TED2017
Jim Yong Kim: Doesn't everyone deserve a chance at a good life?
金墉: 每个人都应有生活得更好的机会
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归功于智能手机和互联网，全球愿望的崛起前所未有。这是机遇，还是挫折？作为世界银行行长，金墉想要终结极端贫穷，促进共享繁荣。他与我们分享了机构是如何通过促进投资及冒险发展来改善贫困国家人民未来的健康状况及经济发展的。
Jim Yong Kim - President, World Bank Group
Jim Yong Kim is leading a global effort to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. Full bio
Jim Yong Kim is leading a global effort to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I just want to share with you
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想与你们分享
00:14
what I have been experiencing
over the last five years
over the last five years
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在过去的五年中
00:16
in having the great privilege of traveling
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有幸去到
00:19
to many of the poorest
countries in the world.
countries in the world.
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许多贫困国家的经历
00:21
This scene is one
I see all the time everywhere,
I see all the time everywhere,
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在各地都可以见到这一幕
00:25
and these young children
are looking at a smartphone,
are looking at a smartphone,
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这些年幼的孩子正盯着一部智能手机
00:28
and the smartphone is having a huge impact
in even the poorest countries.
in even the poorest countries.
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即使是在最贫困的国家中，智能手机也有极大的影响力
00:33
I said to my team, you know,
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我对我的团队说，你们知道吗？
00:34
what I see is a rise in aspirations
all over the world.
all over the world.
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我看到的是世界各地愈发强烈的愿望
00:38
In fact, it seems to me
that there's a convergence of aspirations.
that there's a convergence of aspirations.
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实际上，在我看来，人们的愿望正在趋于统一
00:42
And I asked a team of economists
to actually look into this.
to actually look into this.
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我与一众经济学家仔细研究了这一现象
00:46
Is this true?
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这是事实吗？
00:47
Are aspirations converging
all around the world?
all around the world?
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世界各地的愿望正在统一？
00:50
So they looked at things like Gallup polls
about satisfaction in life
about satisfaction in life
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因此，他们安排了类似盖洛普民意测验的测试来调查人们的生活满意度
00:54
and what they learned was
that if you have access to the internet,
that if you have access to the internet,
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研究发现，如果可以访问互联网
00:59
your satisfaction goes up.
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人们的满意度就会有所提高
01:01
But another thing happens
that's very important:
that's very important:
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与此同时，另一件重要的事情是：
01:04
your reference income,
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你的参考收入
01:06
the income to which you compare your own,
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与你自身收入相对比的收入
01:08
also goes up.
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也在提高
01:10
Now, if the reference income
of a nation, for example,
of a nation, for example,
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如果一个国家的参考收入相比于外界提高了10%
01:13
goes up 10 percent
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01:15
by comparing themselves to the outside,
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那么人均收入至少要提高5%才能维持同样的满意度
01:17
then on average,
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01:19
people's own incomes
have to go up at least five percent
have to go up at least five percent
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01:22
to maintain the same
level of satisfaction.
level of satisfaction.
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01:25
But when you get down
into the lower percentiles of income,
into the lower percentiles of income,
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不过，当你的收入较低时
01:29
your income has to go up much more
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你的收入需要提高更多
01:31
if the reference income
goes up 10 percent,
goes up 10 percent,
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当参考收入提高10%时
01:33
something like 20 percent.
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你的收入可能需要提高20%
01:35
And so with this rise of aspirations,
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随着人们愿望加强
01:37
the fundamental question is:
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根本问题在于
01:39
Are we going to have a situation
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我们是否能提供一个大环境
01:41
where aspirations
are linked to opportunity
are linked to opportunity
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愿望与机遇并存
01:44
and you get dynamism and economic growth,
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是否能充满活力，维持经济增长
01:47
like that which happened
in the country I was born in, in Korea?
in the country I was born in, in Korea?
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就像我的祖国那样，像在韩国？
01:50
Or are aspirations
going to meet frustration?
going to meet frustration?
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或者说，愿望是否会受挫？
01:55
This is a real concern,
because between 2012 and 2015,
because between 2012 and 2015,
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这是我所关心的。在2012至2015年期间
02:00
terrorism incidents
increased by 74 percent.
increased by 74 percent.
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恐怖袭击事件增加了74%
02:03
The number of deaths from terrorism
went up 150 percent.
went up 150 percent.
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受害人数上升了150%
02:07
Right now, two billion people
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现在，有二十亿人口
02:09
live in conditions
of fragility, conflict, violence,
of fragility, conflict, violence,
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生活在支离破碎，充满暴力的环境中
02:12
and by 2030, more than 60 percent
of the world's poor
of the world's poor
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直至2030年，全球将有超过60%的贫困人民
02:17
will live in these situations
of fragility, conflict and violence.
of fragility, conflict and violence.
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生活于这样的水深火热之中
02:21
And so what do we do
about meeting these aspirations?
about meeting these aspirations?
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我们怎么做才能实现这些愿望？
02:24
Are there new ways of thinking
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是否有新的思维方式
02:26
about how we can rise
to meet these aspirations?
to meet these aspirations?
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指引我们如何提高以实现愿望？
02:29
Because if we don't,
I'm extremely worried.
I'm extremely worried.
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如果不这样做，我十分担心
02:32
Aspirations are rising as never before
because of access to the internet.
because of access to the internet.
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因为互联网的普及，愿望的增强前所未有
02:36
Everyone knows how everyone else lives.
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每个人都知道其他人是怎样生活的
02:39
Has our ability to meet those aspirations
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我们的能力是否足以满足这些愿望
02:42
risen as well?
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即使它们愈发强烈？
02:43
And just to get at the details of this,
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为了了解更多的细节
02:45
I want to share with you
my own personal story.
my own personal story.
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我想和你们分享我自己的故事
02:47
This is not my mother,
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这不是我的母亲
02:50
but during the Korean War,
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但在朝鲜战争期间
02:51
my mother literally took her own sister,
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我的母亲也是这样带着她的妹妹
02:54
her younger sister, on her back,
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背着她
02:56
and walked at least part of the way
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至少走了一长段路
02:58
to escape Seoul during the Korean War.
