TED2017
Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks: How we can face the future without fear, together
拉比·罗得·乔纳森·萨克斯: 我们如何毫无恐惧的一起直面未来
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1,862,818 views
这是历史上决定性的时刻。我们看到了分裂的选举、分裂的社会和极端主义的增长——所有这些都是由焦虑和不确定性推动的。“我们每个人都能在没有恐惧的情况下面对未来吗?”犹太教教士乔纳森·萨克斯(Jonathan Sacks)问道。在这个令人兴奋的谈话中，精神领袖给了我们三个具体的方法，我们可以从“我”的政治转向“我们所有人”的政治。
Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks - Religious leader
In a world violently polarized by extremists, Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks is proposing and advocating solutions to mounting religious intolerance. Full bio
In a world violently polarized by extremists, Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks is proposing and advocating solutions to mounting religious intolerance. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
"These are the times,"
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"这些时刻，"
托马斯·潘恩说，
00:15
said Thomas Paine,
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00:17
"that try men's souls."
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“考验着人们的灵魂。”
00:20
And they're trying ours now.
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而现在，我们正被考验着。
这是西方历史中一个决定性的时刻。
00:21
This is a fateful moment
in the history of the West.
in the history of the West.
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00:25
We've seen divisive elections
and divided societies.
and divided societies.
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我们见到了充满分歧的竞选结果，
见到了阶级极度分化的社会。
见到了阶级极度分化的社会。
00:31
We've seen a growth of extremism
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我们看到了在政治和宗教方面，
极端主义的增长。
极端主义的增长。
00:33
in politics and religion,
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00:36
all of it fueled by anxiety,
uncertainty and fear,
uncertainty and fear,
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所有的这些，都由焦虑，
不确定性和恐惧导致，
不确定性和恐惧导致，
00:41
of a world that's changing
almost faster than we can bear,
almost faster than we can bear,
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因为现在的世界正在快速改变，
快到我们难以承受，
快到我们难以承受，
00:46
and the sure knowledge
that it's going to change faster still.
that it's going to change faster still.
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而且改变的速度只会越来越快。
00:51
I have a friend in Washington.
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我在华盛顿有个朋友。
00:52
I asked him, what was it like
being in America
being in America
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我问他，
在最近这场总统选举进行时，
在最近这场总统选举进行时，
00:55
during the recent presidential election?
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生活在美国是什么样的体验？
00:58
He said to me, "Well,
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他告诉我：“唔，
01:00
it was like the man
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这就好像在泰坦尼克号甲板上的
01:03
sitting on the deck of the Titanic
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那个男人，
01:06
with a glass of whiskey in his hand
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手中拿着一杯威士忌酒，
01:10
and he's saying,
'I know I asked for ice --
'I know I asked for ice --
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说着：'我知道我说过酒要加冰——
01:14
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:19
but this is ridiculous.'"
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但现在的情况太荒唐了。'”
01:23
So is there something we can do,
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所以有没有什么我们每个人都
01:27
each of us,
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力所能及的事情，
01:29
to be able to face
the future without fear?
the future without fear?
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来使得我们能够
毫无恐惧的直面未来呢？
毫无恐惧的直面未来呢？
01:32
I think there is.
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我觉得有。
01:34
And one way into it is to see
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一种方法是，
01:37
that perhaps the most simple way
into a culture and into an age
into a culture and into an age
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深入了解一种文化，一个时代
的最简单的方法
的最简单的方法
01:42
is to ask: What do people worship?
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是询问：人们崇拜什么。
01:45
People have worshipped
so many different things --
so many different things --
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人们崇拜过许多不同的事物——
01:48
the sun, the stars, the storm.
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太阳，星星，风暴。
01:50
Some people worship many gods,
some one, some none.
some one, some none.
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有些人崇拜许多神，有些人
信仰一个神，有些人是无神论者。
信仰一个神，有些人是无神论者。
01:54
In the 19th and 20th centuries,
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在19到20世纪，
01:57
people worshipped the nation,
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人们崇拜国家，崇拜雅利安人种，
01:59
the Aryan race, the communist state.
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崇拜共产主义。
02:02
What do we worship?
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我们崇拜什么呢？
02:05
I think future anthropologists
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我认为，未来的人类学家
02:08
will take a look at the books we read
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会研究我们阅读的书籍，
02:11
on self-help, self-realization,
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关于自我帮助，自我实现，
02:14
self-esteem.
