TEDGlobal 2017
Niti Bhan: The hidden opportunities of the informal economy
妮堤班恩: 非正式經濟的隱藏機會
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妮堤班恩研究非洲的非正式市場商業策略：小型商店、攤子、熟練的工匠及勞工，他們都是隱形的經濟引擎，讓非洲大陸的經濟能繼續運作。這些人很容易被視為避稅者、甚至罪犯。但她說明這部份的繁榮經濟是合法、值得投資的；並認為倘若我們如此做，就能創造許多工作機會。她說：「它們是富饒的公司和企業種子。我們能否從認可這些技能和職業開始呢？」
Niti Bhan - Human-centered strategist
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation. Full bio
Through exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The informal markets of Africa
are stereotypically seen
are stereotypically seen
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非洲的非正式市場
被很刻板印象地認為是混亂且懶散的。
00:16
as chaotic and lackadaisical.
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00:19
The downside of hearing
the word "informal"
the word "informal"
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聽到「非正式」這個詞的缺點就是
00:21
is this automatic grand
association we have,
association we have,
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會讓我們自動產生聯想，
00:24
which is very negative,
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且是很負面的聯想。
00:26
and it's had significant consequences
and economic losses,
and economic losses,
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它會有嚴重的後果和經濟上的損失，
00:30
easily adding -- or subtracting --
40 to 60 percent of the profit margin
40 to 60 percent of the profit margin
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很容易就會增加或減少
40%~60% 的毛利率，
40%~60% 的毛利率，
00:36
for the informal markets alone.
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這僅是非正式市場的數據。
00:39
As part of a task of mapping
the informal trade ecosystem,
the informal trade ecosystem,
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為了對映非正式貿易生態系統，
00:43
we've done an extensive literature review
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我們的部分工作是大量探討文獻，
00:46
of all the reports and research
on cross-border trade in East Africa,
on cross-border trade in East Africa,
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包括所有關於東非
跨境貿易的報告和研究，
跨境貿易的報告和研究，
00:51
going back 20 years.
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共回溯了二十年。
00:52
This was to prepare us for fieldwork
to understand what was the problem,
to understand what was the problem,
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讓我們準備好田野調查工作，
去實際了解問題，
去實際了解問題，
00:57
what was holding back informal trade
in the informal sector.
in the informal sector.
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到底是什麼讓非正式貿易
一直留在非正式部門中。
一直留在非正式部門中。
01:01
What we discovered
over the last 20 years was,
over the last 20 years was,
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我們發現過去二十年來，
沒有人去區分「非法」，
01:05
nobody had distinguished
between illicit --
between illicit --
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01:09
which is like smuggling or contraband
in the informal sector --
in the informal sector --
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像是非正式部門中的
走私或非法買賣，
走私或非法買賣，
01:13
from the legal but unrecorded,
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與「合法但沒被記錄的貿易」，
01:16
such as tomatoes, oranges, fruit.
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比如蕃茄、橘子、水果。
01:19
This criminalization --
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這種犯罪化──
01:22
what in Swahili refers to as "biashara,"
which is the trade or the commerce,
which is the trade or the commerce,
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斯華西里語的「biashara」
意思是貿易或商業，
意思是貿易或商業，
01:27
versus "magendo," which is
the smuggling or contraband --
the smuggling or contraband --
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相對於表示走私或非法買賣的
「magendo」──
「magendo」──
01:30
this criminalization
of the informal sector,
of the informal sector,
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這種把非正式部門犯罪化的現象──
01:34
in English, by not distinguishing
between these aspects,
between these aspects,
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在英文中並沒有區別這些面向──
01:38
easily can cost each African economy
between 60 to 80 percent addition
between 60 to 80 percent addition
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很容易就會讓每個非洲經濟體
在每年的 GDP 成長率上
增加了 60%~80% 的成本，
增加了 60%~80% 的成本，
01:43
on the annual GDP growth rate,
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01:46
because we are not recognizing the engine
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因為我們沒有認清
什麼是讓經濟持續運行和成長的引擎。
01:50
of what keeps the economies running.