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逃离首尔
03:02
Now, through a series of miracles,
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经过一系列奇迹
03:05
my mother and father both got
scholarships to go to New York City.
scholarships to go to New York City.
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我的父母都获得了去纽约的奖学金
03:09
They actually met in New York City
and got married in New York City.
and got married in New York City.
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他们在纽约相遇，结婚
03:13
My father, too, was a refugee.
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我的父亲也是一名难民
03:16
At the age of 19, he left his family
in the northern part of the country,
in the northern part of the country,
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19岁那年，他离开了朝鲜的家
03:20
escaped through the border
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逃离了边境
03:22
and never saw his family again.
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再也没有见过他的家人
03:24
Now, when they were married
and living in New York,
and living in New York,
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他们在纽约结婚并定居
03:27
my father was a waiter
at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.
at Patricia Murphy's restaurant.
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我的父亲曾是帕特丽夏·墨菲酒店的服务员
03:30
Their aspirations went up.
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他们有着伟大的梦想
03:32
They understood what it was like
to live in a place like New York City
to live in a place like New York City
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他们知道在纽约这样的城市的生活是怎样的
03:36
in the 1950s.
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即使是在20世纪50年代
03:38
Well, my brother was born
and they came back to Korea,
and they came back to Korea,
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我的哥哥出生后，他们回到了韩国
03:42
and we had what I remember
as kind of an idyllic life,
as kind of an idyllic life,
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我们开始了记忆中的田园生活
03:46
but what was happening
in Korea at that time
in Korea at that time
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但那时的韩国是怎样的
03:49
was the country was one
of the poorest in the world
of the poorest in the world
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它是世上最贫困的国家之一
03:52
and there was political upheaval.
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并且政治动荡
03:54
There were demonstrations just down
the street from our house all the time,
the street from our house all the time,
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我家门前的街道常年有示威游行
03:57
students protesting
against the military government.
against the military government.
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学生们和军阀政府水火不容
04:02
And at the time,
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那时
04:04
the aspirations of the World Bank Group,
the organization I lead now,
the organization I lead now,
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世界银行集团，我现在所领导的这一机构
04:08
were extremely low for Korea.
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对韩国抱有极低的期望
04:11
Their idea was that Korea would
find it difficult without foreign aid
find it difficult without foreign aid
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他们认为，没有外国援助
04:15
to provide its people with more
than the bare necessities of life.
than the bare necessities of life.
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韩国将很难维持它的子民的基本生活
04:19
So the situation is
Korea is in a tough position,
Korea is in a tough position,
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韩国正处于水深火热中
04:22
my parents have seen
what life is like in the United States.
what life is like in the United States.
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而我的父母已经见过了美国的生活是怎样的
04:25
They got married there.
My brother was born there.
My brother was born there.
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他们在那里结婚，我的哥哥在那里出生
04:28
And they felt that in order
to give us an opportunity
to give us an opportunity
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他们意识到，
04:31
to reach their aspirations for us,
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为了给我们提供实现梦想的机会
04:34
we had to go and come back
to the United States.
to the United States.
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我们必须离开，回到美国
04:36
Now, we came back.
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现在，我们回来了
04:38
First we went to Dallas.
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最初，我们去到了达拉斯
04:40
My father did his dental degree
all over again.
all over again.
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在那里，我的父亲重新考取了牙医学士学位
04:42
And then we ended up
moving to Iowa, of all places.
moving to Iowa, of all places.
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之后我们搬去了爱荷华州
04:46
We grew up in Iowa.
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我在那儿长大
04:47
And in Iowa, we went
through the whole course.
through the whole course.
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我在爱荷华州完成了所有课程的学习
04:50
I went to high school, I went to college.
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高中，大学
04:52
And then one day,
something that I'll never forget,
something that I'll never forget,
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有一天，我想我永不会忘记
04:57
my father picked me up
after my sophomore year in college,
after my sophomore year in college,
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我的父亲接到我，那时大二刚结束
05:02
and he was driving me home,
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他载我回家
05:04
and he said, "Jim,
what are your aspirations?
what are your aspirations?
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他问我：“Jim，你的梦想是什么？
05:06
What do you want to study?
What do you want to do?"
What do you want to do?"
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你想学什么？又想做些什么？”
05:08
And I said, "Dad," --
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我回答到：“爸爸......”
05:09
My mother actually was a philosopher,
and had filled us with ideas
and had filled us with ideas
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我的母亲是一名哲学家
05:13
about protest and social justice,
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她向我们传递了很多抗议和社会公正的观点
05:15
and I said, "Dad, I'm going to study
political science and philosophy,
political science and philosophy,
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我说：“父亲，我想学政治科学与哲学
05:19
and I'm going to become
part of a political movement."
part of a political movement."
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我想参与政治活动”
05:22
My father, the Korean dentist,
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我的父亲，一位韩国牙医
05:24
slowly pulled the car
over to the side of the road --
over to the side of the road --
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慢慢地把车停在了路边
05:26
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:28
He looked back at me, and he said,
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他转过头来看着我说：
05:29
"Jim, you finish your medical residency,
you can study anything you want."
you can study anything you want."
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“Jim，你修完住院医师的课程后，你可以学任何你想学的”
05:33
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:35
Now, I've told this story
to a mostly Asian audience before.
to a mostly Asian audience before.
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我向很多亚洲观众讲过这个故事
05:39
Nobody laughs. They just shake their head.
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没有人笑，他们只是摇摇头
05:42
Of course.
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当然了
05:43
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:45
(Applause)
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（掌声）
05:47
So, tragically,
my father died at a young age,
my father died at a young age,
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不幸的是，我父亲很年轻时就去世了
05:52
30 years ago at the age of 57,
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30年前，他年仅57岁
05:54
what happens to be how old I am right now,
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到了我现在这个年龄会发生什么
05:57
and when he died in the middle
of my medical and graduate studies --
of my medical and graduate studies --
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他在我学医的研究生期间去世了
06:00
You see, I actually got it around it
by doing medicine and anthropology.
by doing medicine and anthropology.