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自尊心。
02:16
They'll look at the way
we talk about morality
we talk about morality
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他们会看我们如何谈论道德——
02:19
as being true to oneself,
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真实的直面自己；
02:21
the way we talk about politics
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看我们如何谈论政治——
02:23
as a matter of individual rights,
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这关乎个人权益；
02:26
and they'll look at this wonderful
new religious ritual we have created.
new religious ritual we have created.
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然后，他们会看向我们创造的这个
新的宗教仪式。
新的宗教仪式。
02:32
You know the one?
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你知道那是什么吗？
02:33
Called the "selfie."
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它的名字叫做“自拍”。
02:36
And I think they'll conclude
that what we worship in our time
that what we worship in our time
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而我想他们会得出这样的结论：
在我们这个时代，
在我们这个时代，
02:40
is the self, the me, the I.
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我们崇拜自我，崇拜自己，崇拜“我”。
02:43
And this is great.
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这很棒。
02:45
It's liberating.
It's empowering. It's wonderful.
It's empowering. It's wonderful.
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这让人感到自由，这赋予人力量，
这简直太棒了。
这简直太棒了。
02:49
But don't forget that biologically,
we're social animals.
we're social animals.
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但不要忘记，生理上来讲，
我们是群居动物。
我们是群居动物。
02:55
We've spent most
of our evolutionary history
of our evolutionary history
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我们绝大部分的进化历史
02:58
in small groups.
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都是在小群体中度过的。
03:00
We need those face-to-face interactions
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我们需要这些面对面的互动，
03:04
where we learn
the choreography of altruism
the choreography of altruism
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来学习如何无私奉献，
03:08
and where we create those spiritual goods
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并且创造出诸如友情，信任，
忠诚和爱
忠诚和爱
03:11
like friendship and trust
and loyalty and love
and loyalty and love
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这样的精神食粮，
03:16
that redeem our solitude.
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以此救赎我们的孤独。
03:19
When we have too much of the "I"
and too little of the "we,"
and too little of the "we,"
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当我们太过注重“我”，
却没有多少“我们”，
却没有多少“我们”，
03:23
we can find ourselves vulnerable,
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我们会发现，
我们自己变得十分脆弱，
我们自己变得十分脆弱，
03:26
fearful and alone.
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恐惧，和孤独。
03:29
It was no accident
that Sherry Turkle of MIT
that Sherry Turkle of MIT
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麻省理工学院的雪莉·特克
03:32
called the book she wrote
on the impact of social media
on the impact of social media
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将她所写的
关于社交媒体影响的书籍
关于社交媒体影响的书籍
03:35
"Alone Together."
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命名为“在一起孤独”，
这绝非偶然。
这绝非偶然。
03:38
So I think the simplest way
of safeguarding the future "you"
of safeguarding the future "you"
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所以，我想，守护“你”未来的
最简单的方法是，
最简单的方法是，
03:43
is to strengthen the future "us"
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从三个维度
03:46
in three dimensions:
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来加强“我们”的未来：
03:47
the us of relationship,
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我们的关系，
03:49
the us of identity
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我们的身份，
03:52
and the us of responsibility.
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和我们的责任。
03:53
So let me first
take the us of relationship.
take the us of relationship.
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我先来讲讲我们的关系。
03:56
And here, forgive me if I get personal.
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在这一部分，如果我开始
讲起自己的私事，请原谅。
讲起自己的私事，请原谅。
03:59
Once upon a time,
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曾几何时，
04:01
a very long time ago,
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很久很久以前，
04:04
I was a 20-year-old undergraduate
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我是一个20岁的大学生，
04:06
studying philosophy.
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学习哲学。
04:08
I was into Nietzsche and Schopenhauer
and Sartre and Camus.
and Sartre and Camus.
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我沉迷于
尼采，叔本华，萨特，加缪。
尼采，叔本华，萨特，加缪。
04:12
I was full of ontological uncertainty
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我充满了本体论的不确定性
04:16
and existential angst.
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和存在的焦虑。
04:18
It was terrific.
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这太了不起了。
04:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:22
I was self-obsessed
and thoroughly unpleasant to know,
and thoroughly unpleasant to know,
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我沉迷于自我，
而且感到非常不悦，
而且感到非常不悦，
04:25
until one day I saw
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直到有一天我看见，
04:27
across the courtyard
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在庭院的那一端，
04:30
a girl
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有一个女孩，
04:31
who was everything that I wasn't.
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她的性格和我完全相反。
04:35
She radiated sunshine.
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她是个小太阳发着光。
04:37
She emanated joy.
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她散发着快乐。
04:40
I found out her name was Elaine.
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我发现她的名字叫伊莱恩。
04:42
We met. We talked.
