TEDxBoston 2011
Jay Bradner: Open-source cancer research
Jay Bradner:開源癌症研究
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癌細胞如何知道自己是癌細胞呢？在Jay Bradner的實驗室，他們發現了一個或許能夠揭開這個疑問的分子，JQ1 -- 然而他們沒有為這個發現申請專利，卻將其發表並向40多個實驗室寄送了樣本以供研究。讓我們一睹未來開源醫療研究！
Jay Bradner - Research scientist
In his lab, Jay Bradner, a researcher at Harvard and Dana Farber in Boston, works on a breakthrough approach for subverting cancer .. and he’s giving the secret away. Full bio
In his lab, Jay Bradner, a researcher at Harvard and Dana Farber in Boston, works on a breakthrough approach for subverting cancer .. and he’s giving the secret away. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I moved to Boston 10 years ago, from Chicago,
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10年前我從芝加哥搬到波士頓，
00:19
with an interest in cancer and in chemistry.
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對癌症和化學滿懷興趣。
00:22
You might know that chemistry is the science of making molecules --
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化學是一項製造分子的科學＝
00:25
or to my taste, new drugs for cancer.
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或者對我而言，對抗癌症的新興藥劑。
00:29
And you might also know that, for science and medicine,
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對於科學與醫藥行業而言，
00:32
Boston is a bit of a candy store.
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波士頓好比是一個糖果店。
00:35
You can't roll a stop sign in Cambridge
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在Cambridge你到處都能
00:38
without hitting a graduate student.
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碰到研究所的學生。
00:40
The bar is called the Miracle of Science.
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酒吧的名字叫做科學的奇蹟。
00:42
The billboards say "Lab Space Available."
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看板上寫著“實驗室開放”。
00:46
And it's fair to say that in these 10 years,
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可以很肯定地說在這10年中
00:48
we've witnessed absolutely the start
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我們已經目睹了
00:51
of a scientific revolution -- that of genome medicine.
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一場基因藥物革命的開始。
00:54
We know more about the patients that enter our clinic now
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我們對現在來到診所的病患的瞭解
00:56
than ever before.
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比從前任何時候都更多更詳細。
00:58
And we're able, finally, to answer the question
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我們終於可以回答
01:00
that's been so pressing for so many years:
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這個多年來的疑問：
01:03
why do I have cancer?
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為甚麼我會患癌症？
01:06
This information is also pretty staggering.
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這信息本身也是非常令人震驚。
01:08
You might know that,
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你也許知道，
01:10
so far in just the dawn of this revolution,
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這場革命只是剛剛開始，
01:12
we know that there are perhaps 40,000 unique mutations
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我們瞭解到有大約4萬個獨特的異變
01:15
affecting more than 10,000 genes,
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影響超過1萬個基因，
01:18
and that there are 500 of these genes
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其中有500個基因
01:20
that are bona-fide drivers,
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是引發癌症的
01:22
causes of cancer.
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元兇和原因。
01:24
Yet comparatively,
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然而相比較下
01:26
we have about a dozen targeted medications.
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我們只有大約十來種標靶藥物。
01:29
And this inadequacy of cancer medicine
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癌症藥物稀缺的情況也出現在
01:32
really hit home when my father was diagnosed
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我的家庭，那時我的父親被
01:34
with pancreatic cancer.
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診斷為胰腺癌。
01:37
We didn't fly him to Boston.
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我們沒有帶他來到波士頓。
01:39
We didn't sequence his genome.
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也沒有為他進行基因組測序。
01:41
It's been known for decades
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導致這個惡性腫瘤的原因
01:43
what causes this malignancy.
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數十年前就已明瞭。
01:45
It's three proteins --
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就是這三個蛋白質
01:47
Ras, Myc and P53.
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Ras, MIC和P53.
01:50
This is old information we've known since about the 80s,
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這是自80年代起我們就知道的信息。
01:53
yet there's no medicine I can prescribe
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即使是這樣我也不能
01:55
to a patient with this
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為一位患上這種或者許多其他種
01:57
or any of the numerous solid tumors
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由這三個癌症的誘因
01:59
caused by these three horsemen
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而發生的固態腫瘤的
02:01
of the apocalypse that is cancer.
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病人開出藥方。
02:04
There's no Ras, no Myc, no P53 drug.
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針對Ras, MIC, P53的藥並不存在。
02:07
And you might fairly ask: why is that?
