ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam de la Zerda - Biologist, electrical engineer
Adam de la Zerda develops new medical imaging technologies to detect and destroy cancer.

Why you should listen

Adam de la Zerda is an assistant professor at the Departments of Structural Biology and Electrical Engineering (courtesy) at Stanford University – School of Medicine. He completed his undergraduate degree in computer engineering and physics from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 2005 Summa Cum Laude. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 2011, where he developed the Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging technique with Sanjiv Sam Gambhir. He was then a postdoctoral fellow at the lab of Carolyn Bertozzi at UC Berkeley – Chemistry Department, before joining the Stanford faculty in 2012.

de la Zerda's research interests span the broad field of molecular imaging. His lab focuses on developing new optical imaging instrumentation and chemistry tools to study the complex spatiotemporal behavior of biomolecules in living subjects. The lab uses animal models for cancer and ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. His research efforts span both basic science and clinically translatable work.

de la Zerda has received many awards and honors for his work, including the Pew-Stewart Scholar for Cancer Research, the AFOSR Young Investigator Award, Baxter Faculty Scholar Award, Dale F. Frey Award, Forbes Magazine 30 Under 30 in Science and Healthcare for 2012 and 2014, NIH Director’s Early Independence Award, Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, Era of Hope Distinguished Predoctoral Poster Award, Best Poster Presentation at SPIE Photonics West, the Young Investigator Award at the World Molecular Imaging Congress, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Award for Predoctoral researchers, the Bio-X Graduate Student Fellowship and first place at the Bay Area Entrepreneurship Contest. He has published papers in leading journals including Nature Medicine, Nature Nanotechnology and PNAS. He holds a number of patents and is the founder of a medical device company, Click Diagnostics.

More profile about the speaker
Adam de la Zerda | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxStanford

