TEDGlobal 2014
Taiye Selasi: Don't ask where I'm from, ask where I'm a local
泰雅思: 不要問我是哪國人；問我是哪個地方人
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如果有人問你你是哪裡人，你會不會一時語塞？作家泰雅思為跨地方族群代言，他們覺得生長的地方、現在住的城市，或許還有另外一兩個地方都像家。「我怎麼能來自某個國家？」她問：「人怎麼能來自概念？」
Taiye Selasi - Author
In her writings, Taiye Selasi explores our relationship to our multiple identities. Full bio
In her writings, Taiye Selasi explores our relationship to our multiple identities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Last year, I went on my first book tour.
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去年，我第一次踏上簽書之旅。
00:16
In 13 months, I flew to 14 countries
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在 13 個月內，
我飛了 14 個國家，
我飛了 14 個國家，
00:19
and gave some hundred talks.
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說了幾百場演講。
00:22
Every talk in every country
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在每一個國家，每一次演講前
00:24
began with an introduction,
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都有一段講員介紹，
00:26
and every introduction began,
alas, with a lie:
alas, with a lie:
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每一次介紹都以謊言開始，唉！
00:32
"Taiye Selasi comes
from Ghana and Nigeria,"
from Ghana and Nigeria,"
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「泰雅思來自迦納及奈及利亞。」
00:35
or "Taiye Selasi comes
from England and the States."
from England and the States."
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或「泰雅思來自英國及美國。」
00:40
Whenever I heard this opening sentence,
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每次我聽到這樣的開場白，
00:42
no matter the country that concluded it --
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不管裡面提到的是哪個國家——
00:45
England, America, Ghana, Nigeria --
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英國、美國、迦納、奈及利亞——
00:47
I thought, "But that's not true."
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我都會想，「但那不對啊！」
00:51
Yes, I was born in England
and grew up in the United States.
and grew up in the United States.
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是的，我出生於英國，
在美國長大。
在美國長大。
00:55
My mum, born in England,
and raised in Nigeria,
and raised in Nigeria,
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我媽媽出生於英國，
在奈及利亞長大，
在奈及利亞長大，
00:58
currently lives in Ghana.
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現在住在迦納。
01:00
My father was born in Gold Coast,
a British colony,
a British colony,
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我父親生在英國殖民地
黃金海岸，
黃金海岸，
01:05
raised in Ghana,
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在迦納長大，
01:06
and has lived for over 30 years
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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然後在沙烏地阿拉伯
住了 30 多年。
住了 30 多年。
01:10
For this reason, my introducers
also called me "multinational."
also called me "multinational."
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因為這個原因，我的介紹人
也常形容我為「跨國的」。
也常形容我為「跨國的」。
01:16
"But Nike is multinational," I thought,
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但是耐吉 (Nike)
才是跨國的，我想著，
才是跨國的，我想著，
01:20
"I'm a human being."
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「我是人。」
01:23
Then, one fine day, mid-tour,
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然後，簽書之旅的某一天，
01:26
I went to Louisiana, a museum in Denmark
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我到了丹麥的
路易斯安納現代美術館，
路易斯安納現代美術館，
01:29
where I shared the stage
with the writer Colum McCann.
with the writer Colum McCann.
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與作家科拉姆·麥卡恩同台。
01:33
We were discussing the role
of locality in writing,
of locality in writing,
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我們討論了「地方」
對寫作有什麼作用，
對寫作有什麼作用，
01:36
when suddenly it hit me.
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突然間我領悟了！
01:39
I'm not multinational.
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我不是跨國的。
01:41
I'm not a national at all.
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我根本就不屬於哪個國家。
01:44
How could I come from a nation?
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我怎麼會來自某個國家呢？
01:46
How can a human being come from a concept?
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一個「人」怎麼能
來自一個「概念」呢？
來自一個「概念」呢？
01:50
It's a question that had been bothering me
for going on two decades.
for going on two decades.
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這個問題困擾了我二十年。
01:55
From newspapers, textbooks, conversations,
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從報紙、課本、談話中，
01:58
I had learned to speak of countries
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我學到我們在談國家時，
02:00
as if they were eternal, singular,
naturally occurring things,
naturally occurring things,
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好像它們是永恆、獨一、
自然發生的東西，
自然發生的東西，
02:05
but I wondered:
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但是我不懂：
02:07
to say that I came from a country
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說我來自某個國家，
02:09
suggested that the country
was an absolute,
was an absolute,
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意思是那個國家是個絕對實體，
02:12
some fixed point in place in time,
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時空下的某個固定點，
02:15
a constant thing, but was it?