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你可能會質疑：為甚麼沒有呢？
02:09
And the very unsatisfying, yet scientific, answer
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儘管這樣的答案可能令人失望，但是卻是事實：
02:12
is it's too hard.
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太難了。
02:14
That for whatever reason,
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由於某些原因，
02:16
these three proteins have entered a space in the language of our field
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這些蛋白質，用行業術語來描述，
02:19
that's called the undruggable genome --
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就是無藥可醫的基因--
02:21
which is like calling a computer unsurfable
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就像一台電腦無法上網
02:23
or the Moon unwalkable.
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或者不能登陸的月球。
02:25
It's a horrible term of trade.
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這是非常糟糕的贸易條件。
02:27
But what it means
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我的意思是
02:29
is that we fail to identify a greasy pocket in these proteins,
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在這些蛋白質中很難找到那個小孔，
02:31
into which we, like molecular locksmiths,
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好讓我們這些分子世界里的鎖匠
02:34
can fashion an active, small, organic molecule
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能製作出一個小巧的有機分子
02:37
or drug substance.
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或者是藥物。
02:39
Now as I was training in clinical medicine
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當我在接受臨床醫學，
02:41
and hematology and oncology
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血液學，腫瘤學
02:43
and stem cell transplantation,
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和干細胞移植的培訓時,
02:45
what we had instead,
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我們反而有的是，
02:47
cascading through the regulatory network at the FDA,
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食品藥品管理局地管理網絡上充斥著的
02:50
were these substances --
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是這些成份--
02:52
arsenic, thalidomide
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砷，鎮靜劑,
02:54
and this chemical derivative
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還有氮介子氣
02:56
of nitrogen mustard gas.
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的化學衍生物。
02:58
And this is the 21st century.
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現在這是21世紀。
03:01
And so, I guess you'd say, dissatisfied
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所以我想大家一定對這些
03:03
with the performance and quality of these medicines,
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藥物的療效和質量並不滿意。
03:05
I went back to school in chemistry
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我帶著這個想法
03:08
with the idea
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回到學校研究化學。
03:10
that perhaps by learning the trade of discovery chemistry
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想著或許在這開源與
03:13
and approaching it in the context of this brave new world
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外包的新世界中
03:16
of the open-source,
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做發現性的
03:18
the crowd-source,
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化學研究。
03:20
the collaborative network that we have access to within academia,
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在學院所有的合作性網絡中，
03:23
that we might more quickly
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我們或許可以
03:25
bring powerful and targeted therapies
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更快地把強力的標靶
03:27
to our patients.
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療法帶給病患者。
03:29
And so please consider this a work in progress,
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這是一個還在進行中的作業，
03:32
but I'd like to tell you today a story
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我想向大家講述一個故事，
03:34
about a very rare cancer
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是關於一種很稀有的癌症
03:36
called midline carcinoma,
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稱為中線癌，
03:38
about the protein target,
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也是關於一個蛋白質目標，
03:40
the undruggable protein target that causes this cancer,
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導致癌症的無藥可醫的蛋白質目標，
03:42
called BRD4,
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稱為BRD4,
03:44
and about a molecule
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還有一個分子
03:46
developed at my lab at Dana Farber Cancer Institute
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由我在Dana Farber癌症研究院的實驗室開發
03:48
called JQ1, which we affectionately named for Jun Qi,
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稱為JQ1,被我們親切地用Jun Qi的名字來命名，
03:51
the chemist that made this molecule.
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他是製造出這個分子的化學家。
03:54
Now BRD4 is an interesting protein.
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BRD4是一個有趣的蛋白質。
03:57
You might ask yourself, with all the things cancer's trying to do to kill our patient,
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你可能會好奇，癌症竭盡所能地殺死病患，
04:00
how does it remember it's cancer?
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它自己怎麼記得自己是癌細胞？
04:02
When it winds up its genome,
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當它收起自己的基因組
04:04
divides into two cells and unwinds again,
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分裂成2個細胞再鬆開，
04:06
why does it not turn into an eye, into a liver,
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為甚麼它沒有變成一隻眼或者是一個肝臟，
04:08
as it has all the genes necessary to do this?
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儘管它所擁有的基因完全可以做到這些？
04:11
It remembers that it's cancer.