Adam de la Zerda: We can start winning the war against cancer

亚当 德拉泽达: 我们怎样能够开始赢得与癌症战争的胜利

Filmed:
1,133,485 views

从斯坦福研究人员亚当 德拉泽拉那儿了解与癌症之间战争的最新发现。亚当正在研究最新的技术——一种超前的影像技术,使用寻找癌细胞的金粒子并注射入体内。徳拉泽拉的实验室希望能够帮助手术医师移除甚至微小的致命的肿瘤。
- Biologist, electrical engineer
Adam de la Zerda develops new medical imaging technologies to detect and destroy cancer. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
"We're declaring声明 war战争 against反对 cancer癌症,
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“我们已经和癌症宣战了,
00:14
and we will win赢得 this war战争 by 2015."
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而且我们能在2015年前赢得这场战争。”
00:18
This is what the US Congress国会
and the National国民 Cancer癌症 Institute研究所 declared声明
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这是美国国会和国家癌症协会
00:22
just a few少数 years年份 ago, in 2003.
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在几年前,即2003年宣布的。
00:25
Now, I don't know about you,
but I don't buy购买 that.
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现在,我不知道你们对这事儿怎么看,
但是我并不相信。
00:28
I don't think we quite相当 won韩元 this war战争 yet然而,
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我不认为我们已经赢得这场战争了,
00:30
and I don't think
anyone任何人 here will question that.
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而且我不认为在场的人会质疑我。
00:33
Now, I will argue争论 that a primary reason原因
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现在我会告诉你们一个最基本的原因,
00:36
why we're not winning胜利
this war战争 against反对 cancer癌症
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为什么我们不会赢得和癌症的战争:
00:38
is because we're fighting战斗 blindly盲目地.
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是因为我们在盲目地斗争。
00:40
I'm going to start开始 by sharing分享 with you
a story故事 about a good friend朋友 of mine.
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我要给你们分享一个我的好朋友的故事。
00:44
His name名称 is Ehud埃胡德,
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他的名字是埃胡德,
00:45
and a few少数 years年份 ago,
Ehud埃胡德 was diagnosed确诊 with brain cancer癌症.
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几年前,他被诊断出有脑癌。
00:48
And not just any type类型 of brain cancer癌症:
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而且还不是普通的脑癌,
00:50
he was diagnosed确诊 with one
of the most deadly致命 forms形式 of brain cancer癌症.
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他被诊断出患有最致命的一种脑癌。
事实上,这个癌症致命到
00:53
In fact事实, it was so deadly致命
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00:55
that the doctors医生 told him
that they only have 12 months个月,
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医生告诉他,他只有12个月,
00:57
and during those 12 months个月,
they have to find a treatment治疗.
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在这个12个月里,
他们必须要找到一种治疗方法。
01:01
They have to find a cure治愈,
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他们必须要找到一种有效的治疗方法,
01:02
and if they cannot不能
find a cure治愈, he will die.
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而且如果找不到,他将会死亡。
01:05
Now, the good news新闻, they said,
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现在,好消息是,他们说,
01:07
is that there are tons
of different不同 treatments治疗 to choose选择 from,
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有无数种治疗方法可以选择,
01:10
but the bad news新闻 is
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而坏消息是,
01:11
that in order订购 for them to tell
if a treatment治疗 is even working加工 or not,
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如果要检测一种治疗方法是否有效,
01:15
well, that takes them
about three months个月 or so.
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好吧,需要大约三个月的时间。
01:17
So they cannot不能 try that many许多 things.
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所以他们尝试不了几种方法。
01:19
Well, Ehud埃胡德 is now going
into his first treatment治疗,
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现在,
埃胡德正在进行他的第一次治疗,
01:23
and during that first treatment治疗,
just a few少数 days into that treatment治疗,
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在第一次治疗开始几天的时候,
01:26
I'm meeting会议 with him, and he tells告诉 me,
"Adam亚当, I think this is working加工.
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我见到他,他告诉我说
“亚当,我觉得疗程有效果。
01:29
I think we really lucked时来运转 out here.
Something is happening事件."
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我觉得我们挺走运的。
事情正在改变。”
01:32
And I ask him, "Really?
How do you know that, Ehud埃胡德?"
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我问他:
“真的吗,你是怎么知道,埃胡德?”
01:35
And he says, "Well,
I feel so terrible可怕 inside.
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他说,
“因为,我感觉身体十分难受。
01:37
Something's出了点 gotta总得 be working加工 up there.
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一定有什么东西在里面起作用,
01:39
It just has to."
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一定是的。”
01:40
Well, unfortunately不幸, three months个月 later后来,
we got the news新闻, it didn't work.
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然而,不幸的是,三个月后,
我们得到消息,治疗没有效果。
01:45
And so Ehud埃胡德 goes
into his second第二 treatment治疗.
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所以埃胡德尝试第二种治疗方法。
01:47
And again, the same相同 story故事.
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跟第一次一样,
01:48
"It feels感觉 so bad, something's什么是
gotta总得 be working加工 there."
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他说“我感觉很糟,
一定有什么东西在里面起作用。”
01:51
And then three months个月 later后来,
again we get bad news新闻.
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三个月后,我们又接到了坏消息。
01:54
Ehud埃胡德 is going into his third第三 treatment治疗,
and then his fourth第四 treatment治疗.
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然后埃胡德接受了第三次治疗,第四次治疗,
01:58
And then, as predicted预料到的, Ehud埃胡德 dies.
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然后正如预测的一样,埃胡德去世了。
02:01
Now, when someone有人 really close to you
is going through通过 such这样 a huge巨大 struggle斗争,
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当你身边亲近的人经受这种巨大的折磨时,
02:06
you get really swamped淹没 with emotions情绪.
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你会感觉尤其强烈。
02:08
A lot of things
are going through通过 your head.
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你的脑海中会充斥着各种想法。
02:10
For me, it was mostly大多 outrage暴行.
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对于我来说,