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你们看，我确乎通过学习医学和人类学实现了它
06:03
I studied both of them in graduate school.
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我在研究生期间学习了它们
06:08
But then right about that time,
I met these two people,
I met these two people,
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在那个时候，我遇到了这两个人
06:11
Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.
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Ophelia Dahl和Paul Farmer
06:13
And Paul and I were in the same program.
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Paul和我在同一个团队里
06:16
We were studying medicine
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我们一起学了医学
06:17
and at the same time
getting our PhD's in anthropology.
getting our PhD's in anthropology.
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并同时获得了人类学的博士学位
06:20
And we began to ask
some pretty fundamental questions.
some pretty fundamental questions.
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我们开始探讨一些根本问题
06:23
For people who have the great privilege
of studying medicine and anthropology --
of studying medicine and anthropology --
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对那些有幸学习医学和人类学的人而言
06:28
I had come from parents who were refugees.
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我的父母都是难民
06:30
Paul grew up literally
in a bus in a swamp in Florida.
in a bus in a swamp in Florida.
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Paul在佛罗里达州的一片沼泽地里的一辆公共汽车上长大
06:34
He liked to call himself "white trash."
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他喜欢称自己为“白色垃圾”
06:37
And so we had this opportunity
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我们有了这次机会
06:40
and we said,
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我们想
06:41
what is it that we need to do?
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我们需要做些什么
06:43
Given our ridiculously
elaborate educations,
elaborate educations,
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我们接受了荒谬的精英教育
06:45
what is the nature
of our responsibility to the world?
of our responsibility to the world?
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那我们对社会所需承担的责任的本质是什么？
06:49
And we decided that we needed
to start an organization.
to start an organization.
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我们决定组建一个组织
06:52
It's called Partners in Health.
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它被称为健康伙伴
06:53
And by the way,
there's a movie made about that.
there's a movie made about that.
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顺便说说，有一部电影以它为原型展开
06:56
(Applause)
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（掌声）
06:59
There's a movie
that was just a brilliant movie
that was just a brilliant movie
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他们拍摄了一部很精彩的电影
07:01
they made about it
called "Bending the Arc."
called "Bending the Arc."
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叫做《Bending the Arc》
07:03
It launched at Sundance this past January.
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一月在圣丹斯国际电影节上映
07:05
Jeff Skoll is here.
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Jeff Skoll就在这里
07:07
Jeff is one of the ones
who made it happen.
who made it happen.
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Jeff是促成其发生的人员之一
07:10
And we began to think
about what it would take for us
about what it would take for us
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之后，我们开始思考
07:14
to actually have our aspirations
reach the level
reach the level
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我们究竟想做什么？
07:18
of some of the poorest
communities in the world.
communities in the world.
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对于世界上那些最贫穷的社区而言
07:20
This is my very first visit
to Haiti in 1988,
to Haiti in 1988,
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这是1988年我第一次访问海地
07:24
and in 1988, we elaborated
a sort of mission statement,
a sort of mission statement,
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1988年，我们制定了一个使命宣言
07:29
which is we are going to make
a preferential option for the poor
a preferential option for the poor
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表明我们将会进行穷人优先的抉择
07:33
in health.
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在医疗健康上
07:34
Now, it took us a long time, and we
were graduate students in anthropology.
were graduate students in anthropology.
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现在，经过了很长时间，我们攻读完人类学的研究生
07:38
We were reading up one side of Marx
and down the other.
and down the other.
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我们了解了马克思的一面，也进行了延伸阅读
07:40
Habermas. Fernand Braudel.
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哈贝马斯，费尔南·布罗代尔
07:43
We were reading everything
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我们读尽每一本书
07:44
and we had to come to a conclusion
of how are we going to structure our work?
of how are we going to structure our work?
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我们必须得出结论，我们将如何安排我们的工作？
07:48
So "O for the P," we called it,
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“O for the P”，我们这样称呼它
07:50
a preferential option for the poor.
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穷人优先
07:53
The most important thing
about a preferential option for the poor
about a preferential option for the poor
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穷人优先最重要的一点在于
07:56
is what it's not.
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它不是
07:58
It's not a preferential option
for your own sense of heroism.
for your own sense of heroism.
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不是以你的个人英雄主义优先
08:02
It's not a preferential option
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不是以你自己如何帮助穷人脱贫的想法优先
08:04
for your own idea about
how to lift the poor out of poverty.
how to lift the poor out of poverty.
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08:07
It's not a preferential option
for your own organization.
for your own organization.
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不是以您自己的组织优先
08:10
And the hardest of all,
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最重要的是
08:12
it's not a preferential option
for your poor.
for your poor.
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不是以你们的贫穷优先
08:15
It's a preferential option for the poor.
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它是以穷人们优先
08:18
So what do you do?
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那么，你会做些什么？
08:19
Well, Haiti, we started building --
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我们开始建设海地
08:23
Everyone told us, the cost-effective thing
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每个人都告诉我们，为了节约成本
08:26
is just focus on vaccination
and maybe a feeding program.
and maybe a feeding program.
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我们可以专注于疫苗接种或是供膳计划
08:29
But what the Haitians wanted
was a hospital.
was a hospital.
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但海地想要的是一所医院
08:33
They wanted schools.
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是学校
08:34
They wanted to provide their children
with the opportunities
with the opportunities
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是为孩子提供他们所听到的学习机会
08:37
that they'd been hearing about
from others, relatives, for example,
from others, relatives, for example,
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从其它人，亲戚
08:41
who had gone to the United States.
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那些去过美国的人那儿听到的机会
08:43
They wanted the same kinds
of opportunities as my parents did.
of opportunities as my parents did.
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他们想要和我父母一样的机会
08:48
I recognized them.
