TED2014
Shaka Senghor: Why your worst deeds don’t define you
夏卡．桑格爾: 過錯不能定義你的人生
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
1,611,403 views
夏卡．桑格爾在 1991 年時槍殺了一名男子。他說自己曾是「帶著半自動手槍的急性子毒販」。他被判兩級謀殺罪而入獄服刑，故事通常在此畫下句點。但相反的，故事仍未結束，這是多年贖罪旅程的開端，也是一個帶給我們謙恭與樸實課題的故事。
Shaka Senghor - Author
Using literature as a lifeline, Shaka Senghor escaped a cycle of prison and desperation. Now his story kindles hope in those who have little. Full bio
Using literature as a lifeline, Shaka Senghor escaped a cycle of prison and desperation. Now his story kindles hope in those who have little. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Twenty-three years ago,
0
790
2605
23 年前，
00:15
at the age of 19,
1
3395
2755
在我 19 歲的時候，
00:18
I shot and killed a man.
2
6150
3301
我開槍殺了一個人。
00:21
I was a young drug dealer
3
9451
2143
當時我是新手毒販，
00:23
with a quick temper
4
11594
2369
個性很急，
00:25
and a semi-automatic pistol.
5
13963
4055
身上還帶把半自動手槍。
00:30
But that wasn't the end of my story.
6
18018
2771
但那不是我的故事結局。
00:32
In fact, it was beginning,
7
20789
4141
其實那是故事開端，
00:36
and the 23 years since
8
24930
2175
之後的 23 年
00:39
is a story of acknowledgment,
9
27105
3722
是一段認錯、
00:42
apology and atonement.
10
30827
3483
懺悔與贖罪的故事。
00:46
But it didn't happen in the way
11
34310
1423
但那不是你想像中的樣子。
00:47
that you might imagine or think.
12
35733
3294
00:51
These things occurred in my life
13
39027
1458
這些發生在我生命中的事情讓人意外，
00:52
in a way that was surprising,
14
40485
2143
00:54
especially to me.
15
42628
1635
尤其讓我吃驚。
00:56
See, like many of you,
16
44263
3141
就像在座許多人一樣，
00:59
growing up, I was an honor roll student,
17
47404
2574
成長期間，我的學業成績很好，
01:01
a scholarship student,
18
49978
1343
拿到獎學金，
01:03
with dreams of becoming a doctor.
19
51321
2604
夢想要當醫生。
01:05
But things went dramatically wrong
20
53925
2631
但是事情有了戲劇性的變化，
01:08
when my parents separated
21
56556
2174
因為我的父母分開、
01:10
and eventually divorced.
22
58730
3837
最後以離婚收場。
01:14
The actual events are pretty straightforward.
23
62567
2850
這些事件來得勢不可當。
01:17
At the age of 17,
24
65417
2448
17 歲的時候，
01:19
I got shot three times
25
67865
1645
我中槍三次，
01:21
standing on the corner of my block in Detroit.
26
69510
4625
那時我站在底特律家附近的街角。
01:26
My friend rushed me to the hospital.
27
74135
2695
朋友火速送我到醫院。
01:28
Doctors pulled the bullets out,
28
76830
3224
醫生取出子彈，
01:32
patched me up,
29
80054
1791
為我包紮，
01:33
and sent me back to the same
neighborhood where I got shot.
neighborhood where I got shot.
30
81845
4371
之後再送我回到發生槍擊的街區。
01:38
Throughout this ordeal,
31
86216
2755
經過這場可怕的經歷，
01:40
no one hugged me,
32
88971
2060
沒人擁抱我，
01:43
no one counseled me,
33
91031
2370
沒人安慰我，
01:45
no one told me I would be okay.
34
93401
2940
沒人告訴我，一切都會好轉。
01:48
No one told me that I would live in fear,
35
96341
2924
沒人告訴我，我會活在恐懼中，
01:51
that I would become paranoid,
36
99265
2613
我會變得偏執，
01:53
or that I would react hyper-violently
37
101878
2993
或是我對被射傷的反應會非常激烈。
01:56
to being shot.
38
104871
2378
01:59
No one told me that one day,
39
107249
2821
沒人告訴我，
有一天我會成為站在扳機後的那個人。
02:02
I would become the person behind the trigger.