我感觉很愤怒。
02:11
I was just outraged愤怒 that, how come
this is the best最好 that we can offer提供?
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我愤怒的是,
难道这就是我们能为病人提供的最好的办法吗?
02:16
And I started开始 looking
more and more into this.
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然后我开始深入地研究这件事,
02:18
As it turns out, this is not just
the best最好 that doctors医生 could offer提供 Ehud埃胡德.
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我发现,这并不是是医生能够
提供给埃胡德最好的办法,
02:22
It's not just the best最好 doctors医生 could offer提供
patients耐心 with brain cancer癌症 generally通常.
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而且这也不是医生能够提供给一般
脑癌病人最好的办法。
02:26
We're actually其实 not doing that well
all across横过 the board with cancer癌症.
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我们在治疗癌症这件事情上并没有做得很好。
02:30
I picked采摘的 up one of those statistics统计,
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我挑选了一些统计数据,
02:32
and I'm sure some of you
have seen看到 those statistics统计 before.
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我相信你们可能有人曾经
看过这些数据。
02:34
This is going to show显示 you here
how many许多 patients耐心 actually其实 died死亡 of cancer癌症,
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这组数据统计了死于癌症的病人数量,
02:38
in this case案件 females女性 in the United联合的 States状态,
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确切的说是有多少美国女性,
02:40
ever since以来 the 1930s.
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自从20世纪30年代以来死于癌症。
02:41
You'll你会 notice注意 that there aren't
that many许多 things that have changed.
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你会发现从那儿以来事情并没有什么大的改变。
02:44
It's still a huge巨大 issue问题.
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这依旧是一个巨大的问题。
02:46
You'll你会 see a few少数 changes变化, though虽然.
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当然,你能看到一些改变,
02:48
You'll你会 see lung cancer癌症,
for example, on the rise上升.
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你会发现,比如,肺癌的比例在升高。
02:50
Thank you, cigarettes香烟.
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拜香烟所赐。
02:52
And you'll你会 also see that,
for example, stomach cancer癌症
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你还能看到,比如说,胃癌,
02:54
once一旦 used to be one
of the biggest最大 killers杀手 of all cancers癌症,
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曾经癌症中最大的杀手之一,
02:58
is essentially实质上 eliminated淘汰.
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已经几乎绝迹了。
03:00
Now, why is that?
Anyone任何人 knows知道, by the way?
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好,为什么会这样呢?
有人知道吗?
03:02
Why is it that humanity人性 is no longer
struck来袭 by stomach cancer癌症?
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为什么人类不再受胃癌折磨?
03:05
What was the huge巨大, huge巨大
medical technology技术 breakthrough突破
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是哪个巨大的医疗技术突破
03:10
that came来了 to our world世界
that saved保存 humanity人性 from stomach cancer癌症?
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于胃癌中拯救了人类?
03:15
Was it maybe a new drug药物,
or a better diagnostic诊断?
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是一种新药或者
一种更好的诊断吗?
03:19
You guys are right, yeah.
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你们答对啦!(笑)
03:20
It's the invention发明 of the refrigerator冰箱,
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是因为我们发明的了冰箱,
03:23
and the fact事实 that we're
no longer eating spoiled meats肉类.
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于是我们不再吃变质的食物。
03:25
So the best最好 thing
that happened发生 to us so far
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所以至今,
03:28
in the medical arena竞技场 in cancer癌症 research研究
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我们在癌症研究的医疗领域取得的最大的成就,
03:29
is the fact事实 that
the refrigerator冰箱 was invented发明.
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是冰箱的发明。
03:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:33
And so -- yeah, I know.
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所以,是的。
03:34
We're not doing so well here.
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我们并没有做的很好。
03:36
I don't want to miniaturize小型化 the progress进展
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我不想贬低
我们在癌症研究方面取得的进步。
03:38
and everything that's been doneDONE
in cancer癌症 research研究.
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03:41
Look, there is like 50-plus-加 years年份
of good cancer癌症 research研究
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你看,
我们做了五十多年的癌症研究,
03:45
that discovered发现 major重大的, major重大的 things
that taught us about cancer癌症.
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发现了有关癌症的很多重要的知识。
03:48
But all that said,
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这些年研究的结果就是,
03:50
we have a lot of heavy lifting吊装
to still do ahead of us.
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关于治疗癌症我们依然任重道远。
03:54
Again, I will argue争论 that the primary
reason原因 why this is the case案件,
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我认为,之所以我们进展缓慢,
03:58
why we have not doneDONE that remarkably异常 well,
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之所以我们并没有取得突破性的成绩
04:00
is really we're fighting战斗 blindly盲目地 here.
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是因为我们一直在盲目地斗争。
04:01
And this is where
medical imaging成像 comes in.
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所以我们发明了医疗影像,
04:04
This is where my own拥有 work comes in.
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这就是我的工作成果。
04:06
And so to give you a sense
of the best最好 medical imaging成像
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下面我给大家演示一下
04:09
that's offered提供 today今天
to brain cancer癌症 patients耐心,
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当前我们能给脑癌患者提供的最好的医疗影像,
04:11
or actually其实 generally通常
to all cancer癌症 patients耐心,
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或者应该说是给所以癌症患者提供的最好的医疗影像
04:13
take a look at this PET宠物 scan扫描 right here.
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看一看这个PET扫描,
04:15
Let's see. There we go.
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04:17
So this is a PET宠物/CTCT scan扫描,
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好,这是一个PET/CT扫描,