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它仍然記得自己是癌細胞。
04:13
And the reason is that cancer, like every cell in the body,
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其原因就是癌細胞就好像身體里的其他細胞
04:16
places little molecular bookmarks,
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有一個小小的分子書簽，
04:18
little Post-it notes,
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一個小便條，
04:20
that remind the cell "I'm cancer; I should keep growing."
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提醒它自己「 我是癌細胞，我應該繼續生長。」
04:23
And those Post-it notes
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這些便條
04:25
involve this and other proteins of its class --
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包含它自己還有其他相同種類--
04:27
so-called bromodomains.
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被稱為Bromodomains的蛋白質。
04:29
So we developed an idea, a rationale,
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我們得出了一個想法，
04:32
that perhaps, if we made a molecule
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如果我們製造一個分子
04:34
that prevented the Post-it note from sticking
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通過進入這個蛋白質底部
04:36
by entering into the little pocket
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的小口袋中，來防止
04:38
at the base of this spinning protein,
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這些便條黏在上面,
04:40
then maybe we could convince cancer cells,
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這樣也許我們就可以告訴這些癌細胞
04:42
certainly those addicted to this BRD4 protein,
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它們不是癌。特別是那些嗜BRD4
04:45
that they're not cancer.
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蛋白質的細胞。
04:47
And so we started to work on this problem.
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我們對這個問題展開工作，
04:49
We developed libraries of compounds
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研製了各式各樣的成份
04:51
and eventually arrived at this and similar substances
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最終得到了這種物質
04:54
called JQ1.
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叫做JQ1。
04:56
Now not being a drug company,
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我們並不是一家醫藥公司，
04:58
we could do certain things, we had certain flexibilities,
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所以有一些事情我們可以做，我們有這樣的自由度，
05:01
that I respect that a pharmaceutical industry doesn't have.
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這是醫藥企業所沒有的。
05:04
We just started mailing it to our friends.
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我們開始把樣本郵寄給朋友們。
05:06
I have a small lab.
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我自己有一個小的實驗室。
05:08
We thought we'd just send it to people and see how the molecule behaves.
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我們想把這個樣本寄給別人來觀察這個分子表現如何。
05:10
And we sent it to Oxford, England
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我們寄了一份給英國牛津的
05:12
where a group of talented crystallographers provided this picture,
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一群才華橫溢的結晶學家提供了這幅圖片，
05:15
which helped us understand
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幫助我們瞭解了
05:17
exactly how this molecule is so potent for this protein target.
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這個分子為何對這個蛋白質目標如此有效。
05:20
It's what we call a perfect fit
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我們稱之為完美的
05:22
of shape complimentarity, or hand in glove.
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形狀互補，非常緊密。
05:24
Now this is a very rare cancer,
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這是一種非常罕見的癌症。
05:26
this BRD4-addicted cancer.
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這個嗜BRD4的癌症。
05:28
And so we worked with samples of material
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我們對從Brigham女性醫院
05:31
that were collected by young pathologists at Brigham Women's Hospital.
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年輕的病理學家採集的樣本展開研究。
05:34
And as we treated these cells with this molecule,
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當我們用這個分子來對付這些細胞
05:37
we observed something really striking.
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我們觀察到了一些非常驚人的現象。
05:39
The cancer cells,
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這些癌細胞,
05:41
small, round and rapidly dividing,
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這些小小的，圓形並快速的分裂著的癌細胞
05:43
grew these arms and extensions.
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長出了「 手臂 」和其他延伸。
05:45
They were changing shape.
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它們改變了形狀。
05:47
In effect, the cancer cell
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實際上，這些癌細胞
05:49
was forgetting it was cancer
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正忘記了自己是癌症,
05:51
and becoming a normal cell.
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並且變回了正常細胞。
05:54
This got us very excited.
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這令我們感到非常興奮。
05:57
The next step would be to put this molecule into mice.
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下一步就是把這個分子應用在小白鼠身上。
06:00
The only problem was there's no mouse model of this rare cancer.
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問題是老鼠是沒有這種這種癌症的。
06:03
And so at the time that we were doing this research,
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在我們進行此項研究的同時，
06:06
I was caring for a 29 year-old firefighter from Connecticut
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我正在照看一個從康涅狄格州來的29歲的消防員,
06:09
who was very much at the end of life
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他患了這種無藥可醫的癌症，
06:12
with this incurable cancer.
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幾乎已處在在生命的終點。
06:14
This BRD4-addicted cancer
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這個BRD4成癮的癌症
06:16
was growing throughout his left lung,
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在他左邊的肺部生長，
06:18
and he had a chest tube in that was draining little bits of debris.