40
110070
4057
02:06
Fourteen months later,
41
114127
2674
14 個月後，
02:08
at 2 a.m.,
42
116801
2610
凌晨兩點，
02:11
I fired the shots
43
119411
1636
我開了槍，
02:13
that caused a man's death.
44
121047
3853
殺死了一個人。
02:16
When I entered prison,
45
124900
1910
入獄的時候，
02:18
I was bitter, I was angry, I was hurt.
46
126810
5507
我很怨恨，我很生氣，我很痛苦，
02:24
I didn't want to take responsibility.
47
132317
2970
我不想負責。
02:27
I blamed everybody from my parents
48
135287
2052
我怪罪每個人，
從怪罪父母，一路怪到制度。
02:29
to the system.
49
137339
2973
02:32
I rationalized my decision to shoot
50
140312
2212
我合理化自己開槍的決定，
02:34
because in the hood where I come from,
51
142524
2439
因為在我住的街區，
02:36
it's better to be the shooter
52
144963
1626
選擇當個開槍的人
好過當個中槍的人。
02:38
than the person getting shot.
53
146589
3312
02:41
As I sat in my cold cell,
54
149901
3322
我坐在寒冷的牢房裡，
02:45
I felt helpless,
55
153223
1647
感到無助，失去關愛，被人遺棄。
02:46
unloved and abandoned.
56
154870
3387
02:50
I felt like nobody cared,
57
158257
3878
我覺得沒人在乎我，
02:54
and I reacted
58
162135
2019
鋃鐺入獄讓我滿腹怨恨。
02:56
with hostility to my confinement.
59
164154
3011
02:59
And I found myself getting
60
167165
1138
我發現自己在麻煩裡越陷越深。
03:00
deeper and deeper into trouble.
61
168303
2315
03:02
I ran black market stores,
62
170618
2780
我常跑黑店、
03:05
I loan sharked,
63
173398
2719
放高利貸、
03:08
and I sold drugs that were illegally smuggled
64
176117
2066
走私毒品到監獄賣。
03:10
into the prison.
65
178183
1861
03:12
I had in fact become
66
180044
1570
其實我變成了
03:13
what the warden of the Michigan Reformatory called
67
181614
2681
密西根感化院典獄長稱的：
03:16
"the worst of the worst."
68
184295
2837
「萬惡之極。」
03:19
And because of my activity,
69
187132
2325
因為那些行動，
03:21
I landed in solitary confinement
70
189457
2692
我被單獨監禁
03:24
for seven and a half years
71
192149
2429
長達七年半之久。
03:26
out of my incarceration.
72
194578
3212
現在回過頭看，
03:29
Now as I see it, solitary confinement
73
197790
1669
我認為單獨監禁是你能找到
03:31
is one of the most inhumane and barbaric places
74
199459
1940
03:33
you can find yourself,
75
201399
2899
最不人道和野蠻的場所，
03:36
but find myself I did.
76
204298
2891
但卻是我找到自己的地方。
03:39
One day, I was pacing my cell,
77
207189
3511
某天，我在牢房裡踱步，
03:42
when an officer came and delivered mail.
78
210700
4517
警官送信過來。
03:47
I looked at a couple of letters
79
215217
1737
看了幾封信之後，
03:48
before I looked at the letter
80
216954
1914
我開始讀兒子親手寫的那封
03:50
that had my son's squiggly handwriting on it.
81
218868
3062
歪七扭八字跡的信。
每次，我都會收到他的信，
03:53
And anytime I would get a letter from my son,
82
221930
1437
03:55
it was like a ray of light
83
223367
1905
那就像是黑暗深處裡的一線曙光。
03:57
in the darkest place you can imagine.
84
225272
2757
04:00
And on this particular day, I opened this letter,
85
228029
3815
在這特別的日子，我打開信，
04:03
and in capital letters, he wrote,
86
231844
3106
他用大寫的字體寫下：
04:06
"My mama told me why you was in prison:
87
234950
3255
「媽媽說你被關在監獄，
04:10
murder."
88
238205
2694
因為你是殺人兇手。」
04:12
He said, "Dad, don't kill.
89
240899
1919
他說：「爸爸，不要殺人。
04:14
Jesus watches what you do. Pray to Him."