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是持續不變的東西。
但是真的是這樣嗎？
但是真的是這樣嗎？
02:18
In my lifetime, countries
had disappeared -- Czechoslovakia;
had disappeared -- Czechoslovakia;
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在我一生中，我看過
消失的國家——捷克斯洛伐克；
消失的國家——捷克斯洛伐克；
02:22
appeared -- Timor-Leste;
failed -- Somalia.
failed -- Somalia.
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出現的東帝汶；失敗的索馬利亞。
02:27
My parents came from countries
that didn't exist when they were born.
that didn't exist when they were born.
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我雙親的國家
在他們出生時還不存在。
在他們出生時還不存在。
02:31
To me, a country -- this thing that could
be born, die, expand, contract --
be born, die, expand, contract --
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對我而言，國家
會誕生、死亡、擴張、縮小，
會誕生、死亡、擴張、縮小，
02:37
hardly seemed the basis
for understanding a human being.
for understanding a human being.
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實在不能拿來當作
瞭解人的基礎。
瞭解人的基礎。
02:41
And so it came as a huge relief
to discover the sovereign state.
to discover the sovereign state.
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所以我發現「主權國家」時
真是鬆了一口氣。
真是鬆了一口氣。
02:47
What we call countries are actually
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我們現在所稱的國家，其實是
02:49
various expressions
of sovereign statehood,
of sovereign statehood,
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「主權國家地位」的各種說法，
02:51
an idea that came into fashion
only 400 years ago.
only 400 years ago.
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這個想法在
400 年前才流行起來。
400 年前才流行起來。
02:56
When I learned this, beginning my
masters degree in international relations,
masters degree in international relations,
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當我學到這一點，
那時我剛開始修國際關係碩士，
那時我剛開始修國際關係碩士，
03:01
I felt a sort of surge of relief.
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我真的覺得如釋重負。
03:03
It was as I had suspected.
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就像我猜想的一樣。
03:06
History was real, cultures were real,
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歷史是真實的，文化是真實的，
03:10
but countries were invented.
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但國家是人編造的。
03:13
For the next 10 years, I sought
to re- or un-define myself,
to re- or un-define myself,
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接下來十年，我尋求重新定義，
或說從定義中釋放自己，
或說從定義中釋放自己，
03:17
my world, my work, my experience,
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我的世界、我的工作、我的經歷
03:19
beyond the logic of the state.
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都超越國家這種邏輯。
03:22
In 2005, I wrote an essay,
"What is an Afropolitan,"
"What is an Afropolitan,"
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2005 年，我寫了一篇論文，
「什麼是大非洲人？」
「什麼是大非洲人？」
03:26
sketching out an identity
that privileged culture over country.
that privileged culture over country.
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描繪一種以文化
而非國家定義出的身分。
而非國家定義出的身分。
03:32
It was thrilling how many people
could relate to my experience,
could relate to my experience,
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我很興奮有很多人
能認同我的經驗，
能認同我的經驗，
03:36
and instructional how many others
didn't buy my sense of self.
didn't buy my sense of self.
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也很受教，因為很多人
無法接受我的自我感覺。
無法接受我的自我感覺。
03:42
"How can Selasi claim to come from Ghana,"
one such critic asked,
one such critic asked,
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有個評論這麼說：
「泰雅思怎能自稱是迦納人，
「泰雅思怎能自稱是迦納人，
03:47
"when she's never known the indignities
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如果她從未嘗過
03:49
of traveling abroad
on a Ghanian passport?"
on a Ghanian passport?"
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拿著迦納護照
出國旅行要受的屈辱？」
出國旅行要受的屈辱？」
03:52
Now, if I'm honest,
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現在，如果我誠實，
03:54
I knew just what she meant.
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我想說我瞭解她的意思。
03:56
I've got a friend named Layla
who was born and raised in Ghana.
who was born and raised in Ghana.
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我有個朋友叫蕾拉，
她在迦納出生長大。
她在迦納出生長大。
04:00
Her parents are third-generation
Ghanians of Lebanese descent.