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在他的胸腔處有一個導管抽取碎屑。
06:20
And every nursing shift
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每一次護理換班,
06:22
we would throw this material out.
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這些物質都會被清理掉。
06:24
And so we approached this patient
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因此我們接觸這位病患
06:26
and asked if he would collaborate with us.
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詢問他是否願意與我們合作。
06:28
Could we take this precious and rare cancerous material
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能不能從他胸口的導管中獲得這珍貴
06:32
from this chest tube
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而稀有的癌症物質。
06:34
and drive it across town and put it into mice
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然後運送到我們的實驗室植入小白鼠體內
06:36
and try to do a clinical trial
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使用一種試驗藥物
06:38
and stage it with a prototype drug?
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來做一個臨床試驗。
06:40
Well that would be impossible and, rightly, illegal to do in humans.
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因為在人身上這樣做的話這是非法的。
06:43
And he obliged us.
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他答應了我們。
06:46
At the Lurie Family Center for Animal Imaging,
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在Lurie家庭中心的動物照影部門，
06:48
my colleague, Andrew Kung, grew this cancer successfully in mice
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我的同事Andrew Kung連培養皿都不需要使用就成功地在
06:51
without ever touching plastic.
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小白鼠身上培育出了這種癌症。
06:53
And you can see this PET scan of a mouse -- what we call a pet PET.
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這邊有一幅對小白鼠做的陽電子掃描，我們稱為pet PET(pet意為‘寵物’)。
06:56
The cancer is growing
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這癌症在小動物的
06:58
as this red, huge mass in the hind limb of this animal.
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後肢這邊生長出紅色的一大塊。
07:01
And as we treat it with our compound,
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在使用我們研製的成份處理過後，
07:03
this addiction to sugar,
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這種對「 糖」的嗜好,
07:05
this rapid growth, faded.
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這種快速的生長，逐漸消失。
07:07
And on the animal on the right,
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而在右邊的小動物，
07:09
you see that the cancer was responding.
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大家可以看到癌細胞對此產生反應。
07:12
We've completed now clinical trials
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我們已經在四隻小白鼠
07:14
in four mouse models of this disease.
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身上進行了這種疾病的臨床測試。
07:16
And every time, we see the same thing.
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每次都得到相同的結果。
07:18
The mice with this cancer that get the drug live,
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使用這種藥物的小白鼠存活了下來，
07:20
and the ones that don't rapidly perish.
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沒有使用此藥物的則很快就死亡了。
07:25
So we started to wonder,
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我們就開始猜想，
07:27
what would a drug company do at this point?
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這種情況下如果是一家醫藥公司會怎麼做？
07:29
Well they probably would keep this a secret
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他們大概會將這個發現列為機密
07:31
until they turn a prototype drug
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直到把這種試驗藥物做成
07:33
into an active pharmaceutical substance.
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一種熱銷的藥品。
07:35
And so we did just the opposite.
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我們反其道而行，
07:37
We published a paper
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發表了一篇論文。
07:39
that described this finding
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在最早的樣品階段
07:41
at the earliest prototype stage.
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講述這個發現。
07:43
We gave the world the chemical identity of this molecule,
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我們公佈了這個分子的化學名稱，
07:46
typically a secret in our discipline.
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按規定通常這都應該屬於機密。
07:48
We told people exactly how to make it.
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我們告訴人們怎麼製造它。
07:50
We gave them our email address,
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也附上了我們的電郵，
07:52
suggesting that, if they write us,
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如果有人寫信給我們，
07:54
we'll send them a free molecule.
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我們可以免費贈送一份分子的樣本。
07:56
We basically tried to create
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基本上我們是在為自己的實驗室
07:58
the most competitive environment for our lab as possible.
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嘗試創造一個競爭激烈的環境。
08:00
And this was, unfortunately, successful.
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不幸的是，我們成功地做到了。
08:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
08:04
Because now when we've shared this molecule,
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自去年12月以來
08:06
just since December of last year,
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我們與美國40所實驗室
08:08
with 40 laboratories in the United States
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分享了這個分子。
08:10
and 30 more in Europe --
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還有歐洲的30家
08:12
many of them pharmaceutical companies
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許多藥廠也參與進來
08:14
seeking now to enter this space,
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研究這種
08:16
to target this rare cancer
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罕見的癌症。
08:18
that, thankfully right now,
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令人欣慰的是這個課題
08:20
is quite desirable to study in that industry.