04:19
and what you'll你会 see in this PET宠物/CTCT scan扫描
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你能从这个PET/CT扫描中看到什么呢?
04:21
is the CTCT scan扫描 will show显示 you
where the bones骨头 are,
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CT扫描能够告诉你骨头的位置,
04:25
and the PET宠物 scan扫描 will show显示 you
where tumors肿瘤 are.
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PET扫描则能告诉你肿瘤的位置。
04:27
Now, what you can see here
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现在,你可以看到,
04:30
is essentially实质上 a sugar molecule分子
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一个糖分子
04:32
that was added添加 a small little tag标签
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被添加了一个小小的标签,
04:34
that is signaling发信号 to us
outside of the body身体,
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在给我们发信号,
04:36
"Hey, I'm here."
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“嗨,我在这。”
04:37
And those sugar molecules分子 are injected注射
into these patients耐心 by the billions数十亿,
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上十亿那样的糖分子被
注射进病人体内,
04:41
and they're going all over the body身体
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并散布至全身,
04:43
looking for cells细胞
that are hungry饥饿 for sugar.
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寻找需要糖分的细胞。
04:46
You'll你会 see that the heart,
for example, lights灯火 up there.
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你会看到,比如说,
心脏部位是亮的,
04:49
That's because the heart
needs需求 a lot of sugar.
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那是因为心脏需要很多糖。
04:51
You'll你会 also see that the bladder膀胱
lights灯火 up there.
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你还会看到膀胱也是亮的。
04:53
That's because the bladder膀胱
is the thing that's clearing空地
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那是因为膀胱负责清除
04:56
the sugar away from our body身体.
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体内的糖分。
04:58
And then you'll你会 see a few少数 other hot spots斑点,
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然后你会发现其他亮点,
05:00
and these are in fact事实 the tumors肿瘤.
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这些事实上都是肿瘤。
05:01
Now, this is a really
a wonderful精彩 technology技术.
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这真的是一个很棒的科技。
05:03
For the first time it allowed允许 us
to look into someone's谁家 body身体
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这是第一次,我们能够观察身体内部,
05:07
without picking选择 up
each and every一切 one of the cells细胞
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不需要取出细胞,
05:09
and putting them under the microscope显微镜,
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并把它们放在显微镜下来观察,
05:11
but in a noninvasive无创 way
allowing允许 us to look into someone's谁家 body身体
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而是无侵入性地观察人体内部,
05:14
and ask, "Hey,
has the cancer癌症 metastasized转移?
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并问,“嘿,癌症有扩散吗?
05:16
Where is it?"
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它在哪里?”
05:17
And the PET宠物 scans扫描 here
are showing展示 you very clearly明确地
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PET扫描很清晰的告诉我们
05:20
where are these hot spots斑点,
where is the tumor.
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亮点在哪里,
肿瘤在哪里。
05:23
So as miraculous神奇 as this might威力 seem似乎,
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这看起来很奇妙,
05:26
unfortunately不幸, well, it's not that great.
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然而,这并没有那么棒。
05:30
You see, those
small little hot spots斑点 there.
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那些小小的亮点,
05:33
Can anyone任何人 guess猜测 how many许多 cancer癌症 cells细胞
are in any one of these tumors肿瘤?
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有人能猜猜在其中一个肿瘤里
有多少癌细胞吗?
05:38
So it's about 100 million百万 cancer癌症 cells细胞,
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大概有1亿个癌细胞,
05:40
and let me make sure
that this number sunk沉没 in.
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让我解释一下这个数字。
05:43
In each and every一切 one
of these small little blips光点
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每一个小小的亮点,
05:46
that you're seeing眼看 on the image图片,
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你能在图片中看到的,
05:47
there needs需求 to be
at least最小 100 million百万 cancer癌症 cells细胞
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都需要至少1亿个癌细胞
05:51
in order订购 for it to be detected检测.
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才能被检测到。
05:53
Now, if that seemed似乎 to you
like a very large number,
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如果那对你来说是个很大的数字,
05:55
it is a very large number.
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没错,那就是一个很大的数字。
05:58
This is in fact事实
an incredibly令人难以置信 large number,
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事实上,
这就是一个非常巨大的数字,
我们需要的是能够尽早发现一些东西,
06:00
because what we really need
in order订购 to pick up something early enough足够
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并能够采取有意义的行动,
06:04
to do something about it,
to do something meaningful富有意义的 about it,
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我们需要能发现有一千个癌细胞大小的肿瘤,
06:07
well, we need to pick up tumors肿瘤
that are a thousand cells细胞 in size尺寸,
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理想来说,
我们需要能发现只有很少癌细胞的肿瘤,
06:10
and ideally理想 just
a handful少数 of cells细胞 in size尺寸.
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所以我们很明显离这个目标还很远。
06:12
So we're clearly明确地
pretty漂亮 far away from this.
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所以我们要做一个小实验。
06:14
So we're going to play
a little experiment实验 here.
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06:16
I'm going to ask each of you
to now play and imagine想像
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我要你们每一个人扮演和想象
06:19
that you are brain surgeons外科医生.
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你是一个脑部手术医师。
06:21
And you guys are now at an operating操作 room房间,
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你们现在在一间手术室里,
06:25
and there's a patient患者 in front面前 of you,
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面前有一个病人,
06:27