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01:52
The informal sector is growing jobs
at four times the rate
at four times the rate
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非正式部門增加的工作機會
是傳統「正式」經濟──
01:56
of the traditional formal economy,
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有時被許多人稱為
「現代」經濟──的四倍。
「現代」經濟──的四倍。
01:58
or "modern" economy, as many call it.
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02:00
It offers employment and income
generation opportunities
generation opportunities
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它提供就業機會和金錢收入
02:04
to the most "unskilled"
in conventional disciplines.
in conventional disciplines.
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給傳統產業中最沒技術的人。
02:08
But can you make a french fry
machine out of an old car?
machine out of an old car?
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但你能用一台老車子
來做一台炸薯條機器嗎？
來做一台炸薯條機器嗎？
02:12
So, this, ladies and gentlemen,
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所以，各位先生女士，
02:15
is what so desperately needs
to be recognized.
to be recognized.
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這就是迫切需要被認清的事情。
02:19
As long as the current assumptions
hold that this is criminal,
hold that this is criminal,
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只要目前的假設仍然認為這是犯罪、
02:23
this is shadow,
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這是陰影、
02:24
this is illegal,
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這是非法的，
02:26
there will be no attempt at integrating
the informal economic ecosystem
the informal economic ecosystem
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就不會有人嘗試將
非正式經濟生態系統
非正式經濟生態系統
和正式或甚至全球
經濟生態系統做整合。
經濟生態系統做整合。
02:30
with the formal or even the global one.
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02:34
I'm going to tell you a story of Teresia,
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我要告訴各位關於泰瑞西雅的故事，
02:37
a trader who overturned
all our assumptions,
all our assumptions,
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她是個推翻我們所有假設的商人，
02:41
made us question all the stereotypes
that we'd gone in on,
that we'd gone in on,
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她讓我們質疑根據過去二十年文獻探討
02:45
based on 20 years of literature review.
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產生出的所有刻板印象。
02:49
Teresia sells clothes under a tree
in a town called Malaba,
in a town called Malaba,
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在一個叫馬拉巴的鎮上，
泰瑞西雅在樹下販售衣服，
泰瑞西雅在樹下販售衣服，
馬拉巴位在烏干達與肯亞的交界。
02:55
on the border of Uganda and Kenya.
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02:57
You think it's very simple, don't you?
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你認為這很簡單，是嗎？
03:00
We'll go hang up new clothes
from the branches,
from the branches,
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我們只要把新衣服掛在樹枝上，
03:03
put out the tarp, settle down,
wait for customers,
wait for customers,
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準備好防水布，
安頓好，等客人上門，
安頓好，等客人上門，
03:06
and there we have it.
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這樣就好了。
03:07
She was everything we were expecting
according to the literature,
according to the literature,
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她完全是我們根據文獻及研究
所期待的樣子，
03:11
to the research,
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03:12
right down to she was a single
mom driven to trade,
mom driven to trade,
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包括她是單親媽媽，被迫去做生意，
03:16
supporting her kids.
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以供養孩子。
03:19
So what overturned our assumptions?
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是什麼推翻了我們的假設？
03:21
What surprised us?
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什麼讓我們吃驚？
03:23
First, Teresia paid the county
government market fees
government market fees
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首先，泰瑞西雅每個工作日
都支付郡政府市場費，
03:27
every single working day
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03:28
for the privilege of setting
up shop under her tree.
up shop under her tree.
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才被允許在她的樹下設立商店。
03:32
She's been doing it for seven years,
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她七年來都這麼做，
03:34
and she's been getting receipts.
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且她一直有拿收據。
03:36
She keeps records.
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她都有做記錄。
03:38
We're seeing not a marginal,
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我們看到的並不是邊緣的、
03:41
underprivileged,
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弱勢的、
03:42
vulnerable African woman trader
by the side of the road -- no.
by the side of the road -- no.
