TEDGlobal 2011
Rebecca MacKinnon: Let's take back the Internet!
Rebecca MacKinnon: 收回網路使用自主權!
Filmed:
Readability: 5.5
819,434 views
在TEDGlobal 的這個充滿撼動力的演說,Rebecca MacKinnon 描述存在於電子網際空間,日益擴大地競相爭求自由和支配,她提問:「我們如何可以負責任和自由地為核心設計出下個階段的網際網路,而非控制支配?」她相信,全球人民要求他們的政府保障言論自由和他們使用網路的權利時,就是引領網際網路邁向「大憲章」的時刻。
Rebecca MacKinnon - Internet freedom activist
Rebecca MacKinnon looks at issues of free expression, governance and democracy (or lack of) in the digital networks, platforms and services on which we are all more and more dependent. Full bio
Rebecca MacKinnon looks at issues of free expression, governance and democracy (or lack of) in the digital networks, platforms and services on which we are all more and more dependent. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
So I begin with an advertisement
0
0
3000
那麼我以個廣告作為開場,
00:18
inspired by George Orwell
1
3000
2000
其創作靈感來自喬治‧奧威爾
00:20
that Apple ran in 1984.
2
5000
3000
蘋果電腦(Apple) 在1984年推出的這個廣告。
00:32
(Video) Big Brother: We are one people
3
17000
2000
(視頻)老大哥(Big Brother):「我們是一個族群,
00:34
with one will, one resolve,
4
19000
3000
意志一致, 決心一致
00:37
one cause.
5
22000
2000
我們有共同的理想。
00:39
Our enemies shall talk themselves to death,
6
24000
3000
我們的敵人必定會一直講......講到他們自己煩死,
00:42
and we will fight them with their own confusion.
7
27000
3000
我們可藉其慌亂攻克他們。
00:47
We shall prevail.
8
32000
2000
我們將會戰勝。」
00:52
Narrator: On January 24th,
9
37000
2000
敍述者: 在1月24日,
00:54
Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh.
10
39000
3000
蘋果電腦將出「麥金塔」(Macintosh簡稱Mac)。
00:57
And you'll see why 1984
11
42000
3000
你將明白為何1984年
01:00
won't be like "1984."
12
45000
2000
會不同於《1984》。
01:02
Rebecca MacKinnon: So the underlying message of this video
13
47000
3000
Rebecca Mackinnon:可以說,這個短片所傳遞的基礎訊息
01:05
remains very powerful even today.
14
50000
3000
在今天仍然是非常具有影響力。
01:08
Technology created by innovative companies
15
53000
3000
由各家創新企業所創造的「科技」
01:11
will set us all free.
16
56000
3000
將會解放我們所有人。
01:14
Fast-forward more than two decades:
17
59000
3000
時間快進到20多年後,
01:17
Apple launches the iPhone in China
18
62000
3000
蘋果首度在中國推出iPhone時
01:20
and censors the Dalai Lama out
19
65000
2000
達賴喇嘛便遭審查出局,
01:22
along with several other politically sensitive applications
20
67000
3000
連帶其他幾個政治敏感的軟體,
01:25
at the request of the Chinese government
21
70000
2000
都是中國政府要求
01:27
for its Chinese app store.
22
72000
2000
Apple中國軟體商店審查刪除的。
01:29
The American political cartoonist
23
74000
2000
美國政治漫畫家
01:31
Mark Fiore
24
76000
2000
Mark Fiore,
01:33
also had his satire application
25
78000
2000
他的諷刺作品軟體也同樣
01:35
censored in the United States
26
80000
2000
在美國審查遭拒
01:37
because some of Apple's staff
27
82000
2000
因某些蘋果的軟體審查人員
01:39
were concerned it would be offensive to some groups.
28
84000
3000
顧及其諷刺作品會令某些團體反感,
01:42
His app wasn't reinstated
29
87000
2000
他的軟體未獲採用
01:44
until he won the Pulitzer Prize.