and your task任务 is to make sure
that the tumor is out.
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你的任务就是保证清除肿瘤。
06:31
So you're looking down at the patient患者,
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所以你低头看着病人,
06:34
the skin皮肤 and the skull头骨
have already已经 been removed去除,
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皮肤和头骨都已经被拆除了,
06:37
so you're looking at the brain.
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所以你正在看着大脑。
06:38
And all you know about this patient患者
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你知道的所有关于这个病人的,
06:40
is that there's a tumor
about the size尺寸 of a golf高尔夫球 ball or so
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就是有一个大概高尔夫球大小的肿瘤
06:43
in the right frontal前面的 lobe
of this person's人的 brain.
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在这个病人的右额叶。
06:46
And that's more or less it.
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情景大概就是这样。
06:47
So you're looking down, and unfortunately不幸
everything looks容貌 the same相同,
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所以你往下看,不幸的是,
所有东西都看起来是一样的,
06:50
because brain cancer癌症 tissue组织
and healthy健康 brain tissue组织
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因为脑癌组织和健康的脑组织
06:53
really just look the same相同.
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看起来是一样的。
06:55
And so you're going in with your thumb拇指,
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所以你要用你的拇指,
06:57
and you start开始 to press
a little bit on the brain,
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开始轻轻地在大脑上按压,
06:59
because tumors肿瘤 tend趋向 to be
a little harder更难, stiffer较硬,
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因为肿瘤相对更硬,
07:02
and so you go in and go
a little bit like this and say,
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所以你一遍一遍做这样的事情,
07:04
"It seems似乎 like the tumor is right there."
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“看起来肿瘤在这。”
07:06
Then you take out your knife
and start开始 cutting切割 the tumor
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然后你拿出刀,开始切割肿瘤,
07:09
piece by piece by piece.
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一块一块地,
07:10
And as you're taking服用 the tumor out,
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当你正在摘除肿瘤的时候,
07:12
then you're getting得到
to a stage阶段 where you think,
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然后你会想,
07:14
"Alright好的, I'm doneDONE.
I took out everything."
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“好,我把所有的肿瘤都拿出来了。”
07:16
And at this stage阶段, if that's --
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到了这个时候,
07:18
so far everything sounded满面,
like, pretty漂亮 crazy --
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一切看起来都有点疯狂,
07:21
you're now about to face面对 the most
challenging具有挑战性的 decision决定 of your life here.
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你现在要面临人生中最具挑战的决定,
07:24
Because now you need to decide决定,
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因为你要决定:
07:26
should I stop here
and let this patient患者 go,
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我应该停下,让病人出院吗?
07:29
risking冒着 that there might威力 be
some leftover cancer癌症 cells细胞 behind背后
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有可能还有一些癌细胞我并没有清除掉
07:32
that I just couldn't不能 see,
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因为我看不出来。
07:33
or should I take away some extra额外 margins利润率,
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或者我应该多摘除一些边缘组织,
07:36
typically一般 about an inch英寸 or so
around the tumor
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比如把肿瘤边缘一英寸的区域都清除掉,
07:39
just to be sure that I removed去除 everything?
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以保证移除了所有肿瘤?
07:43
So this is not a simple简单 decision决定 to make,
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所以这不是一个简单的决定,
07:47
and unfortunately不幸 this is the decision决定
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而且不幸的是,这是一个
07:49
that brain cancer癌症 surgeons外科医生
have to take every一切 single day
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脑癌手术医师每一场手术都要做的决定,
07:53
as they're seeing眼看 their patients耐心.
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07:55
And so I remember记得 talking
to a few少数 friends朋友 of mine in the lab实验室,
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所以我记得我跟
我的几个朋友在实验室聊天,
07:58
and we say, "Boy男孩,
there's got to be a better way."
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我们说 “伙计们,我们必须要有更好的方式。”
08:00
But not just like you tell a friend朋友
that there's got to be a better way.
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这不是说说而已
08:04
There's just got to be a better way here.
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而是,真的,我们必须要有一个更好的方式。
08:06
This is just incredible难以置信.
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这太不可思议了。
08:07
And so we looked看着 back.
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所以我们回头看,
08:09
Remember记得 those PET宠物 scans扫描 I told you about,
the sugar and so on.
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想起了我告诉你们的那个PET扫描,
糖分子啊等等。
08:12
We said, hey, how about
instead代替 of using运用 sugar molecules分子,
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我们说,嘿,如果不用糖分子,
08:15
let's maybe take tiny, tiny
little particles粒子 made制作 of gold,
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我们可以用很小很小的由金构成的粒子,
08:18
and let's program程序 them with some
interesting有趣 chemistry化学 around them.
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然后在它们旁边附上一些
有趣的化学物质,
08:21
Let's program程序 them
to look for cancer癌症 cells细胞.
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让它们去寻找癌细胞。
08:24
And then we will inject注入
these gold particles粒子
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然后我们会注射这些金粒子,
08:26
into these patients耐心 by the billions数十亿 again,
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同样以上十亿的数量注入病人体内,
08:28
and we'll have them go all over the body身体,
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让它们散布全身,
08:30
and just like secret秘密 agents代理, if you will,
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你可以把他们想象成秘密特工,
08:32