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脆弱的非洲路邊女商人──不是。
03:48
We were seeing somebody
who's keeping sales records for years;
who's keeping sales records for years;
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我們看到的是數年來
都保有銷售記錄的人；
都保有銷售記錄的人；
03:52
somebody who had an entire ecosystem
of retail that comes in from Uganda
of retail that comes in from Uganda
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她有完整的零售生態系統，包括：
來自烏干達的回收存貨零售商，
03:58
to pick up inventory;
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04:01
someone who's got handcarts
bringing the goods in,
bringing the goods in,
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用以進貨的手推車，
04:05
or the mobile money agent
who comes to collect cash
who comes to collect cash
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以及晚上收攤後來收款的
行動貨幣代理人。
行動貨幣代理人。
04:08
at the end of the evening.
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04:09
Can you guess how much
Teresia spends, on average,
Teresia spends, on average,
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猜猜看泰瑞西雅
每個月在存貨上平均花多少錢？
04:13
each month on inventory --
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04:16
stocks of new clothes
that she gets from Nairobi?
that she gets from Nairobi?
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也就是她花多少錢
從奈洛比買進新的衣服？
從奈洛比買進新的衣服？
04:19
One thousand five hundred US dollars.
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$1,500 美金。
04:22
That's around 20,000 US dollars
invested in trade goods and services
invested in trade goods and services
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換算出來是每年投資
美金兩萬元在貿易商品
美金兩萬元在貿易商品
以及服務上。
04:27
every year.
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04:29
This is Teresia,
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這就是泰瑞西雅，
04:31
the invisible one,
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隱形人，
04:32
the hidden middle.
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隱藏的中間部份。
04:34
And she's only the first rung
of the small entrepreneurs,
of the small entrepreneurs,
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她只是這些市場小鎮中找得到的
04:38
the micro-businesses that can be found
in these market towns.
in these market towns.
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小型創業家、微企業的第一線而已。
04:42
At least in the larger Malaba border,
she's at the first rung.
she's at the first rung.
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至少她在更大的馬拉布邊境是第一線。
04:48
The people further up the value chain
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在價值鏈更上方的人
04:51
are easily running
three lines of business,
three lines of business,
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輕易就能經營三種行業，
04:54
investing 2,500 to 3,000
US dollars every month.
US dollars every month.
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每月投資 $2,500~$3,000 美金。
04:59
So the problem turned out
that it wasn't the criminalization;
that it wasn't the criminalization;
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結果發現了問題並不在於犯罪化；
05:03
you can't really criminalize someone
you're charging receipts from.
you're charging receipts from.
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你不能把你收了費
還給了收據的對象犯罪化。
還給了收據的對象犯罪化。
05:08
It's the lack of recognition
of their skilled occupations.
of their skilled occupations.
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問題在於缺乏
對於他們擅長之職業的認知。
對於他們擅長之職業的認知。
05:15
The bank systems and structures
have no means to recognize them
have no means to recognize them
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銀行制度和結構
無法將它們認可為微企業，
05:19
as micro-businesses,
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05:20
much less the fact that, you know,
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更不用說，你們知道的，
05:23
her tree doesn't have
a forwarding address.
a forwarding address.
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她的樹沒有轉交地址。
05:25
So she's trapped in the middle.
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所以她被困在中間。
05:28
She's falling through the cracks
of our assumptions.
of our assumptions.
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她落入我們假設間的裂縫。
05:30
You know all those microloans
to help African women traders?
to help African women traders?
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你們知道有微貸款可以
協助非洲女商人吧？
協助非洲女商人吧？
05:34
They're going to loan her
50 dollars or 100 dollars.
50 dollars or 100 dollars.
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這些貸款可以借她 $50 或 $100。
05:37
What's she going to do with it?
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用這些錢她能做什麼？
05:39
She spends 10 times
that amount every month
that amount every month
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她每個月的花費是十倍之多；
05:41
just on inventory --
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而且只是存貨的花費而已，
05:43
we're not talking about
the additional services
the additional services
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我們還沒談到額外的服務
05:45
or the support ecosystem.