Ghanians of Lebanese descent.
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她的父母是第三代
黎巴嫩裔迦納人。
黎巴嫩裔迦納人。
04:05
Layla, who speaks fluent Twi,
knows Accra like the back of her hand,
knows Accra like the back of her hand,
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蕾拉說著一口流利的方言契維語，
對首都阿克拉瞭若指掌，
對首都阿克拉瞭若指掌，
04:10
but when we first met years ago,
I thought, "She's not from Ghana."
I thought, "She's not from Ghana."
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但是我們數年前第一次見面時，
我想著，「她才不是迦納人。」
我想著，「她才不是迦納人。」
04:15
In my mind, she came from Lebanon,
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在我心中，她是黎巴嫩人，
04:18
despite the patent fact
that all her formative experience
that all her formative experience
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即使她過去的形成經驗
04:21
took place in suburban Accra.
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都在阿克拉郊區發生。
04:24
I, like my critics,
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我，就像評論我的人一樣，
04:26
was imagining some Ghana
where all Ghanaians had brown skin
where all Ghanaians had brown skin
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想像迦納人都是棕色皮膚，
04:32
or none held U.K. passports.
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而且他們都沒有英國護照。
04:35
I'd fallen into the limiting trap
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我陷入一種設限狀態，
04:37
that the language of coming
from countries sets --
from countries sets --
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即我們都來自某個國家的說法，
04:40
the privileging of a fiction,
the singular country,
the singular country,
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享受來自某個虛構、
單一國家的殊榮，
單一國家的殊榮，
04:44
over reality: human experience.
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而非現實：人類經驗。
04:48
Speaking with Colum McCann that day,
the penny finally dropped.
the penny finally dropped.
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那天與科拉姆·麥卡恩的一席對談，
終於讓我了解這件事。
終於讓我了解這件事。
04:53
"All experience is local," he said.
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「所有的經驗都與地方有關，」
他這麼說。
他這麼說。
04:56
"All identity is experience," I thought.
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「所有的身分都與經歷有關」，
我這麼想。
我這麼想。
05:00
"I'm not a national,"
I proclaimed onstage.
I proclaimed onstage.
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「我不是哪國國民，」
我在台上這麼宣稱。
我在台上這麼宣稱。
05:04
"I'm a local. I'm multi-local."
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「我是某地的居民。我是跨地方的。」
05:07
See, "Taiye Selasi comes
from the United States," isn't the truth.
from the United States," isn't the truth.
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你看，說泰雅絲來自美國並非事實。
05:12
I have no relationship
with the United States,
with the United States,
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我與美國沒有任何關係，
05:15
all 50 of them, not really.
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跟 50 州都沒有，真的。
05:17
My relationship is with Brookline,
the town where I grew up;
the town where I grew up;
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我只與布魯克林有關係，
因為那是我成長的地方；
因為那是我成長的地方；
05:21
with New York City, where I started work;
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與紐約市有關，
那是我開始工作的地方；
那是我開始工作的地方；
05:24
with Lawrenceville,
where I spend Thanksgiving.
where I spend Thanksgiving.
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與羅倫斯威爾有關，
那是我度過感恩節的地方。
那是我度過感恩節的地方。
05:27
What makes America home for me
is not my passport or accent,
is not my passport or accent,
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讓我覺得美國是家鄉的原因
不是我的護照或口音，
不是我的護照或口音，
05:33
but these very particular experiences
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而是這些非常特別的經驗，
05:35
and the places they occur.
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及這些經驗發生的地方。
05:38
Despite my pride in Ewe culture,
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儘管我對迦納的埃維文化，
05:40
the Black Stars,
and my love of Ghanaian food,
and my love of Ghanaian food,
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國家足球隊「黑星」引以為傲，
也非常愛迦納食物，
也非常愛迦納食物，
05:43
I've never had a relationship
with the Republic of Ghana, writ large.
with the Republic of Ghana, writ large.
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我與迦納共和國
沒有任何關聯，非常明顯。
沒有任何關聯，非常明顯。
05:48
My relationship is with Accra,
where my mother lives,
where my mother lives,
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我只與阿克拉有關聯，
因為那是我母親住的地方，
因為那是我母親住的地方，
05:52
where I go each year,
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我每年都會去，
05:54
with the little garden in Dzorwulu
where my father and I talk for hours.
where my father and I talk for hours.