go and walk步行 by
every一切 single cell细胞 in our body身体
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潜伏在我们体内的每一个细胞,
08:35
and knock on the door of that cell细胞,
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并敲开细胞的门,
08:37
and ask, "Are you a cancer癌症 cell细胞
or are you a healthy健康 cell细胞?
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并问:
“你是一个癌细胞,还是健康的细胞?”
如果你是一个健康的细胞,那就继续去敲下一家门,
08:40
If you're a healthy健康 cell细胞, we're moving移动 on.
197
508080
2016
如果你是一个癌细胞,
我们就潜入进去,并发出亮光,
08:42
If you're a cancer癌症 cell细胞,
we're sticking症结 in and shining闪亮的 out
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08:44
and telling告诉 us,
"Hey, look at me, I'm here."
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给出信号说,
“嘿,看看我,我在这。”
08:47
And they'll他们会 do it
through通过 some interesting有趣 cameras相机
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他们可以通过一些特殊的摄像头来完成这些任务
08:49
that we developed发达 in the lab实验室.
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(我们在实验室里研发出来的)
08:50
And once一旦 we see that,
maybe we can guide指南 brain cancer癌症 surgeons外科医生
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一旦我们可以看到癌细胞,
我们就可以指导脑癌手术医师,
08:53
towards taking服用 only the tumor
and leaving离开 the healthy健康 brain alone单独.
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只摘除肿瘤,留下健康的脑细胞。
08:57
And so we've我们已经 tested测试 that,
and boy男孩, this works作品 well.
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所以我们尝试了这个办法,
它的运作很成功。
09:00
So I'm going to show显示 you an example now.
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1976
我现在要给你们展示一个实验,
09:02
What you're looking at here
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你现在看到的,
09:04
is an image图片 of a mouse's鼠标 brain,
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是一张老鼠大脑的照片,
09:08
and we've我们已经 implanted植入
into this mouse's鼠标 brain
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我们已经在这只老鼠的大脑里,
09:11
a small little tumor.
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种植了一个小肿瘤。
09:13
And so this tumor is now
growing生长 in this mouse's鼠标 brain,
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所以这个肿瘤现在正在老鼠大脑里扩散,
09:15
and then we've我们已经 taken采取 a doctor医生
and asked the doctor医生
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我们已经请求过一个医生,
09:18
to please operate操作 on the mouse老鼠
as if that was a patient患者,
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让他来这只“病人”老鼠动手术,
09:21
and take out piece by piece
out of the tumor.
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一片一片地取出肿瘤。
09:23
And while he's doing that,
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当他在做这个的时候,
09:25
we're going to take images图片
to see where the gold particles粒子 are.
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我们准备给金粒子的位置拍照,
09:28
And so we're going to first start开始
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所以首先我们要
09:30
by injecting注射 these gold particles粒子
into this mouse老鼠,
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给这只老鼠注射金粒子,
09:32
and we're going to see
right here at the very left there
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所以我们可以看到,在最左边,
09:35
that image图片 at the bottom底部
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底部的那张图片,
09:36
is the image图片 that shows节目
where the gold particles粒子 are.
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展示金粒子的位置,
09:39
The nice不错 thing
is that these gold particles粒子
221
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金粒子的好处就是
09:41
actually其实 made制作 it all the way to the tumor,
222
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2016
它们能够成功找到肿瘤,
09:43
and then they shine闪耀 out and tell us,
"Hey, we're here. Here's这里的 the tumor."
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发光,并告诉我们
“嘿,我们在这儿,肿瘤在这儿。”
09:47
So now we can see the tumor,
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所以我们可以看到肿瘤,
09:48
but we're not showing展示 this
to the doctor医生 yet然而.
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但是我们还没有把这个展示给医生。
09:50
We're asking the doctor医生,
now please start开始 cutting切割 away the tumor,
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我们要求医生开始切除肿瘤,
你能看到四分之一的肿瘤
已经被医生摘除了,
09:53
and you'll你会 see here the doctor医生
just took the first quadrant象限 of the tumor
227
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你已经看不到四分之一的肿瘤了。
09:57
and you see that first quadrant象限
is now missing失踪.
228
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医生然后移除了第二个和
第三个四分之一,
09:59
The doctor医生 then took
the second第二 quadrant象限, the third第三,
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现在看起来肿瘤已经被清除干净了,
10:01
and now it appears出现 to be everything.
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到了这个阶段,
医生告诉我们说:
10:03
And so at this stage阶段,
the doctor医生 came来了 back to us and said,
231
591560
2736
“好了,我做完了。
现在你们要我干什么?
10:06
"Alright好的, I'm doneDONE.
What do you want me to do?
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10:08
Should I keep things as they are
233
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1576
留下剩下的不动,
10:10
or do you want me to take
some extra额外 margins利润率 around?"
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还是要我摘除多余的边缘?“
10:12
And then we said, "Well, hang on."
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然后我们说:”等等。“
10:14
We told the doctor医生,
"You've missed错过 those two spots斑点,
236
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2416
我们告诉医生
“你已经遗漏了这两处,
与其要切除大量的边缘,
10:16
so rather than taking服用 huge巨大 margins利润率 around,
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2000
还不如把这些小型的部分切除。
10:18
only take out those tiny little areas.
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1832
把它们摘除,然后我们再看看。“
10:20
Take them out,
and then let's take a look."
239
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2016
10:22
And so the doctor医生 took them away,
and lo and behold不料,
240
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然后医生把它们摘除了,
10:25
the cancer癌症 is now completely全然 gone走了.
241
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2016
癌细胞现在是完全的没了。
10:27
Now, the important重要 thing
242
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现在,重要的不仅仅是
