TEDGlobal 2017
Niti Bhan: The hidden opportunities of the informal economy
妮提·班: 非正式贸易内被隐藏的机会
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,222,576 views
妮提·班钻研于非洲非正式市场的金融战略：那些由小商贩，手艺人与劳工组成的隐形引擎推动着整个大陆的经济运作。很容易把这些群体视为逃税者甚至罪犯 —— 但她证辨这是一个值得投资的正当经济部门。如果我们这么做，她说，我们可以创造上千个工作。“这些是含苞待放的企业“，班说，”我们可以从接纳他们的技术与职位开始做起吗？“
Niti Bhan - Human-centered strategist
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation. Full bio
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The informal markets of Africa
are stereotypically seen
are stereotypically seen
0
901
3931
人们通常对非洲的
非正式市场抱有成见，
非正式市场抱有成见，
认为此类地摊混乱又懒散。
00:16
as chaotic and lackadaisical.
1
4856
1847
00:19
The downside of hearing
the word "informal"
the word "informal"
2
7234
2653
可惜的是，人们听见非正式这个词
所产生的联想
00:21
is this automatic grand
association we have,
association we have,
3
9911
2669
00:24
which is very negative,
4
12604
1626
普遍为负面的，
00:26
and it's had significant consequences
and economic losses,
and economic losses,
5
14254
4509
也因此造成了重大的
影响与经济损失，
影响与经济损失，
00:30
easily adding -- or subtracting --
40 to 60 percent of the profit margin
40 to 60 percent of the profit margin
6
18787
5486
轻易为非正式市场添加
——或减去——40-60%的利润率
——或减去——40-60%的利润率
这还不包括其他市场
00:36
for the informal markets alone.
7
24297
2836
00:39
As part of a task of mapping
the informal trade ecosystem,
the informal trade ecosystem,
8
27157
4302
为了勾绘出非正式市场的生态系统
00:43
we've done an extensive literature review
9
31483
2533
我们浏览了近20年内
00:46
of all the reports and research
on cross-border trade in East Africa,
on cross-border trade in East Africa,
10
34040
4951
大量对与东非跨境贸易有关的
00:51
going back 20 years.
11
39015
1811
研究与报告。
00:52
This was to prepare us for fieldwork
to understand what was the problem,
to understand what was the problem,
12
40850
4334
这是为我们接下来的实地考察做准备，
去尝试理解问题在哪，
去尝试理解问题在哪，
非正式贸易的阻碍是什么。
00:57
what was holding back informal trade
in the informal sector.
in the informal sector.
13
45208
4162
01:01
What we discovered
over the last 20 years was,
over the last 20 years was,
14
49990
3504
我们发现在这20年间
从未有人区分过违法行为 ——
01:05
nobody had distinguished
between illicit --
between illicit --
15
53518
3753
例如非正式行业内的
走私与非法倒卖 ——
走私与非法倒卖 ——
01:09
which is like smuggling or contraband
in the informal sector --
in the informal sector --
16
57295
4445
与合法但无登记记录的商品，
01:13
from the legal but unrecorded,
17
61764
2340
例如番茄，橘子之类的水果。
01:16
such as tomatoes, oranges, fruit.
18
64128
3005
01:19
This criminalization --
19
67697
2320
这样的定罪 ——
贸易在斯瓦希里语中被称为“biashara”，
01:22
what in Swahili refers to as "biashara,"
which is the trade or the commerce,
which is the trade or the commerce,
20
70041
5198
而不是“magendo”或走私 ——
01:27
versus "magendo," which is
the smuggling or contraband --
the smuggling or contraband --
21
75263
3434
在英语中如此定罪于非正式行业，
01:30
this criminalization
of the informal sector,
of the informal sector,
22
78721
3521
只是因为英语并不区分两者，
01:34
in English, by not distinguishing
between these aspects,
between these aspects,
23
82266
3869
这就轻易排除了60%到80%的
01:38
easily can cost each African economy
between 60 to 80 percent addition
between 60 to 80 percent addition
24
86159
5593
非洲经济年均GDP增长率，
01:43
on the annual GDP growth rate,
25
91776
2768
因为我们正在忽略
01:46
because we are not recognizing the engine
26
94568
3734
维持经济发展的引擎。
01:50
of what keeps the economies running.
27
98326
2574
非正式行业内职位的增长
01:52
The informal sector is growing jobs
at four times the rate
at four times the rate
28
100924
3477
是传统正式经济，或许多人
01:56
of the traditional formal economy,
29
104425
1942
称为的“现代“经济的四倍。
01:58
or "modern" economy, as many call it.