90
242818
5447
耶穌在看你做了什麼事，
你要向衪禱告。」
那時候我不信神，
04:20
Now, I wasn't religious at that time,
91
248265
1835
04:22
nor am I religious now,
92
250100
1707
現在也不信，
04:23
but it was something so profound
93
251807
2484
但我兒子的話對我來說意義深遠。
04:26
about my son's words.
94
254291
2762
04:29
They made me examine things about my life
95
257063
1622
那些話讓我檢視自己在生命中
04:30
that I hadn't considered.
96
258685
1936
從未思考過的事。
04:32
It was the first time in my life
97
260621
1936
這是我此生第一次真的意識到
04:34
that I had actually thought about the fact
98
262557
1972
04:36
that my son would see me as a murderer.
99
264529
3666
我兒子會把我看做殺人兇手的事實。
04:40
I sat back on my bunk
100
268195
2054
我坐在床上，
04:42
and I reflected on something I had read
101
270249
2019
回想起之前讀到柏拉圖的著作，
04:44
in [Plato],
102
272268
2597
04:46
where Socrates stated in "Apology"
103
274865
1975
在＜申辯篇＞中，蘇格拉底曾說
04:48
that the unexamined life isn't worth living.
104
276840
4271
未經反省的人生不值得活。
04:53
At that point is when the transformation began.
105
281111
5832
那個時刻正是改變的開始。
04:58
But it didn't come easy.
106
286943
2920
但卻得之不易。
05:03
One of the things I realized,
107
291920
1844
我領悟了一件事，
05:05
which was part of the transformation,
108
293764
2157
那就是轉變有四個關鍵。
05:07
was that there were four key things.
109
295921
3742
05:11
The first thing was,
110
299663
2307
首先，我有很棒的良師益友。
05:13
I had great mentors.
111
301970
2313
05:16
Now, I know some of you all are probably thinking,
112
304283
1876
我知道你們之中大概有人會想，
05:18
how did you find a great mentor in prison?
113
306159
3169
你在監獄怎麼找到良師益友？
05:21
But in my case,
114
309328
2865
但以我來說，
05:24
some of my mentors
115
312193
1230
有一些良師益友雖然被判無期徒刑，
05:25
who are serving life sentences
116
313423
1877
05:27
were some of the best people
to ever come into my life,
to ever come into my life,
117
315300
2709
但他們卻是我此生
接觸過最好的人之一，
接觸過最好的人之一，
05:30
because they forced me to look at my life honestly,
118
318009
3264
因為他們強迫我誠實面對自己的人生，
05:33
and they forced me to challenge myself
119
321273
1825
他們強迫我挑戰自己做決定。
05:35
about my decision making.
120
323098
2515
05:37
The second thing was literature.
121
325613
4254
第二，是文學。
05:41
Prior to going to prison,
122
329867
1743
在進監獄之前，
05:43
I didn't know that there were so many brilliant
123
331610
1997
我不認識那麼多才華洋溢的
05:45
black poets, authors and philosophers,
124
333607
3281
黑人詩人、作家和哲學家，
05:48
and then I had the great fortune
125
336888
3019
但後來，我很幸運
05:51
of encountering Malcolm X's autobiography,
126
339907
4167
能讀到麥爾坎．X 的自傳，
05:56
and it shattered every
stereotype I had about myself.
stereotype I had about myself.
127
344074
4547
那本書粉碎我對自己的每一個刻板印象。
06:00
The third thing was family.
128
348621
2441
第三是家庭。
06:03
For 19 years, my father stood by my side
129
351062
4676
19 年來，我父親無條件支持我，
06:07
with an unshakable faith,
130
355738
2429
對我深信不疑，
06:10
because he believed that I had what it took
131
358167
1664
因為他相信我擁有能改變生命的東西。
06:11
to turn my life around.
132
359831
2294
06:14
I also met an amazing woman
133
362125
2893
我也碰到一位神奇的女士，
06:17
who is now the mother of
my two-year-old son Sekou,
my two-year-old son Sekou,
134
365018
3434
現在她是我兩歲兒子塞谷的媽，
06:20
and she taught me how to love myself
135
368452
2228
她教我用健康的方式愛自己。
06:22
in a healthy way.
136
370680
4278
06:26
The final thing was writing.