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我们见了面。我们聊天。
04:44
We married.
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我们结婚了。
04:45
And 47 years, three children
and eight grandchildren later,
and eight grandchildren later,
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而四十七年后，
三个子女和八个孙辈后，
三个子女和八个孙辈后，
04:49
I can safely say
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我能够自信的说，
04:51
it was the best decision
I ever took in my life,
I ever took in my life,
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这是我做过的最正确的决定，
04:54
because it's the people not like us
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因为只有不像我们的人
04:58
that make us grow.
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才能让我们成长。
05:00
And that is why I think
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而这也是为什么我认为，
05:03
we have to do just that.
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我们必须那么做。
05:06
The trouble with Google filters,
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谷歌搜索过滤，
05:08
Facebook friends
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Facebook朋友系统，
05:10
and reading the news by narrowcasting
rather than broadcasting
rather than broadcasting
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以及浏览小范围的新闻而不是广播
05:13
means that we're surrounded
almost entirely by people like us
almost entirely by people like us
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意味着，我们被
和我们相似的人完全包围着，
和我们相似的人完全包围着，
05:18
whose views, whose opinions,
whose prejudices, even,
whose prejudices, even,
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他们的视角，他们的观点，
甚至他们的偏见，
甚至他们的偏见，
05:22
are just like ours.
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都和我们的一样。
05:24
And Cass Sunstein of Harvard has shown
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而哈佛大学的卡斯·苏斯特展示了
如果我们周围
05:26
that if we surround ourselves
with people with the same views as us,
with people with the same views as us,
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都是和我们持有一样观点的人，
05:31
we get more extreme.
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我们会变得更极端。
05:34
I think we need to renew
those face-to-face encounters
those face-to-face encounters
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我想，我们应该重新尝试
05:38
with the people not like us.
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接触与自己不同的人。
05:41
I think we need to do that
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我们需要这样做，以此来
05:43
in order to realize
that we can disagree strongly
that we can disagree strongly
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意识到，我们可以意见分歧，
05:47
and yet still stay friends.
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但仍然能成为朋友。
05:50
It's in those face-to-face encounters
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在这些面对面的交流中，
05:52
that we discover
that the people not like us
that the people not like us
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我们能够发现，
不像我们的人，
不像我们的人，
05:56
are just people, like us.
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像我们一样，是人。
06:00
And actually, every time
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而事实上，每一次
06:03
we hold out the hand of friendship
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我们伸出手，
06:05
to somebody not like us,
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和一个不像自己的人建立友谊，
06:08
whose class or creed
or color are different from ours,
or color are different from ours,
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他们的颜色和我们完全不同，
06:14
we heal
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我们治愈了
06:15
one of the fractures
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我们这个伤痕累累的世界上
06:17
of our wounded world.
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的一个部件。
06:19
That is the us of relationship.
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这就是关系中的我们。
06:22
Second is the us of identity.
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第二件事是我们的身份。
06:25
Let me give you a thought experiment.
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让我给你们一个思维实验。
06:28
Have you been to Washington?
Have you seen the memorials?
Have you seen the memorials?
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你去过华盛顿吗？
你看见过纪念碑吗？
你看见过纪念碑吗？
06:30
Absolutely fascinating.
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绝对令人震撼。
06:32
There's the Lincoln Memorial:
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有林肯纪念碑：
06:34
Gettysburg Address on one side,
Second Inaugural on the other.
Second Inaugural on the other.
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一边写着葛底斯堡演说，
另一边写着第二次就职演说。
另一边写着第二次就职演说。
06:38
You go to the Jefferson Memorial,
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你去到杰弗森纪念碑，
06:40
screeds of text.
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一段文字。
06:42
Martin Luther King Memorial,
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马丁路德金纪念碑，
06:44
more than a dozen quotes
from his speeches.
from his speeches.
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十几条他的演讲中的选段。
06:46
I didn't realize,
in America you read memorials.
in America you read memorials.
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我并没有意识到，在美国，
你读纪念碑。
你读纪念碑。
06:51
Now go to the equivalent
in London in Parliament Square
in London in Parliament Square
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现在，到伦敦的国会广场，
06:55
and you will see that the monument
to David Lloyd George
to David Lloyd George
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你会看见，大卫·劳埃德·乔治的纪念碑，
06:59
contains three words:
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写着三个单词：
07:01
David Lloyd George.
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大卫·劳埃德·乔治。
07:03
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:05
Nelson Mandela gets two.
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尼尔森·曼德拉有两个单词。
07:07
Churchill gets just one:
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丘吉尔只有一个：
07:09
Churchill.