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我了解他们
08:50
And so that's what we did.
We built hospitals.
We built hospitals.
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所以我们做了这些，我们修建了学校
08:52
We provided education.
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提供教育
08:54
And we did everything we could
to try to give them opportunities.
to try to give them opportunities.
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我们竭尽全力为他们提供机会
08:57
Now, my experience really became intense
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我的感受越来越强烈
09:00
at Partners in Health
in this community, Carabayllo,
in this community, Carabayllo,
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这一社区的健康伙伴，在卡拉瓦伊略区
09:03
in the northern slums of Lima, Peru.
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在秘鲁利马北部的贫民窟
09:08
And in this community,
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在这个社区
09:09
we started out by really just going
to people's homes and talking to people,
to people's homes and talking to people,
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我们开始走访
09:13
and we discovered an outbreak, an epidemic
of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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我们发现了一场疫情，多耐药结核病的流行
09:18
This is Melquiades.
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这位是Melquiades
09:19
Melquiades was a patient at that time,
he was about 18 years old,
he was about 18 years old,
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Melquiades当时是一位病人，大约18岁
09:24
and he had a very difficult form
of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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他患有难以治疗的耐药性结核病
09:29
All of the gurus in the world,
the global health gurus,
the global health gurus,
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全球所有健康专家都说
09:32
said it is not cost-effective
to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.
to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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治疗耐药性结核病并不划算
09:36
It's too complicated. It's too expensive.
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它太复杂了，也太昂贵。
09:38
You just can't do it. It can't be done.
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你不能做到，这不可能完成
09:41
And in addition,
they were getting angry at us,
they were getting angry at us,
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除此之外，他们对我们大为光火
09:44
because the implication was
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因为这意味着
09:46
if it could be done,
we would have done it.
we would have done it.
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如果可以做到，早就该完成了。
09:48
Who do you think you are?
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你以为你是谁？
09:50
And the people that we fought with
were the World Health Organization
were the World Health Organization
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我们与世界卫生组织为敌
09:53
and probably the organization
we fought with most
we fought with most
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也许更多的是与世界银行集团相对抗
09:57
was the World Bank Group.
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09:58
Now, we did everything we could
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现在，我们竭尽全力
10:02
to convince Melquiades
to take his medicines,
to take his medicines,
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说服Melquiades服药
10:05
because it's really hard,
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这真的很难
10:06
and not once during the time of treatment
did Melquiades's family ever say,
did Melquiades's family ever say,
208
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在治疗期间，他的家人不止一次说过，
10:10
"Hey, you know, Melquiades
is just not cost-effective.
is just not cost-effective.
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3216
“你知道吗，治疗Melquiades并不划算，
10:13
Why don't you go on
and treat somebody else?"
and treat somebody else?"
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你们为什么不去治疗其他人”
10:16
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:17
I hadn't seen Melquiades
for about 10 years
for about 10 years
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我已经有10年没有见过Melquiades了
10:19
and when we had
our annual meetings in Lima, Peru
our annual meetings in Lima, Peru
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当我们在秘鲁利马举行年度会议时
10:22
a couple of years ago,
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几年前
10:24
the filmmakers found him
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电影制片人找到了他
10:26
and here is us getting together.
216
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这是我们聚在一起
10:28
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:35
He has become a bit of a media star
because he goes to the film openings,
because he goes to the film openings,
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他已经成为了一个媒体明星，他去了电影首映礼
10:39
and he knows how to work an audience now.
219
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他现在已经知道如何驾驭观众了
10:41
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:43
But as soon as we won --
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但我们取得胜利后
10:45
We did win. We won the argument.
222
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我们确实获胜了，我们赢得了争论
10:47
You should treat
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --
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你应当治疗多耐药结核病
10:50
we heard the same arguments
in the early 2000s about HIV.
in the early 2000s about HIV.
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在二十一世纪初，我们听到了同样的争论，关于艾滋
10:54
All of the leading global health
people in the world said
people in the world said
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全球所有的健康领头人都说
10:57
it is impossible
to treat HIV in poor countries.
to treat HIV in poor countries.
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在贫困国家不可能进行艾滋病毒的治疗
11:00
Too expensive, too complicated,
you can't do it.
you can't do it.
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太昂贵了，太复杂了，你不可能做到
11:02
Compared to drug-resistant TB treatment,
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1936
与耐药性结核病的治疗相比
11:04
it's actually easier.
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实际上它更简单
11:06
And we were seeing patients like this.
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我们经常看到这样的病人
11:09
Joseph Jeune.
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Joseph Jeune
11:10
Joseph Jeune also never mentioned
that he was not cost-effective.
that he was not cost-effective.
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Joseph Jeune也从不提起治疗他是不划算的
11:14
A few months of medicines,
and this is what he looked like.
and this is what he looked like.
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经过几个月的药物治疗，他现在是这样的
11:17
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:19
We call that the Lazarus Effect
of HIV treatment.
of HIV treatment.
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我们称之为艾滋治疗的拉撒路效应
11:22
Joseline came to us looking like this.
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Joseline来找我们时是这样的
11:24
This is what she looked like
a few months later.
a few months later.
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这是几个月后她的模样
11:26
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:29
Now, our argument, our battle, we thought,
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3576
现在，我们的争论，我们的斗争，我想
11:33
was with the organizations
that kept saying it's not cost-effective.
that kept saying it's not cost-effective.
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681080
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主要在于那些认为这不划算的机构
11:37
We were saying, no,
241
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1416
我们在说，不
11:38
preferential option for the poor
requires us to raise our aspirations
requires us to raise our aspirations
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穷人优先要求我们提高自己的愿望
11:42
to meet those of the poor for themselves.
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1953
以满足穷人的愿望
11:44
And they said, well, that's a nice thought
but it's just not cost-effective.
but it's just not cost-effective.