30
89000
3000
直到他贏得了普立茲獎 (Pulitzer Prize)才准獲用。
01:47
The German magazine Stern, a news magazine,
31
92000
3000
德國新聞週刋《明星》(Stern),
01:50
had its app censored
32
95000
2000
其軟體遭審查
01:52
because the Apple nannies deemed it
33
97000
2000
因Apple 「審查褓母」認為刋物內容
01:54
to be a little bit too racy for their users,
34
99000
3000
對apple的用戶來說,有點太過辛辣煽情,
01:57
and despite the fact that this magazine
35
102000
2000
儘管事實上這個週刋
01:59
is perfectly legal for sale
36
104000
2000
絶對是合法,可正當銷售
02:01
on newsstands throughout Germany.
37
106000
3000
在全德國的各個報攤都可見。
02:04
And more controversially, recently,
38
109000
2000
還有,最近備受爭議的是
02:06
Apple censored a Palestinian protest app
39
111000
3000
Apple 審查巴勒斯坦的抗議軟體
02:09
after the Israeli government voiced concerns
40
114000
3000
是因為以色列政府表示擔憂
02:12
that it might be used to organize violent attacks.
41
117000
3000
此類軟體可能被用來組織暴力攻擊。
02:15
So here's the thing.
42
120000
2000
這麼說來,事情是這樣的
02:17
We have a situation where private companies
43
122000
2000
有種情形 ── 私營的企業
02:19
are applying censorship standards
44
124000
3000
正施行審查制度規範,
02:22
that are often quite arbitrary
45
127000
3000
審查標準經常是相當地獨斷專制
02:25
and generally more narrow
46
130000
2000
並通常又更為嚴密,
02:27
than the free speech constitutional standards
47
132000
2000
比保證在民主國家人民擁有言論自由
02:29
that we have in democracies.
48
134000
2000
的憲法還要嚴苛。
02:31
Or they're responding to censorship requests
49
136000
3000
也就是說,他們回應審查制度的求要
02:34
by authoritarian regimes
50
139000
2000
是以專權的制度來處理,
02:36
that do not reflect consent of the governed.
51
141000
2000
這種制度未能反映人民意願。
02:38
Or they're responding to requests and concerns
52
143000
3000
換言之, 他們回應請求和關切的事情,
02:41
by governments that have no jurisdiction
53
146000
4000
是以不具審判權的管理形式
02:45
over many, or most, of the users and viewers
54
150000
3000
支配許多人,大部分是用戶和觀看者,
02:48
who are interacting with the content in question.
55
153000
3000
他們與這種制式的內容交流。
02:51
So here's the situation.
56
156000
2000
所以,情況是這樣的--
02:53
In a pre-Internet world,
57
158000
2000
在沒有網際網路前的世界
02:55
sovereignty over our physical freedoms,
58
160000
3000
國家主權支配著我們的物質自由,
02:58
or lack thereof,
59
163000
2000
或者說是缺乏物質自由,
03:00
was controlled almost entirely
60
165000
2000
幾乎完全受制於
03:02
by nation-states.
61
167000
2000
民族國家。
03:04
But now we have this new layer
62
169000
2000
但現在有新階層存在:
03:06
of private sovereignty
63
171000
2000
「私營的統治主權」
03:08
in cyberspace.
64
173000
2000
就存在於我們的電子網際空間(cyberspace)。
03:10
And their decisions about software coding,
65
175000
2000
而且他們作的決定,如:軟體編碼、
03:12
engineering, design, terms of service
66
177000
3000
工程設計、圖型設計、服務條款
03:15
all act as a kind of law
67
180000
2000
每每都具法律的作用,
03:17
that shapes what we can and cannot do with our digital lives.
68
182000
4000
規範我們的數位生活──我們可以做什麼;不可以什麼。
03:21
And their sovereignties,
69
186000
2000
況且他們的「統治主權」
03:23
cross-cutting, globally interlinked,
70
188000
2000
縱橫全球環環相扣,
03:25
can in some ways
71
190000
2000
就某些方面來說
03:27
challenge the sovereignties of nation-states
72
192000
2000
考驗民族國家的主權
03:29
in very exciting ways,
73
194000
2000
而且方式相當刺激。
03:31
but sometimes also act
74
196000
2000
但他們有時也採取行動,
03:33
to project and extend it
75
198000
2000
凸顯並擴展其「統治主權」
03:35
at a time when control
76
200000
2000
每次當控制、
03:37
over what people can and cannot do
77
202000
2000
支配人們可以如何處理
03:39
with information
78
204000
2000
資料信息時,
03:41
has more effect than ever
79
206000
2000
這樣的控制支配比任何時候都更有影響力,
03:43
on the exercise of power
80
208000
2000
深深的影響
03:45
in our physical world.