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已經在行業裡變得熱門起來。
08:24
But the science that's coming back from all of these laboratories
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從收到我們發送的分子的其他實驗室
08:27
about the use of this molecule
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得來的反饋，
08:29
has provided us insights
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給我們帶來了一些
08:31
that we might not have had on our own.
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我們原先並沒有的認知。
08:33
Leukemia cells treated with this compound
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使用這種分子治理的血癌細胞
08:35
turn into normal white blood cells.
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變回了普通的白細胞。
08:38
Mice with multiple myeloma,
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有多重骨髓瘤的老鼠，
08:40
an incurable malignancy of the bone marrow,
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一種生長在骨髓中無藥可醫的惡性腫瘤，
08:43
respond dramatically
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對這種藥物的治療
08:45
to the treatment with this drug.
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產生了極大的反應。
08:47
You might know that fat has memory.
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你可能知道脂肪細胞也有記憶，
08:49
Nice to be able to demonstrate that for you.
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很高興可以親身為你們說明。
08:53
And in fact, this molecule
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實際上這個分子
08:55
prevents this adipocyte, this fat stem cell,
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能防止脂肪干細胞
08:58
from remembering how to make fat
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記住如何製造脂肪。
09:01
such that mice on a high fat diet,
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即使給予小白鼠高脂肪的飲食,
09:03
like the folks in my hometown of Chicago,
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好像在芝加哥的人們那樣，
09:06
fail to develop fatty liver,
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它也沒有產生脂肪肝。
09:08
which is a major medical problem.
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脂肪肝是一個重大的醫療課題。
09:11
What this research taught us --
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這研究向我們展示的是--
09:13
not just my lab, but our institute,
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不僅是我的實驗室，還有我們的研究所，
09:15
and Harvard Medical School more generally --
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哈佛醫學院－
09:17
is that we have unique resources in academia
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我們在學術界有獨特的
09:19
for drug discovery --
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醫藥開發資源--
09:21
that our center
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我們的實驗中心
09:23
that has tested perhaps more cancer molecules in a scientific way
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或許已經科學地測試了比其他任何地方
09:25
than any other,
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更多的抗癌分子，
09:27
never made one of its own.
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從來沒有自己製造藥物。
09:29
For all the reasons you see listed here,
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因為所有這些提到的理由，
09:31
we think there's a great opportunity for academic centers
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我們覺得這對學術中心來講是一個非常好的機會
09:34
to participate in this earliest, conceptually-tricky
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來參與到這最早期的
09:37
and creative discipline
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充滿挑戰與創造性的
09:40
of prototype drug discovery.
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樣品藥物開發階段。
09:44
So what next?
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然後呢？
09:46
We have this molecule, but it's not a pill yet.
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我們有了這個分子，但它還不是一片藥丸。
09:48
It's not orally available.
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不能口服。
09:51
We need to fix it, so that we can deliver it to our patients.
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我們需要解決這點，以便向病患提供。
09:54
And everyone in the lab,
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實驗室裡的所有人，
09:56
especially following the interaction with these patients,
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特別是在與病患者們有過交流後，
09:58
feels quite compelled
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都覺得自己有義務
10:00
to deliver a drug substance based on this molecule.
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來提供一種以這個分子為主要成份的藥品。
10:02
It's here where I have to say
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在這裡我不得不說
10:04
that we could use your help and your insights,
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我們有需要獲得你們的幫助與意見，
10:06
your collaborative participation.
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以及合作性的參與。
10:08
Unlike a drug company,
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與藥品公司不同的是,
10:10
we don't have a pipeline that we can deposit these molecules into.
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我們沒有一個生產流水線。
10:13
We don't have a team of salespeople and marketeers
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我們沒有一只銷售軍團來告訴我們
10:16
that can tell us how to position this drug against the other.
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如何針對其他產品來定位這藥物。
10:19
What we do have is the flexibility of an academic center
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我們所有的是學術界的自由度
10:21
to work with competent, motivated,
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與能幹，積極，熱情,
10:24
enthusiastic, hopefully well-funded people
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最好也能得到投資的人
10:27
to carry these molecules forward into the clinic
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來一起努力將這些分子推向診所。
10:29
while preserving our ability
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同時保留我們
10:31
to share the prototype drug worldwide.