10:29
is that it's not just
that the cancer癌症 is completely全然 gone走了
243
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癌症细胞已经从这个人或者
是老鼠的大脑里摘除了,
10:31
from this person's人的 brain,
244
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10:33
or from this mouse's鼠标 brain.
245
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最重要的是,
10:35
The most important重要 thing
246
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我不需要在手术过程中摘除大量的健康脑细胞,
10:36
is that we did not have to take
huge巨大 amounts of healthy健康 brain
247
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10:39
in the process处理.
248
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10:40
And so now we can actually其实 imagine想像 a world世界
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所以现在我们可以想象一个世界,
10:42
where doctors医生 and surgeons外科医生,
as they take away a tumor,
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医生和手术医师在摘除肿瘤的时候,
他们知道什么是应该摘除了,
10:46
they actually其实 know what to take out,
251
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他们不再需要用拇指来猜测。
10:48
and they no longer
have to guess猜测 with their thumb拇指.
252
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2110
现在,这是为什么取出那些
剩余少量的肿瘤那么重要,
10:51
Now, here's这里的 why it's extremely非常 important重要
to take those tiny little leftover tumors肿瘤.
253
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3936
那些剩下的肿瘤,
即使只有一点点细胞,
10:55
Those leftover tumors肿瘤,
even if it's just a handful少数 of cells细胞,
254
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它们会复发,
10:58
they will grow增长 to recur复发 the tumor,
255
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重新长成肿瘤。
11:01
for the tumor to come back.
256
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11:03
In fact事实, the reason原因 why 80 to 90 percent百分
257
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事实上,
这就是为什么80%到90%的
11:05
of those brain cancer癌症 surgeries手术
ultimately最终 fail失败
258
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脑癌手术医师最终都会失败,
11:07
is because of those small little
extra额外 margins利润率 that were left positive,
259
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3776
是因为那些我们乐观地
留下少量的边缘物质,
那些我们遗漏的没有能够清除的少量剩余物质。
11:11
those small little leftover tumors肿瘤
that were left there.
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2680
11:15
So this is clearly明确地 very nice不错,
261
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所以,这当然非常好。
11:17
but what I really want to share分享 with you
is where I think we're heading标题 from here.
262
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4296
然而我最想分享给你们的是
由此开始,我们还可以做什么
11:21
And so in my lab实验室 at Stanford斯坦福,
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在我的斯坦福实验室,
11:23
my students学生们 and I are asking,
what should we be working加工 on now?
264
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我和我的学生都在想:接下来我们可以做什么?
11:29
And I think where
medical imaging成像 is heading标题 to
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2856
我认为医疗影像的未来
是能够探查人体的内部,
11:32
is the ability能力 to look into the human人的 body身体
266
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并能够分别查看每一个细胞。
11:34
and actually其实 see each and every一切 one
of these cells细胞 separately分别.
267
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3440
11:39
The ability能力 like this would allow允许 us
268
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1736
像这样的能力,能够让我们
11:40
to actually其实 pick up tumors肿瘤
way, way earlier in the process处理,
269
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2896
在早期移除肿瘤,
11:43
way before it's 100 million百万 cells细胞 inside,
so we can actually其实 do something about it.
270
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3920
远远在达到1亿个癌细胞之前,
我们就可以采取行动。
11:48
An ability能力 to see each and every一切 one
of the cells细胞 might威力 also allow允许 us
271
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一种能够查看单个细胞的能力,
能够让我们
提出更深刻的问题。
11:51
to ask insightful见地 questions问题.
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11:53
So in the lab实验室,
we are now getting得到 to a point
273
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所以在实验室里,
我们正在尝试,
11:55
where we can actually其实 start开始 asking
these cancer癌症 cells细胞 real真实 questions问题,
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给癌细胞提出更具体的问题,
比如说,我们给你的治疗有效果吗?
11:58
like, for example, are you responding响应
to the treatment治疗 we are giving you or not?
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如果没有效果,
我们就会知道要立即停止治疗
12:02
So if you're not responding响应, we'll know
to stop the treatment治疗 right away,
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而不是要等到三个月以后
12:05
days into the treatment治疗, not three months个月.
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像埃胡德这样的病人,
12:08
And so also for patients耐心 like Ehud埃胡德
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正在经受这些残酷治疗的病人
12:10
that are going through通过 these
nasty讨厌, nasty讨厌 chemotherapy化疗 drugs毒品,
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12:15
for them not to suffer遭受
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当药物并不能帮助他们的时候
12:16
through通过 those horrendous可怕的
side effects效果 of the drugs毒品
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12:19
when the drugs毒品 are
in fact事实 not even helping帮助 them.
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让他们免受这些可怕的药物副作用,
12:22
So to be frank坦率 here,
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但是坦白来说,
12:24
we're pretty漂亮 far away
from winning胜利 the war战争 against反对 cancer癌症,
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我们距离赢得与癌症的斗争还很远,
12:28
just to be realistic实际.
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这就是现实。
12:29
But at least最小 I am hopeful有希望
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但是,至少我是乐观的,
12:31
that we should be able能够 to fight斗争 this war战争
with better medical imaging成像 techniques技术
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我们能够用更好的医疗影像来做斗争,
12:35
in the way that is not blind.
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那样,我们就不会是在盲目斗争了。
12:37
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:38
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Conway Ye
Reviewed by QI YU