81
210000
3000
我們實質世界的權力運作。
03:48
After all, even the leader of the free world
82
213000
2000
最終,甚至是在自由世界的領導者,
03:50
needs a little help from the sultan of Facebookistan
83
215000
3000
都得求助於臉書(facebook)的蘇丹王(指facebook創辦人Mark Zuckerberg)
03:53
if he wants to get reelected next year.
84
218000
3000
若他明年還想要連任的話。
03:56
And these platforms
85
221000
2000
而且這些平台
03:58
were certainly very helpful
86
223000
2000
的確相當有用,
04:00
to activists in Tunisia and Egypt
87
225000
3000
對此次突尼西亞和埃及的改革行動大有幫助
04:03
this past spring and beyond.
88
228000
2000
──改革活動是在今春及稍後。
04:05
As Wael Ghonim,
89
230000
3000
戈寧(Wael Ghonim),
04:08
the Google-Egyptian-executive by day,
90
233000
3000
白天是Google 駐埃及主管,
04:11
secret-Facebook-activist by night,
91
236000
2000
夜晚則潛行於Facebook鼓吹抗議行動。
04:13
famously said to CNN
92
238000
2000
他受CNN採訪時,說了一句名言
04:15
after Mubarak stepped down,
93
240000
2000
就在穆巴拉克(Mubarak)下台後,他說:
04:17
"If you want to liberate a society,
94
242000
2000
「若你要解放一個社會,
04:19
just give them the Internet."
95
244000
2000
給他們一個網路便行了。」
04:21
But overthrowing a government is one thing
96
246000
2000
但推翻一個政府是一回事,
04:23
and building a stable democracy
97
248000
2000
建立一個穩健的民主政體,
04:25
is a bit more complicated.
98
250000
2000
這又更複雜了。
04:27
On the left there's a photo taken by an Egyptian activist
99
252000
3000
在左方的這張照片,是由埃及參與改革者拍下的,
04:30
who was part of the storming
100
255000
2000
他參與突擊
04:32
of the Egyptian state security offices in March.
101
257000
3000
埃及國安辦事處,就在今年三月份。
04:35
And many of the agents
102
260000
2000
許多國安情報人員
04:37
shredded as many of the documents as they could
103
262000
2000
儘可能地把檔案以碎紙機切碎
04:39
and left them behind in piles.
104
264000
2000
成堆地遺留在現場。
04:41
But some of the files were left behind intact,
105
266000
3000
但有些檔案文件還完好留著,
04:44
and activists, some of them,
106
269000
2000
而且某些參與改革者
04:46
found their own surveillance dossiers
107
271000
3000
發現他們自己受監視的卷宗:
04:49
full of transcripts of their email exchanges,
108
274000
3000
所有電子郵件往來的副本,
04:52
their cellphone text message exchanges,
109
277000
2000
手機簡訊收發的內容,
04:54
even Skype conversations.
110
279000
2000
甚至是Skype的通話。
04:56
And one activist actually found
111
281000
2000
其中有人還確實發現
04:58
a contract from a Western company
112
283000
3000
一份與西方世界某公司簽署的合約,
05:01
for the sale of surveillance technology
113
286000
2000
內容是出售監視科技系統
05:03
to the Egyptian security forces.
114
288000
2000
給埃及保安警察部門。
05:05
And Egyptian activists are assuming
115
290000
2000
可是埃及參改者認為
05:07
that these technologies for surveillance
116
292000
2000
這些監控系統
05:09
are still being used
117
294000
2000
還在被使用,
05:11
by the transitional authorities running the networks there.
118
296000
3000
現在則是由臨時管理組織接管電子及網路通訊。
05:15
And in Tunisia, censorship actually began to return in May --
119
300000
3000
而且五月時突尼西亞的審查制度又重新開始,
05:18
not nearly as extensively
120
303000
2000
審查範圍縮小
05:20
as under President Ben Ali.