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與全世界分享樣品的能力。
10:34
This molecule will soon leave our benches
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很快這個分子將離開我們
10:36
and go into a small startup company
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進入到一個小的新創辦的公司
10:38
called Tensha Therapeutics.
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叫做 Tensha Therapeutics。
10:40
And really this is the fourth of these molecules
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這是從我們這藥物開發
10:43
to kind of graduate from our little pipeline of drug discovery,
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過程中得到的第四個分子。
10:46
two of which -- a topical drug
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一種治療皮膚上的
10:49
for lymphoma of the skin,
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淋巴瘤的局部用藥。
10:52
an oral substance for the treatment of multiple myeloma --
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還有一種是口服治療多重骨髓瘤
10:55
will actually come to the bedside
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會在今年7月送達病床邊
10:57
for first clinical trial in July of this year.
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進行第一次臨床試驗。
10:59
For us, a major and exciting milestone.
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對我們來說是一個重大的令人激動的里程碑。
11:03
I want to leave you with just two ideas.
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我想為大家留下兩個構想。
11:05
The first is
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第一個是
11:07
if anything is unique about this research,
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這個研究特別之處在於，
11:10
it's less the science than the strategy --
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與科技相比其中的策略更重要--
11:12
that this for us was a social experiment,
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對我們來說這是一個社會試驗，
11:14
an experiment in what would happen
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這個試驗可以進行，如果
11:17
if we were as open and honest
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我們在化學研究發現
11:20
at the earliest phase of discovery chemistry research
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的最初階段保持
11:22
as we could be.
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開放和誠信，
11:24
This string of letters and numbers
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我們的這成分的化學名稱
11:26
and symbols and parentheses
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一系列的字母和數字
11:28
that can be texted, I suppose,
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符號和括孤號
11:30
or Twittered worldwide,
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都可以用簡訊發送,
11:32
is the chemical identity of our pro compound.
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或者在全世界範圍發佈微網誌，
11:35
It's the information that we most need
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這些是我們最需要從
11:37
from pharmaceutical companies,
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醫藥公司得到的，
11:39
the information
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是些關於
11:41
on how these early prototype drugs might work.
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這些早期試驗藥物是如何生效的信息。
11:44
Yet this information is largely a secret.
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然而它們在很大程度上仍然被列為機密。
11:47
And so we seek really
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我們努力嘗試應用
11:49
to download from the amazing successes
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兩個非常成功的
11:51
of the computer science industry two principles:
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計算機科學行業的原則,
11:54
that of opensource and that of crowdsourcing
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就是開放原始代碼和群眾外包
11:57
to quickly, responsibly
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來快速，負責地
12:01
accelerate the delivery of targeted therapeutics
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加快向癌症病人提供
12:04
to patients with cancer.
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標靶療法的速度。
12:06
Now the business model involves all of you.
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這個商業模式需要所有人的參與。
12:09
This research is funded by the public.
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這項研究是由
12:11
It's funded by foundations.
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公眾和基金會集資。
12:13
And one thing I've learned in Boston
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我在波士頓所學到的一件事是
12:15
is that you people will do anything for cancer -- and I love that.
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人們願意為戰勝癌做出任何努力，我很欣賞這熱情。
12:17
You bike across the state. You walk up and down the river.
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騎單車跨越全州，在河流中穿行。
12:20
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
12:22
I've never seen really anywhere
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我從來沒有在任何地方
12:24
this unique support
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看見對癌症研究
12:26
for cancer research.
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這樣特別的支援。
12:28
And so I want to thank you
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所以我想感謝大家
12:30
for your participation, your collaboration
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的參與和合作
12:33
and most of all for your confidence in our ideas.
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以及對我們的理念所持有的信心。
12:36
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jay Bradner - Research scientistIn his lab, Jay Bradner, a researcher at Harvard and Dana Farber in Boston, works on a breakthrough approach for subverting cancer .. and he’s giving the secret away.
Why you should listen
A doctor and a chemist, Jay Bradner hunts for new approaches to solving cancer. As a research scientist and instructor in medicine at Harvard and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, he and his lab are working to subvert cancer's aggressive behavior by reprogramming the cell's fundamental identity. A molecule they're working on, JQ1, might do just that. (And he’s giving it away in order to spur faster open-source drug discovery.) If you're a researcher who'd like a sample of the JQ1 molecule, contact the Bradner Lab.
Jay Bradner | Speaker | TED.com