works, how to use it and its promises and perils.
Tapscott is an adjunct professor of management at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, a Senior Advisor at the World Economic Forum and an Associate of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.
Don Tapscott | Speaker | TED.com