121
305000
3000
不同於總統Ben Ali 執政時一般。
05:23
But you'll see here a blocked page
122
308000
2000
可是你可以看到有些網頁遭封鎖,
05:25
of what happens when you try to reach
123
310000
2000
你無法連結到某事件的Facebook網頁
05:27
certain Facebook pages and some other websites
124
312000
2000
和其他網站。
05:29
that the transitional authorities
125
314000
2000
因臨時管理組織
05:31
have determined might incite violence.
126
316000
3000
已確定網頁內容可能會煽動暴亂。
05:34
In protest over this,
127
319000
2000
為抗議網頁遭封鎖,
05:36
blogger Slim Amamou,
128
321000
2000
博客Slim Amamou
05:38
who had been jailed under Ben Ali
129
323000
2000
在Ben Ali 執政時已入獄。
05:40
and then became part of the transitional government
130
325000
2000
後來在革命後,他成為
05:42
after the revolution,
131
327000
2000
臨時政府的一員。
05:44
he resigned in protest from the cabinet.
132
329000
3000
為了抗議網頁封鎖,他退出內閣。
05:47
But there's been a lot of debate in Tunisia
133
332000
2000
但是在突尼西亞一直存在著許多的爭議,
05:49
about how to handle this kind of problem.
134
334000
2000
關於如何處置這個問題眾說紛紜。
05:51
In fact, on Twitter,
135
336000
2000
事實上,在Twitter上
05:53
there were a number of people who were supportive of the revolution
136
338000
2000
有很多支持改革的人
05:55
who said, "Well actually,
137
340000
2000
他們說:「其實,
05:57
we do want democracy and free expression,
138
342000
2000
我們的確要求民主政體和言論自由,
05:59
but there is some kinds of speech that need to be off-bounds
139
344000
3000
但是某些類型的言論有需要被限制
06:02
because it's too violent and it might be destabilizing for our democracy.
140
347000
3000
因為那太過暴力而且可能會破壞民主。」
06:05
But the problem is,
141
350000
2000
但問題是
06:07
how do you decide who is in power to make these decisions
142
352000
3000
如何決定誰有權作決定,
06:10
and how do you make sure
143
355000
2000
並且如何能確保
06:12
that they do not abuse their power?
144
357000
2000
他們不濫權?
06:14
As Riadh Guerfali,
145
359000
2000
Riadh Guerfali 是善用數位
06:16
the veteran digital activist from Tunisia,
146
361000
2000
鼓動改革的突尼西亞資深科技人。
06:18
remarked over this incident,
147
363000
2000
他對該事件作評論:
06:20
"Before, things were simple:
148
365000
2000
「在以前人事結構簡單──
06:22
you had the good guys on one side and the bad guys on the other.
149
367000
3000
好人是一派,另一派是壞人。
06:25
Today, things are a lot more subtle."
150
370000
3000
今天,人事更加的微妙且複雜。」
06:28
Welcome to democracy, our Tunisian and Egyptian friends.
151
373000
3000
歡迎到民主世界, 我們的突尼西亞和埃及朋友們。
06:31
The reality is
152
376000
2000
事實是,
06:33
that even in democratic societies today,
153
378000
3000
即便是處於今日的民主社會,
06:36
we do not have good answers
154
381000
2000
我們沒有合適的答案來回應──
06:38
for how you balance the need
155
383000
2000
你要如何平衡需要:
06:40
for security and law enforcement on one hand
156
385000
3000
一方面是保安和法律實行的需要,
06:43
and protection of civil liberties
157
388000
2000
另一方面則是保障公民自由
06:45
and free speech on the other
158
390000
2000
和論事自由的需要,
06:47
in our digital networks.
159
392000
2000
在我們的數位網路世界。
06:49
In fact, in the United States,
160
394000
2000
事實上,在美國
06:51
whatever you may think of Julian Assange,
161
396000
3000
無論你如何想Julian Assange(維基揭密創辦人)
06:54
even people who are not necessarily big fans of his
162
399000
3000
即便不是他的擁護者,
06:57
are very concerned about the way
163
402000
2000
也非常關切
06:59
in which the United States government and some companies have handled Wikileaks.
164
404000
3000
美國當局和企業如何對待「維基揭密」。
07:02
Amazon webhosting dropped Wikileaks as a customer
165
407000
3000
亞馬遜將「維基揭密」逐出其雲端平台,
07:05
after receiving a complaint from U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman,
166
410000
4000
因為收到美國參議員Joe Lieberman的抗議。
07:09
despite the fact
167
414000
2000
儘管實際上
07:11
that Wikileaks had not been charged,
168
416000
2000
「維基揭密」沒被控告,
07:13
let alone convicted,
169
418000
2000
更別提被宣判
07:15
of any crime.