137
374958
2696
最後一件事是寫作。
06:29
When I got that letter from my son,
138
377654
1414
收到兒子的信之後，
06:31
I began to write a journal
139
379068
2210
我開始寫日誌，
06:33
about things I had experienced in my childhood
140
381278
2801
記錄我在童年時期，以及坐牢時的經歷，
06:36
and in prison,
141
384079
2793
06:38
and what it did is it opened up my mind to the idea
142
386872
3266
這件事讓我敞開心胸，
06:42
of atonement.
143
390138
2968
願意贖罪。
06:45
Earlier in my incarceration, I had received
144
393106
2082
我剛開始被關的時候，
06:47
a letter from one of the relatives of my victim,
145
395188
3807
收到一封被害人親戚的來信，
06:50
and in that letter,
146
398995
2845
在那封信中，
06:53
she told me she forgave me,
147
401840
1845
她說她原諒我，
06:55
because she realized I was a young child
148
403685
1949
因為她知道我只是個孩子，
06:57
who had been abused
149
405634
1337
曾被虐待，
06:58
and had been through some hardships
150
406971
1792
有一些痛苦的經歷，
07:00
and just made a series of poor decisions.
151
408763
2738
只是做了一連串錯誤的決定。
07:03
It was the first time in my life
152
411501
2471
那是我這輩子第一次
07:05
that I ever felt open to forgiving myself.
153
413972
7729
開始接受要原諒自己。
07:13
One of the things that happened
154
421701
1244
在那之後發生了一件事，
07:14
after that experience is that
155
422945
2323
07:17
I thought about the other men who were incarcerated
156
425268
1888
我想到被關在我附近的那些人，
07:19
alongside of me,
157
427156
1812
07:20
and how much I wanted to share this with them.
158
428968
2922
我很想和他們分享這個想法。
07:23
And so I started talking to them about
159
431890
1754
因此我們開始談他們的經驗，
07:25
some of their experiences,
160
433644
1927
07:27
and I was devastated to realize
161
435571
1482
我非常震驚，
07:29
that most of them came from
the same abusive environments,
the same abusive environments,
162
437053
3378
他們大多來自同樣會受到暴力的環境，
07:32
And most of them wanted help
and they wanted to turn it around,
and they wanted to turn it around,
163
440431
3539
大部分的人都需要幫助，
也都希望一切能好轉，
也都希望一切能好轉，
07:35
but unfortunately the system
164
443970
1740
但不幸的是，
07:37
that currently holds 2.5 million people in prison
165
445710
3218
目前關了 250 萬人的監獄
07:40
is designed to warehouse
166
448928
2200
是設計來裝人，
07:43
as opposed to rehabilitate or transform.
167
451128
4292
而不是用來修復或改變人的地方。
07:47
So I made it up in my mind
168
455420
1891
因此我決定
07:49
that if I was ever released from prison
169
457311
1754
如果有朝一日離開監獄，
07:51
that I would do everything in my power
170
459065
2457
我會盡我最大的能力
07:53
to help change that.
171
461522
3701
來改變這件事。
07:57
In 2010, I walked out of prison
172
465223
2766
我在 2010 年時出獄，
07:59
for the first time after two decades.
173
467989
3078
這是二十年來的第一次。
08:03
Now imagine, if you will,
174
471067
1588
請想像
08:04
Fred Flintstone walking into an episode
175
472655
2582
摩登原始人走進「傑森一家」裡。
08:07
of "The Jetsons."
176
475237
2383
08:09
That was pretty much what my life was like.
177
477620
2935
那就和我的生活差不多。
08:12
For the first time, I was exposed to the Internet,
178
480555
3315
那是我第一次接觸網路、
08:15
social media,
179
483870
1736
社群媒體，
08:17
cars that talk like KITT from "Knight Rider."
180
485606
4137
還有像霹靂遊俠裡的夥計
一樣會說話的車。
一樣會說話的車。
08:21
But the thing that fascinated me the most
181
489743
1784
不過最讓我著迷的是電話。
08:23
was phone technology.
182
491527
1783
08:25
See, when I went to prison,
183
493310
1272
我進監獄時，
08:26
our car phones were this big
184
494582
1775
車上的電話這麼大，
08:28
and required two people to carry them.