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與佐烏魯區一座小花園有關，
我父親與我會在裡面聊上幾小時。
我父親與我會在裡面聊上幾小時。
05:59
These are the places
that shape my experience.
that shape my experience.
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這些都是塑造我經歷的地方。
06:02
My experience is where I'm from.
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我的經歷就是我「來自」的地方。
06:05
What if we asked, instead
of "Where are you from?" --
of "Where are you from?" --
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與其問「你從哪裡來？」
如果我們這麼問：
如果我們這麼問：
06:09
"Where are you a local?"
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「你是哪個地方人」會如何？
06:11
This would tell us so much more
about who and how similar we are.
about who and how similar we are.
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這會讓我們更加了解我們是誰，
我們有多類似。
我們有多類似。
06:16
Tell me you're from France,
and I see what, a set of clichés?
and I see what, a set of clichés?
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你說你從法國來，
我會看到什麼？陳腔濫調？
我會看到什麼？陳腔濫調？
06:20
Adichie's dangerous single story,
the myth of the nation of France?
the myth of the nation of France?
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阿迪奇的單一故事的危險性，
對法國的迷思？
對法國的迷思？
06:25
Tell me you're a local of Fez and Paris,
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你說你是（摩洛哥的）
費茲及巴黎人，
費茲及巴黎人，
06:28
better yet, Goutte d'Or, and I see
a set of experiences.
a set of experiences.
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或這樣說更好，你是巴黎古得多區的人，
我看到的就是生活經歷。
我看到的就是生活經歷。
06:33
Our experience is where we're from.
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我們的經驗就是我們「來自」的地方。
06:35
So, where are you a local?
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所以，你是哪個地方的人？
06:38
I propose a three-step test.
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我提議來一個三步驟測驗。
06:40
I call these the three "R’s":
rituals, relationships, restrictions.
rituals, relationships, restrictions.
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我稱這些為三「R」：習慣 (rituals)、
關係 (relationships) 、限制 (restrictions)。
關係 (relationships) 、限制 (restrictions)。
06:46
First, think of your daily rituals,
whatever they may be:
whatever they may be:
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首先，想一下你的日常生活習慣，
不管是甚麼都沒關係：
不管是甚麼都沒關係：
06:50
making your coffee, driving to work,
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煮咖啡、開車上班、
06:52
harvesting your crops,
saying your prayers.
saying your prayers.
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收割莊稼、禱告。
06:55
What kind of rituals are these?
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這些是什麼樣的生活習慣？
06:57
Where do they occur?
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在哪裡發生？
06:59
In what city or cities in the world
do shopkeepers know your face?
do shopkeepers know your face?
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這世界上有哪個城市
或哪幾個城市有店家認識你？
或哪幾個城市有店家認識你？
07:04
As a child, I carried out fairly standard
suburban rituals in Boston,
suburban rituals in Boston,
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我小時候在波士頓過著
還算標準的郊區生活習慣，
還算標準的郊區生活習慣，
07:08
with adjustments made for the rituals
my mother brought from London and Lagos.
my mother brought from London and Lagos.
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還參雜了我母親
從倫敦及拉哥斯帶來的習慣。
從倫敦及拉哥斯帶來的習慣。
07:13
We took off our shoes in the house,
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我們在室內脫鞋，
07:15
we were unfailingly
polite with our elders,
polite with our elders,
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我們對長輩總是很有禮貌，
07:18
we ate slow-cooked, spicy food.
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我們吃辣的燉菜。
07:20
In snowy North America,
ours were rituals of the global South.
ours were rituals of the global South.
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在下雪的北美，
我們帶著南半球的習慣。
我們帶著南半球的習慣。
07:26
The first time I went to Delhi
or to southern parts of Italy,
or to southern parts of Italy,
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我第一次去德里及義大利南方時，
07:29
I was shocked by how at home I felt.
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我被家的感覺嚇到。
07:32
The rituals were familiar.
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很熟悉的生活習慣。
07:34
"R" number one, rituals.
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第一個「R」，習慣。
07:37
Now, think of your relationships,
of the people who shape your days.
of the people who shape your days.