170
420000
3000
任何罪名。
07:18
So we assume
171
423000
2000
我們認為
07:20
that the Internet is a border-busting technology.
172
425000
3000
網路是跨越疆界的科技。
07:23
This is a map of social networks worldwide,
173
428000
3000
這是一個全球社交網絡地圖,
07:26
and certainly Facebook has conquered much of the world --
174
431000
3000
毫無疑問Facebook已佔領世界版圖多數面積,
07:29
which is either a good or a bad thing,
175
434000
2000
這不是件好事,就是件壞事
07:31
depending on how you like
176
436000
2000
全憑你怎麼看待
07:33
the way Facebook manages its service.
177
438000
2000
Facebook如何經營網站服務的方式。
07:35
But borders do persist
178
440000
2000
但是疆界持續存在於
07:37
in some parts of cyberspace.
179
442000
2000
某些電子網際空間。
07:39
In Brazil and Japan,
180
444000
2000
好比巴西和日本的
07:41
it's for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.
181
446000
3000
疆界存在是因為獨特的文化和語言的原故。
07:44
But if you look at China, Vietnam
182
449000
2000
但是若你瞧瞧中國、越南
07:46
and a number of the former Soviet states,
183
451000
3000
和前蘇聯,
07:49
what's happening there is more troubling.
184
454000
2000
事情就更為棘手。
07:51
You have a situation
185
456000
2000
有個情形──
07:53
where the relationship between government
186
458000
2000
政府
07:55
and local social networking companies
187
460000
3000
和當地社群網站公司往來的關係
07:58
is creating a situation
188
463000
2000
正形成了一種局面──
08:00
where, effectively,
189
465000
2000
實際上,
08:02
the empowering potential of these platforms
190
467000
3000
這些社交平台的自主力
08:05
is being constrained
191
470000
2000
是受牽制的,
08:07
because of these relationships
192
472000
2000
因為這層「關係」存在於
08:09
between companies and government.
193
474000
2000
企業和政府的所致。
08:11
Now in China,
194
476000
2000
目前在中國
08:13
you have the "great firewall," as it's well-known,
195
478000
2000
有一種「長城防火牆」相當有名,
08:15
that blocks Facebook
196
480000
2000
封鎖Facebook、
08:17
and Twitter and now Google+
197
482000
3000
Twitter、Google+
08:20
and many of the other overseas websites.
198
485000
3000
和很多其他國外的網站。
08:23
And that's done in part with the help from Western technology.
199
488000
3000
其功能之強,大部分是拜西方科技的協助所賜。
08:26
But that's only half of the story.
200
491000
3000
這還不是故事的全貌。
08:29
The other part of the story
201
494000
2000
故事的下半部是
08:31
are requirements that the Chinese government places
202
496000
3000
中國當局開出條件,
08:34
on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet,
203
499000
3000
要求所有在中國網路營運的企業
08:37
known as a system of self-discipline.
204
502000
2000
─據了解是一套「自律系統」--
08:39
In plain English, that means censorship and surveillance
205
504000
3000
以易懂的英文來說, 施行審查制度
08:42
of their users.
206
507000
2000
監控網路用戶。
08:44
And this is a ceremony I actually attended in 2009
207
509000
3000
這個典禮在2009年舉辦,我實際參與該典禮。
08:47
where the Internet Society of China presented awards
208
512000
3000
典禮上,中國互聯網協會頒獎
08:50
to the top 20 Chinese companies
209
515000
3000
給20家最佳中國企業
08:53
that are best at exercising self-discipline --
210
518000
3000
「自律及監控執行」的傑出貢獻─
08:56
i.e. policing their content.
211
521000
2000
也就是監控他們的網站內容。
08:58
And Robin Li, CEO of Baidu,
212
523000
3000
百度執行長李彥宏
09:01
China's dominant search engine,
213
526000
2000
經營中國最大的搜尋引擎,
09:03
was one of the recipients.
214
528000
3000
也是領獎人之一。
09:06
In Russia, they do not generally block the Internet
215
531000
4000
在俄羅斯他們通常不封鎖網際網路
09:10
and directly censor websites.