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3639
他们会说，这是个不错的想法，但不划算
11:48
So in the nerdy way
that we have operated Partners in Health,
that we have operated Partners in Health,
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像个书呆子一样，我们坚持开创了健康伙伴
11:54
we wrote a book against,
basically, the World Bank.
basically, the World Bank.
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我们写了一本书，来与世界银行相抗衡
11:57
It says that because the World Bank
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里面提到，由于世界银行
12:00
has focused so much
on just economic growth
on just economic growth
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过于关注经济发展
12:03
and said that governments
have to shrink their budgets
have to shrink their budgets
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认为政府应该减少在健康，教育及社会福利方面的预算及开支
12:07
and reduce expenditures
in health, education and social welfare --
in health, education and social welfare --
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12:11
we thought that was fundamentally wrong.
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1976
我们认为这完全是错的
12:13
And we argued with the World Bank.
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我们与世界银行争辩
12:15
And then a crazy thing happened.
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之后，一件疯狂的事情发生了
12:17
President Obama nominated me
to be President of the World Bank.
to be President of the World Bank.
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总统奥巴马提名我担任世界银行行长
12:20
(Applause)
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（掌声）
12:26
Now, when I went to do the vetting process
with President Obama's team,
with President Obama's team,
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4816
当我接受总统团队的审查时
12:31
they had a copy of "Dying For Growth,"
and they had read every page.
and they had read every page.
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他们拿着一本《为增长而死》，他们读完了那本书
12:35
And I said, "OK, that's it, right?
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我问道：“就是这样，不是吗？
12:37
You guys are going to drop me?"
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1536
你们会放弃我”
12:38
He goes, "Oh, no, no, it's OK."
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他们却说：“不，没关系”
12:41
And I was nominated,
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然后我被提名了
12:42
and I walked through the door
of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,
of the World Bank Group in July of 2012,
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2012年7月，我步入了世界银行集团的大门
12:47
and that statement on the wall,
"Our dream is a world free of poverty."
"Our dream is a world free of poverty."
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墙上有这么一句话：“建立一个没有贫困的世界”
12:50
A few months after that,
we actually turned it into a goal:
we actually turned it into a goal:
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几个月后，我们以此制定了一个目标
12:53
end extreme poverty by 2030,
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2030年前终结极度贫困
12:56
boost shared prosperity.
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促进共享繁荣
12:57
That's what we do now
at the World Bank Group.
at the World Bank Group.
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这是世界银行集团现在所做的
12:59
I feel like I have brought
the preferential option for the poor
the preferential option for the poor
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我想我已经做到了穷人优先
13:03
to the World Bank Group.
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在世界银行集团中
13:05
(Applause)
270
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4480
（掌声）
13:10
But this is TED,
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但是，这里是TED
13:11
and so I want to share
with you some concerns,
with you some concerns,
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我想和你们分享一些我的担忧
13:14
and then make a proposal.
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并提出一些建议
13:17
The Fourth Industrial Revolution,
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我们正在经历第四次工业革命
13:18
now, you guys know
so much better than I do,
so much better than I do,
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你们比我更清楚
13:20
but here's the thing that concerns me.
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不过这正是我的担忧所在
13:22
What we hear about is job loss.
You've all heard that.
You've all heard that.
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失业充斥在我们耳畔，你们都听过吧
13:25
Our own data suggest to us
that two thirds of all jobs,
that two thirds of all jobs,
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数据显示，由于自动化，发展中国家现有的三分之二的工作将不复存在
13:27
currently existing jobs
in developing countries,
in developing countries,
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2239
13:30
will be lost because of automation.
280
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1713
13:31
Now, you've got to make up for those jobs.
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2136
现在，我们需要的是弥补这些工作的空缺
13:34
Now, one of the ways
to make up for those jobs
to make up for those jobs
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2176
弥补的方式之一
13:36
is to turn community health workers
into a formal labor force.
into a formal labor force.
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是将社区健康工作者划为正式工
13:39
That's what we want to do.
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这是我们想做的
13:41
(Applause)
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（掌声）
13:42
We think the numbers will work out,
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2336
我们想这一问题终会得以解决
13:44
that as health outcomes get better
and as people have formal work,
and as people have formal work,
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3776
随着健康成果改善，人们得到正式工作
13:48
we're going to be able to train them
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我们可以通过培训
13:50
with the soft-skills training
that you add to it
that you add to it
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提高他们的软技能
13:52
to become workers
that will have a huge impact,
that will have a huge impact,
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3536
他们将会成为影响力巨大的工人
13:56
and that may be the one area
that grows the most.
that grows the most.
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3376
这一领域也将快速发展
13:59
But here's the other thing
that bothers me:
that bothers me:
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2576
还有另一件事困扰着我
14:02
right now it seems pretty clear to me
that the jobs of the future
that the jobs of the future
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我们清楚地知道
14:06
will be more digitally demanding,
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未来的工作将更数字化
14:08
and there is a crisis
in childhood stunting.
in childhood stunting.
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3936
儿童发育迟缓将是一场危机
14:12
So these are photos from Charles Nelson,
who shared these with us
who shared these with us
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这是在哈佛医学院的Charles Nelson与我们分享的照片
14:15
from Harvard Medical School.
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14:17
And what these photos show
on the one side, on the left side,
on the one side, on the left side,
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这些照片的左边是
14:21
is a three-month-old who has been stunted:
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一个三个月大的发育迟缓的婴儿
14:26
not adequate nutrition,
not adequate stimulation.
not adequate stimulation.
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营养不足，刺激不足
14:28
And on the other side,
of course, is a normal child,
of course, is a normal child,
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另一边，是一个正常的孩子
14:31
and the normal child
has all of these neuronal connections.
has all of these neuronal connections.
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大脑有全部的神经元连接
14:34
Now, the neuronal connections
are important,
are important,
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神经元连接十分重要
14:36
because that is
the definition of human capital.
the definition of human capital.
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我们基于它来定义人类行为能力
14:40
Now, we know that we
can reduce these rates.
can reduce these rates.