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現在，想想你的關係，
想想跟你的生活大有關係的人。
想想跟你的生活大有關係的人。
07:42
To whom do you speak at least once a week,
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你跟誰每個星期至少講一次話，
07:44
be it face to face or on FaceTime?
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無論是面對面或是視訊？
07:47
Be reasonable in your assessment;
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評估時要合理；
07:49
I'm not talking about
your Facebook friends.
your Facebook friends.
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我不是在說你的臉書朋友。
07:52
I'm speaking of the people who shape
your weekly emotional experience.
your weekly emotional experience.
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我是在說每星期
會影響你情緒的人。
會影響你情緒的人。
07:56
My mother in Accra,
my twin sister in Boston,
my twin sister in Boston,
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我在阿克拉的母親，
在波士頓的孿生妹妹，
在波士頓的孿生妹妹，
07:58
my best friends in New York:
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我在紐約的幾個要好朋友：
08:01
these relationships are home for me.
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這些關係對我就像家的感覺。
08:03
"R" number two, relationships.
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第二個「R」，關係。
08:06
We're local where we carry out
our rituals and relationships,
our rituals and relationships,
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我們在哪裡帶著習慣過日子、
產生關係，我們就是那裡人，
產生關係，我們就是那裡人，
08:10
but how we experience our locality
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但是我們對某地的經驗
08:13
depends in part on our restrictions.
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也部分受我們的限制所影響。
08:17
By restrictions, I mean,
where are you able to live?
where are you able to live?
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我所謂的限制，
是指你能住在哪裡？
是指你能住在哪裡？
08:19
What passport do you hold?
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你有哪國的護照？
08:21
Are you restricted by, say, racism,
from feeling fully at home where you live?
from feeling fully at home where you live?
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你是否受像種族主義的限制，
所以住的地方沒有太像家的感覺？
所以住的地方沒有太像家的感覺？
08:27
By civil war, dysfunctional governance,
economic inflation,
economic inflation,
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是否受內戰、
政局失衡、經濟通脹限制，
政局失衡、經濟通脹限制，
08:31
from living in the locality
where you had your rituals as a child?
where you had your rituals as a child?
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所以你不能住在小時候
培養出習慣的地方？
培養出習慣的地方？
08:36
This is the least sexy of the R’s,
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這是三「R」中最不迷人的一個，
08:39
less lyric than rituals and relationships,
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比習慣與關係更難娓娓道出，
08:41
but the question takes us past
"Where are you now?"
"Where are you now?"
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但是這個問題能帶我們超越
「你現在住在哪」，
「你現在住在哪」，
08:45
to "Why aren't you there, and why?"
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到「你現在為什麼
不住在那裡？為什麼？」
不住在那裡？為什麼？」
08:49
Rituals, relationships, restrictions.
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習慣、關係、限制。
08:52
Take a piece of paper
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拿一張紙，
08:54
and put those three words
on top of three columns,
on top of three columns,
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把這三個詞寫在三欄的最上面，
08:57
then try to fill those columns
as honestly as you can.
as honestly as you can.
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然後盡可能誠實填滿這三欄。
09:01
A very different picture
of your life in local context,
of your life in local context,
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一個全然不同的你，
你在某地生活的樣子，
你在某地生活的樣子，
09:05
of your identity as a set of experiences,
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你以經歷界定出的身分，
09:08
may emerge.
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可能因此出現。
09:09
So let's try it.
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所以來試一下吧！
09:11
I have a friend named Olu.
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我有個朋友叫歐路。
09:12
He's 35 years old.
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他 35 歲。
09:14
His parents, born in Nigeria,
came to Germany on scholarships.
came to Germany on scholarships.
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他的父母在奈及利亞出生，
用獎學金到德國。
用獎學金到德國。
09:18
Olu was born in Nuremberg
and lived there until age 10.
and lived there until age 10.
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歐路出生於紐倫堡，
十歲前都住在那裡。
十歲前都住在那裡。
09:22
When his family moved to Lagos,
he studied in London,
he studied in London,
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他家搬到拉哥斯時，
他在倫敦讀書，
他在倫敦讀書，
09:24
then came to Berlin.
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然後去了柏林。
09:26
He loves going to Nigeria --
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他很愛去奈及利亞──
09:28
the weather, the food, the friends --
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因為天氣、食物、朋友──
09:31
but hates the political corruption there.
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但是他討厭當地的政治腐敗。
09:34
Where is Olu from?