216
535000
2000
或直接偵查網站。
09:12
But this is a website called Rospil
217
537000
2000
但是有一個網站叫Rospil
09:14
that's an anti-corruption site.
218
539000
2000
是一個反賄賂的網站
09:16
And earlier this year,
219
541000
2000
今年稍早時,
09:18
there was a troubling incident
220
543000
2000
有一件惱人的事發生。
09:20
where people who had made donations to Rospil
221
545000
3000
那些捐款給Rospil的人
09:23
through a payments processing system
222
548000
2000
透過一種付款處理系統捐款,
09:25
called Yandex Money
223
550000
2000
這系統叫Yandex Money
09:27
suddenly received threatening phone calls
224
552000
2000
捐款人突然接到威脅電話,
09:29
from members of a nationalist party
225
554000
3000
由國家黨黨員打來的。
09:32
who had obtained details
226
557000
2000
他們獲得詳情
09:34
about donors to Rospil
227
559000
3000
內容是關於這些人捐款給Rospil,
09:37
through members of the security services
228
562000
2000
細節是由政府安全部門提供,
09:39
who had somehow obtained this information
229
564000
3000
資料來源是從
09:42
from people at Yandex Money.
230
567000
3000
Yandex Money內部取得。
09:45
This has a chilling effect
231
570000
2000
這種寒蟬效應
09:47
on people's ability to use the Internet
232
572000
2000
影響人們使用網路的能力
09:49
to hold government accountable.
233
574000
3000
來監督政府責任。
09:52
So we have a situation in the world today
234
577000
2000
今天這個世界存在一種狀況
09:54
where in more and more countries
235
579000
2000
愈來愈多的國家
09:56
the relationship between citizens and governments
236
581000
3000
人民和政府的關係
09:59
is mediated through the Internet,
237
584000
3000
是透過網路傳達的
10:02
which is comprised primarily
238
587000
2000
而且主要是由
10:04
of privately owned and operated services.
239
589000
4000
私營的和受操作的服務所構成的。
10:08
So the important question, I think,
240
593000
2000
我認為最重要的問題
10:10
is not this debate over whether the Internet
241
595000
2000
不是爭論是否網路
10:12
is going to help the good guys more than the bad guys.
242
597000
3000
能幫助好人多於壞人。
10:15
Of course, it's going to empower
243
600000
2000
當然它有益於
10:17
whoever is most skilled at using the technology
244
602000
3000
任何最善用科技
10:20
and best understands the Internet
245
605000
2000
和最熟悉網路的人
10:22
in comparison with whoever their adversary is.
246
607000
3000
無論他們的對手是誰。
10:25
The most urgent question we need to be asking today
247
610000
3000
今天我們必須問的最迫切的問題是
10:28
is how do we make sure
248
613000
2000
我們如何確保
10:30
that the Internet evolves
249
615000
2000
網路的發展
10:32
in a citizen-centric manner.
250
617000
3000
是以服務人民為本的方式。
10:35
Because I think all of you will agree
251
620000
2000
我想大家都會同意
10:37
that the only legitimate purpose of government
252
622000
3000
政府存在的唯一公正合理的使命
10:40
is to serve citizens,
253
625000
2000
是服務人民。
10:42
and I would argue
254
627000
2000
而且我會主張
10:44
that the only legitimate purpose of technology
255
629000
2000
科技唯一的正當合法的目的
10:46
is to improve our lives,
256
631000
2000
是改善且提昇人民生活,
10:48
not to manipulate or enslave us.
257
633000
4000
而非操控或奴役人民。
10:53
So the question is,
258
638000
2000
所以問題是
10:55
we know how to hold government accountable.
259
640000
2000
我們要知道如何追究政府的責任。
10:57
We don't necessarily always do it very well,
260
642000
2000
我們不必總是作的非常好,
10:59
but we have a sense of what the models are,
261
644000
3000
但是我們要懂得運用各種形式──
11:02
politically and institutionally, to do that.
262
647000
2000
利用政治和法規的手段去處理。
11:04
How do you hold the sovereigns of cyberspace
263
649000
2000
而你如何讓電子網際空間的統治者
11:06
accountable to the public interest
264
651000
2000
對公眾(共)利益負責,
11:08
when most CEO's argue
265
653000
2000
當大多數的執行長主張
11:10
that their main obligation
266
655000
2000
他們的主要義務
11:12
is to maximize shareholder profit?