30
106391
2557
它根据传统条框为最”无技术群体“
02:00
It offers employment and income
generation opportunities
generation opportunities
31
108972
3466
提供了任职与收入机会。
02:04
to the most "unskilled"
in conventional disciplines.
in conventional disciplines.
32
112462
3697
但是你可以把一辆旧车
改造成薯条机么？
改造成薯条机么？
02:08
But can you make a french fry
machine out of an old car?
machine out of an old car?
33
116183
3636
02:12
So, this, ladies and gentlemen,
34
120403
3461
所以，女士们先生们，
这就是急需被认可的东西。
02:15
is what so desperately needs
to be recognized.
to be recognized.
35
123888
3216
只要现有设想认为这是犯法，
02:19
As long as the current assumptions
hold that this is criminal,
hold that this is criminal,
36
127128
4258
见不得光，
02:23
this is shadow,
37
131410
1227
非法的，
02:24
this is illegal,
38
132661
1618
就没人会尝试将
非正式经济生态环境
非正式经济生态环境
02:26
there will be no attempt at integrating
the informal economic ecosystem
the informal economic ecosystem
39
134303
4460
与正式的，甚至全球的
市场结合起来。
市场结合起来。
02:30
with the formal or even the global one.
40
138787
2948
02:34
I'm going to tell you a story of Teresia,
41
142968
2804
我要给你们讲一个故事，
主人公是一个名为泰雷西亚的商人，
02:37
a trader who overturned
all our assumptions,
all our assumptions,
42
145796
4076
她改变了我们的设想，
并使我们反思了一开始所有
并使我们反思了一开始所有
02:41
made us question all the stereotypes
that we'd gone in on,
that we'd gone in on,
43
149896
3350
根据20年间文案研究形成的偏见。
02:45
based on 20 years of literature review.
44
153270
2906
02:49
Teresia sells clothes under a tree
in a town called Malaba,
in a town called Malaba,
45
157675
5489
特雷西亚在一个叫
马拉巴尔的小镇树下卖衣服，
马拉巴尔的小镇树下卖衣服，
那里位于乌干达和
肯尼亚的交界处。
肯尼亚的交界处。
02:55
on the border of Uganda and Kenya.
46
163188
2096
02:57
You think it's very simple, don't you?
47
165876
2169
你是不是觉得这听起来很简单？
03:00
We'll go hang up new clothes
from the branches,
from the branches,
48
168810
2657
我们只需要在树枝上挂上新衣服，
03:03
put out the tarp, settle down,
wait for customers,
wait for customers,
49
171491
2932
铺开地毯，坐着等待顾客，
03:06
and there we have it.
50
174447
1345
这就够了。
03:07
She was everything we were expecting
according to the literature,
according to the literature,
51
175816
3385
她与我们根据文献和研究所
03:11
to the research,
52
179225
1268
产生的所有预期相符，
03:12
right down to she was a single
mom driven to trade,
mom driven to trade,
53
180517
3777
贴切到她开始做生意的原因，
一个单亲妈妈补贴家用。
03:16
supporting her kids.
54
184318
1488
03:19
So what overturned our assumptions?
55
187092
2610
那么是什么改变了我们的设想？
03:21
What surprised us?
56
189726
1519
什么是我们预料之外的？
03:23
First, Teresia paid the county
government market fees
government market fees
57
191269
3722
首先，特雷西亚每个工作日都会
给乡政府交摊位费，
03:27
every single working day
58
195015
1831
03:28
for the privilege of setting
up shop under her tree.
up shop under her tree.
59
196870
3253
就为了能在树下搭建她的小商铺。
她从事这个工作已经有七年之久，
03:32
She's been doing it for seven years,
60
200147
2051
而且她保留着所有收据。
03:34
and she's been getting receipts.
61
202222
1922
03:36
She keeps records.
62
204560
1477
她的账目很清晰。
03:38
We're seeing not a marginal,
63
206061
3167
我们现在看到的不是一个边远的，
贫困的，
03:41
underprivileged,
64
209252
1347
无助的非洲路边商妇——完全不是。
03:42
vulnerable African woman trader
by the side of the road -- no.
by the side of the road -- no.