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所以歐路是哪裡人？
09:36
I have another friend named Udo.
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我還有另一位朋友叫烏都。
09:38
He's also 35 years old.
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他也是 35 歲。
09:40
Udo was born in Córdoba,
in northwest Argentina,
in northwest Argentina,
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烏都生在阿根廷
西北方的科爾多瓦，
西北方的科爾多瓦，
09:43
where his grandparents migrated
from Germany, what is now Poland,
from Germany, what is now Poland,
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他的祖父母在戰後從德國
──現稱波蘭──遷移到那裡。
──現稱波蘭──遷移到那裡。
09:47
after the war.
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09:48
Udo studied in Buenos Aires,
and nine years ago came to Berlin.
and nine years ago came to Berlin.
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烏都在布宜諾斯艾利斯讀書，
九前年到了柏林。
九前年到了柏林。
09:52
He loves going to Argentina --
the weather, the food, the friends --
the weather, the food, the friends --
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他很愛去阿根廷，
因為天氣、食物及朋友，
因為天氣、食物及朋友，
09:56
but hates the economic corruption there.
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但他討厭那裡的經濟腐敗。
09:59
Where is Udo from?
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1938
所以烏都是哪裡人？
10:01
With his blonde hair and blue eyes,
Udo could pass for German,
Udo could pass for German,
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因為他金髮碧眼，
你大概會說烏都是德國人，
你大概會說烏都是德國人，
10:05
but holds an Argentinian passport,
so needs a visa to live in Berlin.
so needs a visa to live in Berlin.
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但是他卻拿阿根廷護照，
所以需要簽證才能住在柏林。
所以需要簽證才能住在柏林。
10:09
That Udo is from Argentina
has largely to do with history.
has largely to do with history.
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那位從阿根廷來的烏都
與歷史大有關係。
與歷史大有關係。
10:13
That he's a local
of Buenos Aires and Berlin,
of Buenos Aires and Berlin,
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說他是布宜諾斯艾利斯及柏林人
10:16
that has to do with life.
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1785
卻跟他的生活有關。
10:18
Olu, who looks Nigerian,
needs a visa to visit Nigeria.
needs a visa to visit Nigeria.
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4201
歐路看起來像奈及利亞人，
卻需要簽證才能去奈及利亞。
卻需要簽證才能去奈及利亞。
10:22
He speaks Yoruba with an English accent,
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他說的非洲優魯巴話
帶著英國腔，
帶著英國腔，
10:25
and English with a German one.
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2079
而他說的英文卻帶著德國腔。
10:27
To claim that he's
"not really Nigerian," though,
"not really Nigerian," though,
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2541
但是如果你說他不是
「真」奈及利亞人，
「真」奈及利亞人，
10:30
denies his experience in Lagos,
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又否定了他在拉哥斯的經歷，
10:32
the rituals he practiced growing up,
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否定了他成長過程的生活習慣，
10:34
his relationship with family and friends.
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否定了他與家人朋友的關係。
10:37
Meanwhile, though Lagos
is undoubtedly one of his homes,
is undoubtedly one of his homes,
189
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3921
同時，雖然拉哥斯
無疑是他的家園之一，
無疑是他的家園之一，
10:41
Olu always feels restricted there,
190
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2499
歐魯在那裡總是覺得大受限制，
10:43
not least by the fact that he's gay.
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尤其他是同性戀這個事實。
10:47
Both he and Udo are restricted
by the political conditions
by the political conditions
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3722
他和烏都兩個人都受到
雙親國家的政局腐敗限制，
10:50
of their parents' countries,
193
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1653
10:52
from living where some of their
most meaningful rituals
most meaningful rituals
194
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2984
無法住在他們培養出
最有意義的習慣
最有意義的習慣
10:55
and relationships occur.
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1950
及關係的地方。
10:57
To say Olu is from Nigeria
and Udo is from Argentina
and Udo is from Argentina
196
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4101
說歐魯是奈及利亞人，
烏都是阿根廷人，
烏都是阿根廷人，
11:01
distracts from their common experience.
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2113
轉移了我們
對他們共同經歷的注意力。
對他們共同經歷的注意力。
11:03
Their rituals, their relationships,
and their restrictions are the same.
and their restrictions are the same.