185
496357
2601
還得要兩個人拿著。
08:30
So imagine what it was like when I first grabbed
186
498958
2088
想像一下，我第一次拿著我的小黑莓機，
08:33
my little Blackberry
187
501046
2126
08:35
and I started learning how to text.
188
503172
1951
開始學怎麼傳簡訊。
08:37
But the thing is, the people around me,
189
505123
1667
但問題是我週遭的親友都不了解
08:38
they didn't realize that I had no idea
190
506790
1596
我怎麼會對所有簡稱毫無頭緒，
08:40
what all these abbreviated texts meant,
191
508386
2694
08:43
like LOL, OMG, LMAO,
192
511080
5030
像是 LOL（大笑）、OMG（我的天）、
LMAO（笑屎人）之類的，
08:48
until one day I was having a conversation
193
516110
1742
直到有天我和朋友用簡訊聊天，
08:49
with one of my friends via text,
194
517852
2256
08:52
and I asked him to do something,
and he responded back, "K."
and he responded back, "K."
195
520108
4031
我請他幫忙，他回了「K」。
08:56
And I was like, "What is K?"
196
524139
3179
我傳：「什麼是 K？」
08:59
And he was like, "K is okay."
197
527318
1962
他傳：「K 就是 OK。」
09:01
So in my head, I was like,
198
529280
999
我腦袋想的是：
09:02
"Well what the hell is wrong with K?"
199
530279
3018
「K 是哪裡有毛病？」
09:05
And so I text him a question mark.
200
533297
2513
所以我傳了問號給他。
09:07
And he said, "K = okay."
201
535810
3671
他說：「K = OK。」
09:11
And so I tap back, "FU." (Laughter)
202
539481
4689
我回傳：「FU。（髒話簡稱）」
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
09:16
And then he texts back, and he asks me
203
544170
1756
然後他回傳問我
09:17
why was I cussing him out.
204
545926
1674
為什麼要罵他。
09:19
And I said, "LOL FU,"
205
547600
2660
我說：「LOL FU。」
09:22
as in, I finally understand.
206
550260
1699
我終於理解了。
09:23
(Laughter)
207
551959
2037
（笑聲）
09:25
And so fast forward three years,
208
553996
3265
時間飛快過了三年，
09:29
I'm doing relatively good.
209
557261
1874
我適應得還不錯。
09:31
I have a fellowship at MIT Media Lab,
210
559135
2678
我拿到麻省理工學院
媒體實驗室的研究獎金，
媒體實驗室的研究獎金，
09:33
I work for an amazing company called BMe,
211
561813
3217
在一間很棒的公司工作，叫 BMe，
09:37
I teach at the University of Michigan,
212
565030
2330
還在密西根大學任教，
09:39
but it's been a struggle
213
567360
1977
但是我一直在掙扎，
09:41
because I realize that there are more
214
569337
1463
因為我了解
09:42
men and women coming home
215
570800
1635
有更多人回到家之後，
09:44
who are not going to be
afforded those opportunities.
afforded those opportunities.
216
572435
3161
不會得到那些機會。
09:47
I've been blessed to work with some amazing
217
575596
1805
我很幸運能和許多很棒的人一起工作，
09:49
men and women,
218
577401
2684
09:52
helping others reenter society,
219
580085
1762
幫助其他人重返社會，
09:53
and one of them is my friend named Calvin Evans.
220
581847
4213
其中有一位是我的朋友凱文．伊凡斯。
09:58
He served 24 years for a crime he didn't commit.
221
586060
2955
他因為一件從未犯的罪坐了 24 年牢。
10:01
He's 45 years old. He's currently enrolled in college.
222
589015
3768
他 45 歲，正在唸大學。
10:04
And one of the things that we talked about
223
592783
1724
我們曾討論過
10:06
is the three things that I found important
224
594507
1712
我發現在我個人轉變中很重要的三件事，
10:08
in my personal transformation,
225
596219
1620
10:09
the first being acknowledgment.
226
597839
1939
第一件事，是認錯。
10:11
I had to acknowledge that I had hurt others.
227
599778
2426
我必須承認我曾傷害別人。
10:14
I also had to acknowledge that I had been hurt.
228
602204
2796
我也必須承認自己受了傷。
10:17
The second thing was apologizing.
229
605000
2421
第二件事，是道歉。
10:19
I had to apologize to the people I had hurt.