65
210623
5816
03:48
We were seeing somebody
who's keeping sales records for years;
who's keeping sales records for years;
66
216463
4099
我们看到的是一个维持了
销售记录多年的人，
销售记录多年的人，
03:52
somebody who had an entire ecosystem
of retail that comes in from Uganda
of retail that comes in from Uganda
67
220586
6321
一个售卖来自乌干达的商品，
在零售生态系统中运作的人，
03:58
to pick up inventory;
68
226931
2315
用手推车进货，
04:01
someone who's got handcarts
bringing the goods in,
bringing the goods in,
69
229270
3862
04:05
or the mobile money agent
who comes to collect cash
who comes to collect cash
70
233156
2916
或者是在一天结束后，
以流动财富代理身份
以流动财富代理身份
收钱的人。
04:08
at the end of the evening.
71
236096
1428
04:09
Can you guess how much
Teresia spends, on average,
Teresia spends, on average,
72
237548
4408
你能猜到特雷西亚平均
04:13
each month on inventory --
73
241980
2597
每月花多少钱
从内罗比进购新品吗？
04:16
stocks of new clothes
that she gets from Nairobi?
that she gets from Nairobi?
74
244601
2673
04:19
One thousand five hundred US dollars.
75
247819
2190
1500美元。
04:22
That's around 20,000 US dollars
invested in trade goods and services
invested in trade goods and services
76
250525
5440
也就是说每年有2万美元被投资于
04:27
every year.
77
255989
1555
商品及劳务。
这就是特雷西亚，
04:29
This is Teresia,
78
257568
1450
无形的，被隐藏的
04:31
the invisible one,
79
259042
1397
群体中的一员。
04:32
the hidden middle.
80
260463
1280
04:34
And she's only the first rung
of the small entrepreneurs,
of the small entrepreneurs,
81
262442
4093
且她只是这些贸易小镇里
随处可见的
随处可见的
微生意，小企业家里的第一级。
04:38
the micro-businesses that can be found
in these market towns.
in these market towns.
82
266559
4091
至少在整个马拉巴尔边界，
她处在最底层。
她处在最底层。
04:42
At least in the larger Malaba border,
she's at the first rung.
she's at the first rung.
83
270674
4884
04:48
The people further up the value chain
84
276523
2636
再往价值链上走，
04:51
are easily running
three lines of business,
three lines of business,
85
279183
3045
人们轻松运营着三项业务，
04:54
investing 2,500 to 3,000
US dollars every month.
US dollars every month.
86
282252
5091
每月投资2500到3000美元。
04:59
So the problem turned out
that it wasn't the criminalization;
that it wasn't the criminalization;
87
287772
3980
也就是说，问题并不出在定罪上，
05:03
you can't really criminalize someone
you're charging receipts from.
you're charging receipts from.
88
291776
4645
你并不能给一个纳税商定罪。
05:08
It's the lack of recognition
of their skilled occupations.
of their skilled occupations.
89
296957
5390
问题的关键在于
他们的技术职业并没有被承认。
他们的技术职业并没有被承认。
05:15
The bank systems and structures
have no means to recognize them
have no means to recognize them
90
303048
3996
银行机构无法认可它们为
微商，
05:19
as micro-businesses,
91
307068
1488
更不用说
05:20
much less the fact that, you know,
92
308580
2578
她的那棵树并没有转递地址。
05:23
her tree doesn't have
a forwarding address.
a forwarding address.
93
311182
2208
05:25
So she's trapped in the middle.
94
313912
2326
所以她被困住了。
她被遗弃于我们构想的漏洞中。
05:28
She's falling through the cracks
of our assumptions.
of our assumptions.
95
316262
2431
你们知道那些帮助
非洲女商人的小额贷款吗？
非洲女商人的小额贷款吗？
05:30
You know all those microloans
to help African women traders?
to help African women traders?
96
318717
3539
05:34
They're going to loan her
50 dollars or 100 dollars.
50 dollars or 100 dollars.
97
322646
2830
它们只会给她50到100美元。
她能用这些钱做什么？
05:37
What's she going to do with it?
98
325500
1606
她每个月单是花在进货上的钱
05:39
She spends 10 times
that amount every month
that amount every month
99
327130
2342
05:41
just on inventory --
100
329496
1602
就是这个数字的10倍——
05:43
we're not talking about
the additional services
the additional services
101
331122
2287
并不包括额外服务
和支援性生态系统。
05:45
or the support ecosystem.
102
333433
1834
05:47
These are the ones who fit
neither the policy stereotype
neither the policy stereotype
103
335864
3588
这些人既不符合政策框架
05:51
of the low-skilled and the marginalized,
104
339476
2404
也不符合低技术或边缘化人才，
05:53
nor the white-collar,
salaried office worker
salaried office worker
105
341904
2871
更不符合朝九晚五的白领
或是有铁饭碗的公务员
05:56
or civil servant with a pension
106
344799
1861
05:58
that the middle classes
are allegedly composed of.
are allegedly composed of.