267
657000
2000
是擴大股東利潤?
11:14
And government regulation
268
659000
2000
而且政府法令
11:16
often isn't helping all that much.
269
661000
2000
經常管不到那麼的多。
11:18
You have situations, for instance, in France
270
663000
2000
有很多情形, 舉例來說,在法國
11:20
where president Sarkozy
271
665000
2000
總統Sarkozy
11:22
tells the CEO's of Internet companies,
272
667000
2000
告訴網路公司執行長們
11:24
"We're the only legitimate representatives
273
669000
2000
:「我們是唯一合法的
11:26
of the public interest."
274
671000
2000
公眾利益代表。」
11:28
But then he goes and champions laws
275
673000
2000
但然後他進而公開維護法律──
11:30
like the infamous "three-strikes" law
276
675000
2000
那種可惡的「三振(出局)法」(three strikes),
11:32
that would disconnect citizens from the Internet
277
677000
2000
中斷人民網路連線
11:34
for file sharing,
278
679000
2000
禁止檔案分享,
11:36
which has been condemned by the U.N. Special Rapporteur
279
681000
3000
這已被聯合國特別書記讉責為
11:39
on Freedom of Expression
280
684000
2000
─就言論自由而言─
11:41
as being a disproportionate violation
281
686000
3000
不合理的侵犯
11:44
of citizens' right to communications,
282
689000
2000
人民通訊交流的權利,
11:46
and has raised questions amongst civil society groups
283
691000
3000
在公民社團間已有反對的聲浪,
11:49
about whether
284
694000
2000
他們質疑是否
11:51
some political representatives
285
696000
2000
某些政客
11:53
are more interested in preserving
286
698000
2000
更感興趣的是維護
11:55
the interests of the entertainment industry
287
700000
3000
娛樂業的利益
11:58
than they are in defending the rights of their citizens.
288
703000
2000
非捍衛人民的權利。
12:00
And here in the United Kingdom
289
705000
2000
而在這兒的英國
12:02
there's also concern over
290
707000
2000
也有令人關切的法令──
12:04
a law called the Digital Economy Act
291
709000
2000
數位經濟法案(Digital Economy Act)
12:06
that's placing more onus
292
711000
2000
下放更多的舉證責任
12:08
on private intermediaries
293
713000
2000
給私營仲介,
12:10
to police citizen behavior.
294
715000
4000
以監管人民的行為。
12:14
So what we need to recognize
295
719000
2000
所以,我們必須承認的是
12:16
is that if we want to have
296
721000
2000
在未來,若我們要有
12:18
a citizen-centric Internet in the future,
297
723000
3000
以服務人民為本的網際網路,
12:21
we need a broader and more sustained
298
726000
2000
我們需要一個更全面且長久持續的
12:23
Internet freedom movement.
299
728000
2000
網路自由發展。
12:25
After all, companies didn't stop polluting groundwater
300
730000
3000
畢竟,企業並沒有停止污染地下水,
12:28
as a matter of course,
301
733000
3000
即使理所當然該停止,
12:31
or employing 10-year-olds as a matter of course,
302
736000
2000
或者理所當然地停止僱用10歲的孩子,
12:33
just because executives woke up one day
303
738000
2000
僅僅因為某天主管開始察覺到,
12:35
and decided it was the right thing to do.
304
740000
3000
並決定這是正確且該做的事。
12:38
It was the result of decades of sustained activism,
305
743000
2000
這是由於數十年長期持續的積極行為,
12:40
shareholder advocacy
306
745000
2000
維護股東權利,
12:42
and consumer advocacy.
307
747000
2000
和保護消費者權益的結果。
12:44
Similarly, governments don't enact
308
749000
4000
同樣地,政府制定
12:48
intelligent environmental and labor laws
309
753000
3000
聰明的環境保護和勞動法規
12:51
just because politicians wake up one day.
310
756000
3000
不僅僅是因政治官員某天開始認為這才符合人民利益。
12:54
It's the result of very sustained and prolonged
311
759000
2000
這是源於日積月累的
12:56
political activism
312
761000
2000
政治積極行為──
12:58
that you get the right regulations,
313
763000
2000
制定公正合理的法規
13:00
and that you get the right corporate behavior.