230
607421
2150
我得向曾被我傷害的人道歉。
10:21
Even though I had no expectations
of them accepting it,
of them accepting it,
231
609571
2072
即使我毫不期待他們會接受，
10:23
it was important to do because it was the right thing.
232
611643
2752
但那卻很重要，因為那是對的事。
10:26
But I also had to apologize to myself.
233
614395
2959
而且我也必須向自己道歉。
10:29
The third thing was atoning.
234
617354
2817
第三件事，是贖罪。
10:32
For me, atoning meant
235
620171
1683
對我來說，贖罪意謂著回到我的社區，
10:33
going back into my community
236
621854
1593
10:35
and working with at-risk youth
237
623447
1543
服務走上同樣道路的高風險青少年，
10:36
who were on the same path,
238
624990
1800
10:38
but also becoming at one with myself.
239
626790
3740
並且成為和我一樣的人。
10:42
Through my experience of being locked up,
240
630530
1764
有過被關進牢房的經驗後，我發現：
10:44
one of the things I discovered is this:
241
632294
2181
10:46
the majority of men and women
242
634475
1216
大多數的受刑人都還有救，
10:47
who are incarcerated are redeemable,
243
635691
3421
10:51
and the fact is,
244
639112
1260
事實上，
10:52
90 percent of the men and
women who are incarcerated
women who are incarcerated
245
640372
2351
90% 的受刑人之後會回到社區，
10:54
will at some point return to the community,
246
642723
2688
10:57
and we have a role in determining what kind
247
645411
1915
有個人有權決定
10:59
of men and women return to our community.
248
647326
3619
什麼樣的人可以重返社區。
11:02
My wish today
249
650945
2611
今天我希望
11:05
is that we will embrace
250
653556
3653
我們能採取
11:09
a more empathetic approach
251
657209
2149
更有同理心的方式
11:11
toward how we deal with mass incarceration,
252
659358
3220
處理大規模的監禁問題，
11:14
that we will do away with
253
662578
1144
摒除把人關起來就置之不理的態度，
11:15
the lock-them-up-and-throw-away-the-key mentality,
254
663722
2315
11:18
because it's proven it doesn't work.
255
666037
3923
因為事實證明那沒有用。
11:21
My journey is a unique journey,
256
669960
2453
我擁有一段獨特旅程，
11:24
but it doesn't have to be that way.
257
672413
2665
但那不代表非得如此不可。
11:27
Anybody can have a transformation
258
675078
2406
任何人都能改變，
11:29
if we create the space for that to happen.
259
677484
2840
只要我們允許發生的可能。
11:32
So what I'm asking today
260
680324
1762
因此，今天我請各位想像
11:34
is that you envision
261
682086
1707
11:35
a world where men and women
262
683793
2340
一個人人不會被過去綁住的世界，
11:38
aren't held hostage to their pasts,
263
686133
3696
11:41
where misdeeds and mistakes
264
689829
1433
一個罪行和錯誤
11:43
don't define you for the rest of your life.
265
691262
2768
不會定義你未來人生的世界。
11:46
I think collectively, we can create that reality,
266
694030
3191
我想我們能一同實現，
11:49
and I hope you do too.
267
697221
1703
希望你也有同感。
11:50
Thank you.
268
698924
1766
謝謝。
11:52
(Applause)
269
700690
3083
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Shaka Senghor - AuthorUsing literature as a lifeline, Shaka Senghor escaped a cycle of prison and desperation. Now his story kindles hope in those who have little.
Why you should listen
At the age of 19, Shaka Senghor went to prison fuming with anger and despair. Senghor was a drug dealer in Detroit, and one night, he shot and killed a man who showed up on his doorstep. While serving his sentence for second-degree murder, Senghor discovered redemption and responsibility through literature -- starting with The Autobiography of Malcolm X -- and through his own writing.
Upon his release at the age of 38, Senghor reached out to young men following his same troubled path, and published Live in Peace as part of an outreach program bringing hope to kids in Detroit and across the Midwest. His activism attracted the attention of the MIT Media Lab, and as a Director’s Fellow, Senghor has collaborated on imagining creative solutions for the problems plaguing distressed communities. His memoir, Writing My Wrongs, was published in 2013.
Shaka Senghor | Speaker | TED.com