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3696
现在，我们知道我们可以降低这一比率
14:43
We can reduce these rates
of childhood stunting quickly,
of childhood stunting quickly,
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3376
我们可以快速降低儿童发育迟缓率
14:47
but if we don't, India, for example,
with 38 percent childhood stunting,
with 38 percent childhood stunting,
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如果不这样做，在印度，就将有38%的儿童发育迟缓
14:51
how are they going to compete
in the economy of the future
in the economy of the future
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2736
他们如何在未来的经济中竞争
14:54
if 40 percent of their future workers
cannot achieve educationally
cannot achieve educationally
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5856
如果40%的未来工人不能受到教育
15:00
and certainly we worry
about achieving economically
about achieving economically
310
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3736
我们当然也担心有助于国家全面发展的经济发展方式
15:04
in a way that will help
the country as a whole grow.
the country as a whole grow.
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15:07
Now, what are we going to do?
312
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我们现在要做些什么？
15:10
78 trillion dollars
is the size of the global economy.
is the size of the global economy.
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3856
全球经济的规模达78万亿美元
15:14
8.55 trillion dollars are sitting
in negative interest rate bonds.
in negative interest rate bonds.
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3896
其中有价值8.55万亿美元的负利率债券
15:18
That means that you give
the German central bank your money
the German central bank your money
315
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这意味着你把钱存进德国中央银行
15:22
and then you pay them to keep your money.
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然后你付款让他们替你保管
15:25
That's a negative interest rate bond.
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这就是负利率债券
15:27
24.4 trillion dollars
in very low-earning government bonds.
in very low-earning government bonds.
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有价值24.4万亿的低收入政府债券
15:30
And 8 trillion literally sitting
in the hands of rich people
in the hands of rich people
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富人们坐拥差不多8万亿
15:35
under their very large mattresses.
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15:38
What we are trying to do
is now use our own tools --
is now use our own tools --
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我们正在尝试借助我们自己的知识
15:42
and just to get nerdy for a second,
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再次像书呆子一样
15:43
we're talking about
first-loss risk debt instruments,
first-loss risk debt instruments,
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我们谈论着一级风险债务工具
15:46
we're talking about derisking,
blended finance,
blended finance,
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谈论着冒险，混合基金
15:48
we're talking about
political risk insurance,
political risk insurance,
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我们谈论着政治风险保险
15:51
credit enhancement --
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信用增级
15:52
all these things that I've now learned
at the World Bank Group
at the World Bank Group
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我在世界银行集团所学到的这一切
15:55
that rich people use every single day
to make themselves richer,
to make themselves richer,
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富人们每天凭借它们变得更加富有
15:59
but we haven't used aggressively enough
on behalf of the poor
on behalf of the poor
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但我们还没有积极地代表穷人
16:03
to bring this capital in.
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来筹集资金
16:05
(Applause)
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（掌声）
16:12
So does this work?
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这有用吗？
16:14
Can you actually bring
private-sector players into a country
private-sector players into a country
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你真的能把私营者引入一个国家
16:19
and really make things work?
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让事情发挥作用吗？
16:20
Well, we've done it a couple of times.
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我们尝试了几次
16:22
This is Zambia, Scaling Solar.
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这是在赞比亚，太阳能的规模化
16:24
It's a box-set solution
from the World Bank
from the World Bank
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这是世界银行提出的一套解决方案
16:27
where we come in
and we do all the things you need
and we do all the things you need
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我们尽全力，做所有你需要的事情
16:29
to attract private-sector investors.
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来吸引私营投资者
16:31
And in this case, Zambia went
from having a cost of electricity
from having a cost of electricity
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这一案例中，赞比亚的电费刚开始是
16:35
at 25 cents a kilowatt-hour,
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每千瓦时25美分
16:38
and by just doing simple things,
doing the auction,
doing the auction,
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通过一些简单的操作，比如拍卖
16:42
changing some policies,
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改变政策
16:43
we were able to bring the cost down.
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我们能够降低成本
16:46
Lowest bid,
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最低价
16:47
25 cents a kilowatt-hour for Zambia?
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每千瓦时25美分？
16:50
The lowest bid was 4.7 cents
a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
a kilowatt-hour. It's possible.
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最低价是每千瓦时4.7美分，这是可能的
16:54
(Applause)
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（掌声）
16:56
But here's my proposal for you.
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以下是我对你们的建议
16:58
This is from a group called Zipline,
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这是一家名为Zipline的公司
17:00
a cool company, and they
literally are rocket scientists.
literally are rocket scientists.
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一家很棒的公司，他们可以说是火箭专家
17:03
They figured out
how to use drones in Rwanda.
how to use drones in Rwanda.
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他们发现了如何在卢旺达运用无人机
17:06
This is me launching a drone in Rwanda
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这是我在卢旺达操纵一架无人机
17:08
that delivers blood
anywhere in the country
anywhere in the country
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它可以在一个小时内把血液送到城市的任何地方
17:11
in less than an hour.
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17:12
So we save lives,
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我们拯救了生命
17:14
this program saved lives --
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这一计划拯救了生命
17:16
(Applause)
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（掌声）
17:17
This program made money for Zipline
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这一计划为Zipline盈利
17:18
and this program saved
huge amounts of money for Rwanda.
huge amounts of money for Rwanda.
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也为卢旺达节约了一大笔钱
17:22
That's what we need,
and we need that from all of you.
and we need that from all of you.
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这就是我们所需要的，也是我们对你们的期盼
17:25
I'm asking you, carve out
a little bit of time in your brains
a little bit of time in your brains
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想要你们，分出一部分时间想想
17:28
to think about the technology
that you work on,
that you work on,
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你所掌握的技术
17:31
the companies that you start,
the design that you do.
the design that you do.
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你开创的公司，你所做的设计
17:34
Think a little bit and work with us
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想一想，然后和我们一起合作
17:37
to see if we can come up with these kinds
of extraordinary win-win solutions.
of extraordinary win-win solutions.