314
765000
2000
你就能有效地規範團體行為。
13:02
We need to make the same approach
315
767000
2000
我們必須以同樣的舉措
13:04
with the Internet.
316
769000
2000
對待網際網路的世界。
13:06
We also are going to need
317
771000
2000
我們也要求
13:08
political innovation.
318
773000
2000
政治革新。
13:10
Eight hundred years ago, approximately,
319
775000
3000
大約800年以前,
13:13
the barons of England decided
320
778000
2000
英國貴族決定
13:15
that the Divine Right of Kings
321
780000
2000
神授君權
13:17
was no longer working for them so well,
322
782000
3000
對他們不再適用,
13:20
and they forced King John
323
785000
2000
他們逼迫約翰國王
13:22
to sign the Magna Carta,
324
787000
3000
簽署大憲章(拉丁語:Magna Carta)
13:25
which recognized
325
790000
2000
其內容是承認
13:27
that even the king
326
792000
2000
即便君王
13:29
who claimed to have divine rule
327
794000
3000
主張上帝賦予其統治權,
13:32
still had to abide by a basic set of rules.
328
797000
3000
仍必須遵守基本的規則。
13:35
This set off a cycle
329
800000
3000
這事件引發了一個循環
13:38
of what we can call political innovation,
330
803000
2000
我們可稱之為「政治革新」,
13:40
which led eventually to the idea of consent of the governed --
331
805000
3000
終究導向以「人民之意願」的概念
13:43
which was implemented for the first time
332
808000
3000
首次將此概念付諸行動的是
13:46
by that radical revolutionary government
333
811000
3000
激進的革命政府──
13:49
in America across the pond.
334
814000
3000
橫越大西洋另一邊的美國。
13:52
So now we need to figure out
335
817000
3000
所以現在我們必須想出
13:55
how to build consent of the networked.
336
820000
2000
如何建立「網路使用者之意願」,
13:57
And what does that look like?
337
822000
2000
那會是怎麼樣?
13:59
At the moment, we still don't know.
338
824000
3000
此時我們仍不知道。
14:02
But it's going to require innovation
339
827000
4000
但革新是必然的,
14:06
that's not only going to need
340
831000
3000
不只是
14:09
to focus on politics,
341
834000
2000
將焦點放在政治領域、
14:11
on geopolitics,
342
836000
2000
地緣政治領域,
14:13
but it's also going to need
343
838000
2000
而是也必須
14:15
to deal with questions
344
840000
3000
處理一些問題,
14:18
of business management, investor behavior,
345
843000
3000
有關商業管理、投資行為、
14:21
consumer choice
346
846000
2000
顧客選擇、
14:23
and even software design and engineering.
347
848000
4000
甚至是軟體設計和工程設計的議題。
14:27
Each and every one of us has a vital part to play
348
852000
3000
我們每個人都扮演重要的角色
14:30
in building the kind of world
349
855000
3000
去創造這樣的世界──
14:33
in which government and technology
350
858000
3000
政府組織和科技技術
14:36
serve the world's people and not the other way around.
351
861000
3000
是為服務世界人民而非其他不合理意圖。
14:39
Thank you very much.
352
864000
2000
非常謝謝大家。
14:41
(Applause)
353
866000
5000
(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca MacKinnon - Internet freedom activistRebecca MacKinnon looks at issues of free expression, governance and democracy (or lack of) in the digital networks, platforms and services on which we are all more and more dependent.
Why you should listen
Rebecca MacKinnon is the director of the Ranking Digital Rights project at New America, which recently released its inaugural Corporate Accountability Index, ranking 16 Internet and telecommunications companies on their commitments, policies and practices affecting users’ freedom of expression and privacy. (An expanded Index will be released in 2017.) She is the author of Consent of the Networked, a book investigating the future of liberty in the Internet age, and has been engaging in the debate about how to fight global terrorism while keeping a free and open Internet. A former head of CNN's Beijing and Tokyo bureaus, MacKinnon is an expert on Chinese Internet censorship and is one of the founders (with Ethan Zuckerman) of the Global Voices Online blog network.
Rebecca MacKinnon | Speaker | TED.com