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam de la Zerda - Biologist, electrical engineer
Adam de la Zerda develops new medical imaging technologies to detect and destroy cancer.

Why you should listen

Adam de la Zerda is an assistant professor at the Departments of Structural Biology and Electrical Engineering (courtesy) at Stanford University – School of Medicine. He completed his undergraduate degree in computer engineering and physics from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 2005 Summa Cum Laude. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 2011, where he developed the Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging technique with Sanjiv Sam Gambhir. He was then a postdoctoral fellow at the lab of Carolyn Bertozzi at UC Berkeley – Chemistry Department, before joining the Stanford faculty in 2012.

de la Zerda's research interests span the broad field of molecular imaging. His lab focuses on developing new optical imaging instrumentation and chemistry tools to study the complex spatiotemporal behavior of biomolecules in living subjects. The lab uses animal models for cancer and ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. His research efforts span both basic science and clinically translatable work.

de la Zerda has received many awards and honors for his work, including the Pew-Stewart Scholar for Cancer Research, the AFOSR Young Investigator Award, Baxter Faculty Scholar Award, Dale F. Frey Award, Forbes Magazine 30 Under 30 in Science and Healthcare for 2012 and 2014, NIH Director’s Early Independence Award, Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, Era of Hope Distinguished Predoctoral Poster Award, Best Poster Presentation at SPIE Photonics West, the Young Investigator Award at the World Molecular Imaging Congress, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Award for Predoctoral researchers, the Bio-X Graduate Student Fellowship and first place at the Bay Area Entrepreneurship Contest. He has published papers in leading journals including Nature Medicine, Nature Nanotechnology and PNAS. He holds a number of patents and is the founder of a medical device company, Click Diagnostics.

More profile about the speaker
Adam de la Zerda | Speaker | TED.com