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看我们是能得出其它这样非同寻常的双赢方案
17:41
I'm going to leave you
with one final story.
with one final story.
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要留给你们最后一个故事
17:44
I was in Tanzania,
and I was in a classroom.
and I was in a classroom.
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在坦桑尼亚，我去到了一间教室
17:47
This is me with a classroom
of 11-year-olds.
of 11-year-olds.
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这是我和一群十一岁大的孩子们在一起
17:51
And I asked them, as I always do,
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我像往常一样问他们：
17:53
"What do you want to be when you grow up?"
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“你们长大后想做什么？”
17:55
Two raised their hands and said,
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1736
两个孩子举手答到
17:56
"I want to be President
of the World Bank."
of the World Bank."
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2016
“我想成为世界银行行长”
17:59
(Laughter)
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1816
（笑声）
18:00
And just like you, my own team
and their teachers laughed.
and their teachers laughed.
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3416
和你们一样，我的团队和他们的老师也笑了
18:04
But then I stopped them.
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但我阻止了他们
18:05
I said, "Look, I want to tell you a story.
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我说“听着，我想给你们讲一个故事”
18:09
When I was born in South Korea,
this is what it looked like.
this is what it looked like.
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3480
当我在韩国出生时，它是这样的模样
18:13
This is where I came from.
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这就是我的家乡
18:15
And when I was three years old,
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当我三岁时
18:18
in preschool,
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1200
在学前班
18:20
I don't think that George David Woods,
the President of the World Bank,
the President of the World Bank,
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3376
我从没想过世界银行行长George David Woods
18:23
if he had visited Korea on that day
and come to my classroom,
and come to my classroom,
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3576
如果某天他拜访韩国，来到我的教室
18:27
that he would have thought
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1336
他是否会想到
18:28
that the future President
of the World Bank
of the World Bank
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2016
未来的世界银行行长就在这间教室里
18:30
was sitting in that classroom.
386
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1456
18:32
Don't let anyone ever tell you
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不要让其他人告诉你
18:34
that you cannot be
President of the World Bank.
President of the World Bank.
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2776
你不能成为世界银行行长
18:37
Now -- thank you.
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谢谢你们
18:38
(Applause)
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（掌声）
18:40
Let me leave you with one thought.
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1640
让我给你们留下一个想法
18:42
I came from a country
that was the poorest in the world.
that was the poorest in the world.
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2656
我来自一个曾是世界上最贫穷的国家
18:44
I'm President of the World Bank.
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1576
我现在是世界银行行长
18:46
I cannot and I will not
pull up the ladder behind me.
pull up the ladder behind me.
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3176
我不能，也不会拉起我身后的梯子
18:49
This is urgent.
395
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1536
现在十分迫切
18:51
Aspirations are going up.
396
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1496
愿望变得愈发强烈
18:52
Everywhere aspirations are going up.
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2296
到处都有强烈的希冀
18:55
You folks in this room, work with us.
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2616
在这间房间里的你们，和我们一起努力
18:57
We know that we can find
those Zipline-type solutions
those Zipline-type solutions
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我们知道我们能找到像Zipline这样的解决方案
19:01
and help the poor
leapfrog into a better world,
leapfrog into a better world,
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3296
帮助穷人跨越到一个更好的世界
19:05
but it won't happen
until we work together.
until we work together.
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2600
这一切不会发生，除非我们一起努力
19:08
The future "you" --
and especially for your children --
and especially for your children --
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2736
未来的你们，尤其是对你们的孩子来说
19:11
the future you
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1576
19:12
will depend on how much care
and compassion we bring
and compassion we bring
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2976
未来取决于我们为未来的“我们”提供了多少关爱和同情
19:15
to ensuring that the future "us"
provides equality of opportunity
provides equality of opportunity
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4616
以确保世界上每个儿童都享有平等的机会
19:20
for every child in the world.
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1416
19:21
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢你们
19:22
(Applause)
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（掌声）
19:24
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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3056
谢谢！谢谢！谢谢！
19:27
(Applause)
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3080
（掌声）
19:33
Chris Anderson: You'd almost think
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Chris Anderson：你肯定会想
19:34
people are surprised
to hear a talk like this
to hear a talk like this
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2136
人们听到世界银行行长这样的讲话会感到惊讶
19:36
from the President of the World Bank.
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1816
19:38
It's kind of cool.
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这有点特别
19:39
I'd encourage you to even be
a little more specific on your proposal.
a little more specific on your proposal.
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3256
希望您可以再详细讲讲您的建议
19:43
There's many investors,
entrepreneurs in this room.
entrepreneurs in this room.
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4496
在座有很多的投资者，企业家
19:47
How will you partner with them?
What's your proposal?
What's your proposal?
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2496
你想怎么和他们合作？你的建议是什么？
19:50
Jim Yong Kim: Can I get nerdy
for just a second.
for just a second.
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2256
金墉：我可以再次像书呆子一样吗？
19:52
CA: Get nerdy. Absolutely.
JYK: So here's what we did.
JYK: So here's what we did.
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1180560
2576
CA：当然了
金墉：这是我们所做的，
金墉：这是我们所做的，
19:55
Insurance companies never invest
in developing country infrastructure,
in developing country infrastructure,
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3296
保险公司从不会投资发展中国家的基础设施
19:58
for example, because
they can't take the risk.
they can't take the risk.
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因为他们不愿为此承担风险
20:00
They're holding money
for people who pay for insurance.
for people who pay for insurance.
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2616
他们为那些为支付保险费用的人存储资金
20:03
So what we did was a Swedish
International Development Association
International Development Association
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3136
在瑞典国际开发协会给了我们一小笔资金后
20:06
gave us a little bit of money,
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1456
20:07
we went out and raised a little bit
more money, a hundred million,
more money, a hundred million,
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3136
我们去筹集了更多的钱，一亿
20:11
and we took first loss,
meaning if this thing goes bad,
meaning if this thing goes bad,
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2616
我们承担了最初的风险，这意味着，如果发展不顺
20:13
10 percent of the loss we'll just eat,
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1856
我们会承担10%的损失
20:15
and the rest of you will be safe.