107
346684
3372
这一系列大家心目中的
中层阶级群体。
中层阶级群体。
06:02
Instead, what we have here
are the proto-SMEs
are the proto-SMEs
108
350080
4552
我们所看见的
实则是中小型企业原型，
实则是中小型企业原型，
06:06
these are the fertile seeds
of businesses and enterprises
of businesses and enterprises
109
354656
3795
这些是含苞待放的生意，行业，
06:10
that keep the engines running.
110
358475
1943
是使经济引擎运作的根本。
06:12
They put food on your table.
111
360442
1735
他们让你桌上有食物。
06:14
Even here in this hotel,
the invisible ones --
the invisible ones --
112
362201
3073
甚至在（屏幕上）这所宾馆内，
那些看不见的——
那些看不见的——
屠夫，面包师，烛台师傅——
06:17
the butchers, the bakers
the candlestick makers --
the candlestick makers --
113
365298
3452
他们搭建了炸薯条的机器，
06:20
they make the machines
that make your french fries
that make your french fries
114
368774
2393
还帮你制作床架。
06:23
and they make your beds.
115
371191
1226
这些是被忽略的女企业家
进行着跨边界交易，
进行着跨边界交易，
06:24
These are the invisible businesswomen
trading across borders,
trading across borders,
116
372441
3405
她们的生意通通都在路边，
06:29
all on the side of the road,
117
377037
2369
06:31
and so they're invisible
to data gatherers.
to data gatherers.
118
379430
2918
所以她们的贡献
不被数据统计者囊括。
不被数据统计者囊括。
06:34
And they're mashed together
with the vast informal sector
with the vast informal sector
119
382704
3656
她们还被粗略概括在
广大的非正式行业内，
广大的非正式行业内，
这个范围并没有对走私者，逃税者，
06:38
that doesn't bother to distinguish
between smugglers and tax evaders
between smugglers and tax evaders
120
386384
5073
以及其他违法犯罪者，
06:43
and those running illegal whatnot,
121
391481
2608
06:46
and the ladies who trade,
122
394113
2031
与做贸易的女士们，
06:48
and who put food on the table
and send their kids to university.
and send their kids to university.
123
396168
4145
养家糊口，供孩子上大学的人
做出合理的区分。
做出合理的区分。
06:52
So that's really what I'm asking here.
124
400337
3225
这便是我的诉求。
06:55
That's all that we need to start by doing.
125
403586
2835
是我们全部的行动起始点。
06:58
Can we start by recognizing
the skills, the occupations?
the skills, the occupations?
126
406868
4609
我们能从承认
这类技术与工作开始吗？
这类技术与工作开始吗？
07:03
We could transform the informal economy
by beginning with this recognition
by beginning with this recognition
127
411501
4624
我们可以改变非正式经济，
首先承认他们的身份，
首先承认他们的身份，
07:08
and then designing the customized
doorways for them to enter
doorways for them to enter
128
416149
4681
接着为它们定制加入
或合并于正式，
07:12
or integrate with the formal,
129
420854
2209
07:15
with the global,
130
423087
1304
全球化的
07:16
with the entire system.
131
424415
1711
整个系统的计划。
07:18
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
132
426150
1564
谢谢各位女士们，先生们。
07:19
(Applause)
133
427738
3721
（掌声）
Translated by Chelsea Luo
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Niti Bhan - Human-centered strategistThrough exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation.
Why you should listen
Niti Bhan is a global nomad whose life mission is to bridge the gap of understanding between cultures, contexts and continents. She brings a multicultural perspective to innovation for the informal economies of the emerging markets of the developing world. She is the founder and principal of Emerging Futures Lab, a multidisciplinary team of human-centered researchers, designers, engineers and economists who collaborate on design and innovation strategies for social impact and sustainable profit in the emerging consumer markets of sub-Saharan Africa.
Growing up as a third culture kid in the ASEAN of the 1970s exposed Bhan to the British and American systems of primary and secondary education whilst her university education in Engineering (Bangalore University), Design (National Institute of Design, India & the Institute of Design, IIT Chicago), and Business (majoring in Strategy at the Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh) gave her the experience of living and working across cultures and continents. Emerging Futures Lab came to life in San Francisco in 2005, operated between Singapore, the Netherlands, and East Africa from 2007 through 2013, and is now an established SME in Finland.
Niti Bhan | Speaker | TED.com