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他們的習慣、他們的關係
及他們的限制都一樣。
及他們的限制都一樣。
11:08
Of course, when we ask,
"Where are you from?"
"Where are you from?"
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當然，我們問「你從哪裡來」時，
11:10
we're using a kind of shorthand.
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我們好像在用速記法。
11:12
It's quicker to say "Nigeria"
than "Lagos and Berlin,"
than "Lagos and Berlin,"
201
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3927
說「奈及利亞」比說
「拉哥斯及柏林」要快的多，
「拉哥斯及柏林」要快的多，
11:16
and as with Google Maps,
we can always zoom in closer,
we can always zoom in closer,
202
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3831
而且因為 Google 地圖，
我們總是可以拉近放大來看，
我們總是可以拉近放大來看，
11:20
from country to city to neighborhood.
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從國家拉近到城市
再到鄰近地區。
再到鄰近地區。
11:23
But that's not quite the point.
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但那不是重點。
11:26
The difference between
"Where are you from?"
"Where are you from?"
205
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2589
「你是哪國人」
11:28
and "Where are you a local?"
206
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1516
與「你是哪個地方人」的差別
11:30
isn't the specificity of the answer;
207
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2962
並非答案有多明確具體；
11:33
it's the intention of the question.
208
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2115
而是在於問題本身的意圖。
11:36
Replacing the language of nationality
with the language of locality asks us
with the language of locality asks us
209
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5141
將國家這種表達法
以地方來取代，
以地方來取代，
11:41
to shift our focus
to where real life occurs.
to where real life occurs.
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689206
3691
讓我們轉移焦點到
現實生活發生的地方。
現實生活發生的地方。
11:45
Even that most glorious expression
of countryhood, the World Cup,
of countryhood, the World Cup,
211
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4217
即便是最能輝煌展現國家的地方，
世界杯足球賽，
世界杯足球賽，
11:49
gives us national teams comprised
mostly of multilocal players.
mostly of multilocal players.
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5696
參賽的國家球隊也是由
從各地來的隊員組成。
從各地來的隊員組成。
11:55
As a unit of measurement
for human experience,
for human experience,
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2517
作為人類經驗的測定單位，
11:58
the country doesn't quite work.
214
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2775
國家沒甚麼大用處。
12:00
That's why Olu says, "I'm German,
but my parents come from Nigeria."
but my parents come from Nigeria."
215
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3853
那就是為什麼歐魯會說：「我是德國人，
但是我的父母來自奈及利亞。」
但是我的父母來自奈及利亞。」
12:05
The "but" in that sentence
belies the inflexibility of the units,
belies the inflexibility of the units,
216
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5356
句子裡的「但是」
反證了這種單位的不靈活，
反證了這種單位的不靈活，
12:10
one fixed and fictional entity
bumping up against another.
bumping up against another.
217
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4138
固定、虛構的實體
彼此衝突碰撞。
彼此衝突碰撞。
12:15
"I'm a local of Lagos and Berlin,"
suggests overlapping experiences,
suggests overlapping experiences,
218
723164
4422
「我是拉哥斯及柏林人，」
告訴我們重疊的經歷，
告訴我們重疊的經歷，
12:19
layers that merge together,
that can't be denied or removed.
that can't be denied or removed.
219
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4225
層層交織，
無法被否認或抹去。
無法被否認或抹去。
12:24
You can take away my passport,
220
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2232
你能拿走我的護照，
12:26
but you can't take away my experience.
221
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2107
但你拿不走我的經歷。
12:28
That I carry within me.
222
736563
2111
它與我密不可分。
12:30
Where I'm from comes wherever I go.
223
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2642
我從哪裡來源自於我去過哪裡。
12:34
To be clear, I'm not suggesting
that we do away with countries.
that we do away with countries.
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3367
我要說清楚，
我不是建議要廢除國家。
我不是建議要廢除國家。
12:37
There's much to be said
for national history,
for national history,
225
745645
2133
講國家的歷史很有道理，
12:39
more for the sovereign state.
226
747803
1961
講主權國家的歷史更有道理。
12:41
Culture exists in community,
and community exists in context.
and community exists in context.
227
749788
4697
文化存在於社會，
而社會存在於背景。
而社會存在於背景。
12:46
Geography, tradition, collective memory:
these things are important.
these things are important.