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1776
而剩下的你们都是安全的
20:17
And that created
a 90-percent chunk, tranche
a 90-percent chunk, tranche
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3736
但还有90%的部分
20:21
that was triple B, investment-grade,
so the insurance companies invested.
so the insurance companies invested.
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3456
投资级别可达3B，所以保险公司选择了投资
20:24
So for us, what we're doing
is taking our public money
is taking our public money
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4616
对我们而言，我们所做的就是利用公共资金冒险
20:29
and using it to derisk
specific instruments
specific instruments
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3536
开展具体建设
20:32
to bring people in from the outside.
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1736
从而从外引进人才
20:34
So all of you who are sitting
on trillions of dollars of cash,
on trillions of dollars of cash,
434
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2936
坐拥数万亿美元现金的你们
20:37
come to us. Right?
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1216
会加入我们，对吗？
20:38
(Laughter)
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1016
（笑声）
20:39
CA: And what you're specifically
looking for are investment proposals
looking for are investment proposals
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3256
CA：你们所寻找的是提高发展中国家就业率的投资建议？
20:43
that create employment
in the developing world.
in the developing world.
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2216
20:45
JYK: Absolutely. Absolutely.
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1376
金墉：是的，就是这样的
20:46
So these will be, for example,
in infrastructure that brings energy,
in infrastructure that brings energy,
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3736
这些基础建设将包括
20:50
builds roads, bridges, ports.
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2456
引进能源、修建道路、桥梁、港口
20:53
These kinds of things
are necessary to create jobs,
are necessary to create jobs,
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2736
这些是创造就业机会所必需的
20:55
but also what we're saying is
443
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2296
也是我们所谈论的
20:58
you may think that the technology
you're working on
you're working on
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你可能会认为你所掌握的技术
21:00
or the business that you're working on
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1856
你所在的行业
21:02
may not have applications
in the developing world,
in the developing world,
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3056
没有可能应用在发展中国家中
21:05
but look at Zipline.
447
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1336
但看看Zipline
21:06
And that Zipline thing didn't happen
448
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2016
它的成功不仅仅是因为技术的质量
21:08
just because of the quality
of the technology.
of the technology.
449
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2176
21:11
It was because they engaged
with the Rwandans early
with the Rwandans early
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3176
更因为很早就和卢旺达合作
21:14
and used artificial intelligence --
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1856
并且应用了人工智能
21:16
one thing, Rwanda has great broadband --
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2856
还有一件事，卢旺达早已遍布宽带
21:19
but these things fly
completely on their own.
completely on their own.
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2856
-但这些东西完全靠他们自己完成
21:21
So we will help you do that.
We will make the introductions.
We will make the introductions.
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2856
我们会帮你做到这些，我们可以引荐你
21:24
We will even provide financing.
We will help you do that.
We will help you do that.
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2696
甚至提供资金，我们会让你成功
21:27
CA: How much capital
is the World Bank willing to deploy
is the World Bank willing to deploy
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2656
CA:世界银行愿意为此提供多少资金？
21:30
to back those kinds of efforts?
457
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1536
21:31
JYK: Chris, you're always getting me
to try to do something like this.
to try to do something like this.
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3296
金墉：“Chris，你总是让我做这样的事”
21:35
CA: I'm trying to get you in trouble.
JYK: So here's what we're going to do.
JYK: So here's what we're going to do.
459
1283120
3576
CA：我在给你找麻烦
金墉：这正是我们要做的
金墉：这正是我们要做的
21:38
We have 25 billion a year
that we're investing in poor countries,
that we're investing in poor countries,
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4736
我们每年有250亿美元投资到贫穷国家
21:43
the poorest countries.
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1216
最贫穷的国家
21:44
And as we invest
over the next three years,
over the next three years,
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2056
正因为我们会在未来三年进行每年250亿美元的投资
21:46
25 billion a year,
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1416
21:48
we have got to think with you
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1856
我们需要和你们一起思考
21:50
about how to use that money
more effectively.
more effectively.
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2136
如何高效利用这笔资金
21:52
So I can't give you a specific number.
It depends on the quality of the ideas.
It depends on the quality of the ideas.
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以我不能告诉你们具体的数目，这取决于项目的好坏
21:56
So bring us your ideas,
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1536
所以，带来你们的想法
21:57
and I don't think that financing
is going to be the problem.
is going to be the problem.
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5160
资金不是问题
22:03
CA: All right, you heard it
from the man himself.
from the man himself.
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2336
CA：好吧，这是他亲口说的
22:05
Jim, thanks so much.
JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
JYK: Thank you. Thank you.
470
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Jim，非常感谢
金墉：谢谢！谢谢！
金墉：谢谢！谢谢！
22:08
(Applause)
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3400
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jim Yong Kim - President, World Bank GroupJim Yong Kim is leading a global effort to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity.
Why you should listen
Jim Yong Kim is the 12th president of the World Bank Group. Soon after he assumed his position in July 2012, the organization established two goals to guide its work: to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity, focusing on the bottom 40 percent of the population in developing countries. In September 2016, the World Bank Group Board unanimously reappointed Kim to a second five-year term as president.
During his first term, the World Bank Group supported the development priorities of countries at levels never seen outside a financial crisis and, with its partners, achieved two successive, record replenishments of the World Bank Group’s fund for the poorest. The institution also launched several innovative financial instruments, including facilities to address infrastructure needs, prevent pandemics and help the millions of people forcibly displaced from their homes by climate shocks, conflict, and violence.
Kim's career has revolved around health, education and delivering services to the poor. In 1987, he co-founded Partners In Health, a nonprofit medical organization that works in poor communities on four continents. He has received a MacArthur "genius" grant, was recognized as one of America's "25 Best Leaders" by U.S. News & World Report and was named one of TIME magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World.
Jim Yong Kim | Speaker | TED.com