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丘吉尔。
07:10
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:12
Why the difference?
I'll tell you why the difference.
I'll tell you why the difference.
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为什么会有这种区别？
我会告诉你为什么。
我会告诉你为什么。
07:14
Because America was from the outset
a nation of wave after wave of immigrants,
a nation of wave after wave of immigrants,
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因为美国是一个移民构成的国家，
07:19
so it had to create an identity
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所以它需要创造一个身份，
07:21
which it did by telling a story
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而它通过讲故事来达到这一点，
07:23
which you learned at school,
you read on memorials
you read on memorials
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你在学校学的，你在纪念碑上看到的，
07:26
and you heard repeated
in presidential inaugural addresses.
in presidential inaugural addresses.
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以及你在总统演说中一直听到的。
07:30
Britain until recently
wasn't a nation of immigrants,
wasn't a nation of immigrants,
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英国，直到最近，并没有很多移民，
07:33
so it could take identity for granted.
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所以他理所当然的就有身份。
07:35
The trouble is now
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问题是，现在，
07:39
that two things have happened
which shouldn't have happened together.
which shouldn't have happened together.
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两件不该一起发生的事同时发生了。
07:42
The first thing is in the West
we've stopped telling this story
we've stopped telling this story
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第一件，在西方，我们不再讲
07:45
of who we are and why,
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我们是谁的故事，
07:47
even in America.
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甚至在美国。
07:49
And at the same time,
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同时，移民越来越多。
07:51
immigration is higher
than it's ever been before.
than it's ever been before.
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所以当你有很强的身份认识的时候，
07:55
So when you tell a story
and your identity is strong,
and your identity is strong,
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你可以欢迎外来者，
07:59
you can welcome the stranger,
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但当你不再讲故事，
08:01
but when you stop telling the story,
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你的身份变弱了，
08:03
your identity gets weak
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而你感到受到了威胁。
08:05
and you feel threatened by the stranger.
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这很不好。
08:09
And that's bad.
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08:10
I tell you, Jews have been scattered
and dispersed and exiled for 2,000 years.
and dispersed and exiled for 2,000 years.
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我告诉你，犹太人被流放，
散落到世界各地2000多年。
散落到世界各地2000多年。
08:16
We never lost our identity.
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我们从来没有丧失自己的身份。
08:18
Why? Because at least once a year,
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为什么？因为至少每年一次，
08:20
on the festival of Passover,
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在Passover节，
08:22
we told our story
and we taught it to our children
and we taught it to our children
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我们讲我们的故事，将它传给我们的孩子。
08:25
and we ate the unleavened
bread of affliction
bread of affliction
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我们吃折磨的面包，
08:27
and tasted the bitter herbs of slavery.
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吃苦的草药。
08:30
So we never lost our identity.
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所以我们从没有失去自己的身份。
08:32
I think collectively
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我想，
08:34
we've got to get back
to telling our story,
to telling our story,
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我们需要讲过去的故事，
08:36
who we are, where we came from,
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我们是谁，从哪里来，
08:38
what ideals by which we live.
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相信什么理论。
08:42
And if that happens,
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如果这发生了，
08:44
we will become strong enough
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我们会变得更强，
08:46
to welcome the stranger and say,
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能够欢迎陌生人，说，
08:49
"Come and share our lives,
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“来，分享我们的生活，”
08:52
share our stories,
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“分享我们的故事，”
08:54
share our aspirations and dreams."
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“分享我们的志向和梦想。”
08:58
That is the us of identity.
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这是我们的身份，
09:00
And finally, the us of responsibility.
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最终，我们的责任。
09:04
Do you know something?
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你知道吗？
09:06
My favorite phrase in all of politics,
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我在政治中最喜欢的一词，
09:08
very American phrase,
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很美国的词，
09:11
is: "We the people."
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是 “ 我们人。”
09:15
Why "we the people?"
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为什么？
09:16
Because it says that we all
share collective responsibility
share collective responsibility
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因为我们为了共同的未来
09:21
for our collective future.
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有着共同的责任。
09:24
And that's how things
really are and should be.
really are and should be.
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这就是事情的真相，他们应有的样子。
09:27
Have you noticed how magical thinking
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你有没有意识到，我们对政治家
09:31
has taken over our politics?
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寄予了很多幻想
09:34
So we say, all you've got to do
is elect this strong leader
is elect this strong leader
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我们觉得我们所需要做的
就是选出一位强大的领导人
09:40
and he or she will solve
all our problems for us.
all our problems for us.
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他会解决我们所有的问题。
09:46
Believe me, that is magical thinking.