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或是支援生態系統。
05:47
These are the ones who fit
neither the policy stereotype
neither the policy stereotype
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這些人既不符合
05:51
of the low-skilled and the marginalized,
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低技能、被邊緣化的政策刻板印象，
05:53
nor the white-collar,
salaried office worker
salaried office worker
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也不是坐辦公桌的白領薪水階級
05:56
or civil servant with a pension
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或領退休金的公職人員，
05:58
that the middle classes
are allegedly composed of.
are allegedly composed of.
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那些所謂的中產階級。
06:02
Instead, what we have here
are the proto-SMEs
are the proto-SMEs
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我們有的反而是中小型企業的雛形，
06:06
these are the fertile seeds
of businesses and enterprises
of businesses and enterprises
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是富饒的公司、企業種子，
06:10
that keep the engines running.
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它們能保持經濟的引擎運作，
06:12
They put food on your table.
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讓你能溫飽。
06:14
Even here in this hotel,
the invisible ones --
the invisible ones --
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即使在這個飯店中，隱形人──
06:17
the butchers, the bakers
the candlestick makers --
the candlestick makers --
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屠夫、麵包師、做蠟燭的人──
06:20
they make the machines
that make your french fries
that make your french fries
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他們製做你的炸薯條機器、
06:23
and they make your beds.
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製做你的床。
06:24
These are the invisible businesswomen
trading across borders,
trading across borders,
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她們是隱形的女商人，做跨境貿易，
06:29
all on the side of the road,
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都在路邊做生意，
06:31
and so they're invisible
to data gatherers.
to data gatherers.
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所以對於資料收集者而言
他們是隱形的。
他們是隱形的。
06:34
And they're mashed together
with the vast informal sector
with the vast informal sector
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而他們被算在廣大的
非正式部門當中，
非正式部門當中，
06:38
that doesn't bother to distinguish
between smugglers and tax evaders
between smugglers and tax evaders
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這個部門不願花心力去
把走私者、避稅者、
把走私者、避稅者、
06:43
and those running illegal whatnot,
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非法經營者，
06:46
and the ladies who trade,
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與做貿易的女子、
06:48
and who put food on the table
and send their kids to university.
and send their kids to university.
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為家計和送孩子上大學
而工作的女子給區別開來。
而工作的女子給區別開來。
06:52
So that's really what I'm asking here.
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所以，這是我在此要請求的。
06:55
That's all that we need to start by doing.
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我們需要開始有所行動。
06:58
Can we start by recognizing
the skills, the occupations?
the skills, the occupations?
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我們能否從認可
這些技能、職業開始？
這些技能、職業開始？
07:03
We could transform the informal economy
by beginning with this recognition
by beginning with this recognition
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從認可開始，
我們能轉換非正式經濟，
我們能轉換非正式經濟，
07:08
and then designing the customized
doorways for them to enter
doorways for them to enter
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接著設計出客製化的門徑讓他們進入，
07:12
or integrate with the formal,
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或和正式經濟、
07:15
with the global,
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全球經濟、
07:16
with the entire system.
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整個系統做整合。
07:18
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen.
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各位先生女士，謝謝你們。
07:19
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Niti Bhan - Human-centered strategistThrough exploratory and human-centered research, Niti Bhan discovers and makes tangible pragmatic opportunities for sustainable and inclusive value creation.
Why you should listen
Niti Bhan is a global nomad whose life mission is to bridge the gap of understanding between cultures, contexts and continents. She brings a multicultural perspective to innovation for the informal economies of the emerging markets of the developing world. She is the founder and principal of Emerging Futures Lab, a multidisciplinary team of human-centered researchers, designers, engineers and economists who collaborate on design and innovation strategies for social impact and sustainable profit in the emerging consumer markets of sub-Saharan Africa.
Growing up as a third culture kid in the ASEAN of the 1970s exposed Bhan to the British and American systems of primary and secondary education whilst her university education in Engineering (Bangalore University), Design (National Institute of Design, India & the Institute of Design, IIT Chicago), and Business (majoring in Strategy at the Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh) gave her the experience of living and working across cultures and continents. Emerging Futures Lab came to life in San Francisco in 2005, operated between Singapore, the Netherlands, and East Africa from 2007 through 2013, and is now an established SME in Finland.
Niti Bhan | Speaker | TED.com