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相信我，那是幻想，我们也从而变得极端
09:51
And then we get the extremes:
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一会儿极右，一会儿极左， 极度宗教，极度反宗教。
09:53
the far right, the far left,
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09:55
the extreme religious
and the extreme anti-religious,
and the extreme anti-religious,
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极右梦想着从没有的金色年代，
09:59
the far right dreaming
of a golden age that never was,
of a golden age that never was,
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极左梦想着不可能到来的乌托邦。
10:04
the far left dreaming
of a utopia that never will be
of a utopia that never will be
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宗教极端相信，
10:09
and the religious and anti-religious
equally convinced
equally convinced
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而信教的和不信教的人都相信
10:13
that all it takes is God
or the absence of God
or the absence of God
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10:17
to save us from ourselves.
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神才能让我们得救。
10:20
That, too, is magical thinking,
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那也是神奇的思路。
因为，只有我们自己
10:23
because the only people
who will save us from ourselves
who will save us from ourselves
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才能拯救自己，
10:28
is we the people,
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我们所有人一起。
10:31
all of us together.
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10:33
And when we do that,
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当我们这样做的时候，
10:36
and when we move from the politics of me
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当我们从个人政治
10:40
to the politics of all of us together,
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转变成我们的政治，
10:43
we rediscover those beautiful,
counterintuitive truths:
counterintuitive truths:
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我们重新发现了这些美丽的真相：
10:50
that a nation is strong
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一个强大的国家
它会关心弱者
10:52
when it cares for the weak,
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10:55
that it becomes rich
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它在关心穷苦的时候才会富有。
10:57
when it cares for the poor,
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当它关心弱势的时候，
10:59
it becomes invulnerable
when it cares about the vulnerable.
when it cares about the vulnerable.
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才会变得坚强。
11:03
That is what makes great nations.
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这才是成功的国家的秘诀。
11:06
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:15
So here is my simple suggestion.
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所以我有个简单的建议。
11:18
It might just change your life,
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它或许就能改变你的生活。
11:22
and it might just help
to begin to change the world.
to begin to change the world.
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或许能改变这个世界。
11:26
Do a search and replace operation
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在你的脑海中，
11:30
on the text of your mind,
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搜索、替换，
11:33
and wherever you encounter
the word "self,"
the word "self,"
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而当你发现“我”一词的时候，
11:36
substitute the word "other."
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把它换成“他人”。
11:39
So instead of self-help, other-help;
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所以把帮助自己变成帮助他人，
11:42
instead of self-esteem, other-esteem.
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自我实现变为他人实现，
11:47
And if you do that,
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这样做，你就能
11:49
you will begin to feel the power
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感到那个力量，
11:52
of what for me is one
of the most moving sentences
of the most moving sentences
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对我来说最感动的一句，
11:56
in all of religious literature.
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在宗教文献中。
12:00
"Though I walk through the valley
of the shadow of death,
of the shadow of death,
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“尽管我走过死亡阴影的河谷，”
12:05
I will fear no evil,
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我不会畏惧邪恶，
12:07
for you are with me."
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因为你在我身边。”
12:10
We can face any future without fear
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我们能够不惧任何未来，
12:14
so long as we know
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只要我们知道，
12:16
we will not face it alone.
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我们不会孤身一人。
12:20
So for the sake of the future "you,"
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所以为了“你”的未来，
12:24
together let us strengthen
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让我们一起
12:27
the future "us."
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加强“我们”的未来。
12:29
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:30
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks - Religious leaderIn a world violently polarized by extremists, Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks is proposing and advocating solutions to mounting religious intolerance.
Why you should listen
Rabbi Lord Sacks is one of Judaism's spiritual leaders, and he exercises a primary influence on the thought and philosophy of Jews and people of all faiths worldwide. Since stepping down as Chief Rabbi of the UK and Commonwealth in 2013, Rabbi Lord Sacks has become an increasingly well-known speaker, respected moral voice and writer. He has authored more than 30 books, the latest, Not in God's Name: Confronting Religious Violence, was published in 2015.
Granted a seat in the British House of Lords in 2009 and the winner of the 2016 Templeton Prize, Rabbi Lord Sacks is a key Jewish voice for universalism and an embrace of tolerance between religions and cultures. He rejects the "politics of anger" brought about by the way "we have acted as if markets can function without morals, international corporations without social responsibility and economic systems without regard to their effect on the people left stranded by the shifting tide." He also sees, as a key idea for faith in our times, that unity in heaven creates diversity on earth.
Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks | Speaker | TED.com