228
754509
3966
地理、傳統、集體記憶：
這些都很重要。
這些都很重要。
12:51
What I'm questioning is primacy.
229
759006
2508
我質問的是哪個是首位？
12:53
All of those introductions on tour
began with reference to nation,
began with reference to nation,
230
761999
4664
簽書的介紹開場白
都從國家開始，
都從國家開始，
12:58
as if knowing what country I came
from would tell my audience who I was.
from would tell my audience who I was.
231
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4323
好像知道我從哪個國家來
就會讓讀者群瞭解我是誰。
就會讓讀者群瞭解我是誰。
13:03
What are we really seeking, though,
when we ask where someone comes from?
when we ask where someone comes from?
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3905
但是，在我們問某人從何處來時，
我們真正想問的是什麼？
我們真正想問的是什麼？
13:07
And what are we really seeing
when we hear an answer?
when we hear an answer?
233
775439
2941
我們聽到答案時，
真正看到的什麼？
真正看到的什麼？
13:10
Here's one possibility:
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1271
其中一個可能是：
13:12
basically, countries represent power.
235
780294
2770
基本上，國家代表權力。
13:15
"Where are you from?"
Mexico. Poland. Bangladesh. Less power.
Mexico. Poland. Bangladesh. Less power.
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4575
你是哪國人？墨西哥、波蘭、
孟加拉──比較不強；
孟加拉──比較不強；
13:20
America. Germany. Japan. More power.
237
788671
3494
美國、德國、日本──比較強；
13:24
China. Russia. Ambiguous.
238
792189
2887
中國、俄國──不確定。
13:27
(Laughter)
239
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1660
（笑聲）
13:29
It's possible that without realizing it,
we're playing a power game,
we're playing a power game,
240
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3661
有可能我們在無意識間
玩權力遊戲，
玩權力遊戲，
13:33
especially in the context
of multi-ethnic countries.
of multi-ethnic countries.
241
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3341
尤其是在多種族國家。
13:36
As any recent immigrant knows,
242
804437
2269
就像許多新移民都知道，
13:38
the question "Where are you from?"
or "Where are you really from?"
or "Where are you really from?"
243
806731
4244
「你是哪裡來」
或「你真正從哪裡來」，
或「你真正從哪裡來」，
13:42
is often code for "Why are you here?"
244
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2469
常是「你為什麼來這裡」的代名詞。
13:46
Then we have the scholar
William Deresiewicz's writing
William Deresiewicz's writing
245
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然後我們有
威廉·德雷西維茲的文章，
威廉·德雷西維茲的文章，
13:49
of elite American colleges.
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他是美國菁英大學學者。
13:51
"Students think that
their environment is diverse
their environment is diverse
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他說：「學生認為他們的環境很多元，
13:54
if one comes from Missouri
and another from Pakistan --
and another from Pakistan --
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如果有人來自密蘇里，
有人來自巴基斯坦，
有人來自巴基斯坦，
13:57
never mind that all of their parents
are doctors or bankers."
are doctors or bankers."
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卻不去管他們的父母
都是醫生或銀行家。」
都是醫生或銀行家。」
14:02
I'm with him.
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我贊同他的看法。
14:03
To call one student American,
another Pakistani,
another Pakistani,
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你說某學生是美國人，
另一個是巴基斯坦人，
另一個是巴基斯坦人，
14:06
then triumphantly claim
student body diversity
student body diversity
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然後得意洋洋的宣稱
學生群很多元，
學生群很多元，
14:10
ignores the fact that these students
are locals of the same milieu.
are locals of the same milieu.
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忽略了一個事實，就是這些學生
在相同的成長背景下長大。
在相同的成長背景下長大。
14:13
The same holds true on the other end
of the economic spectrum.
of the economic spectrum.
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這同樣適用於經濟情況。
14:17
A Mexican gardener in Los Angeles
and a Nepali housekeeper in Delhi
and a Nepali housekeeper in Delhi
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洛杉磯的墨西哥裔園丁
與德里的尼泊爾裔管家，
與德里的尼泊爾裔管家，
14:22
have more in common
in terms of rituals and restrictions
in terms of rituals and restrictions
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在習慣與限制上有更多的共通處，
14:26
than nationality implies.
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比國籍顯示出的意義還多。
14:27
Perhaps my biggest problem
with coming from countries
with coming from countries
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或許我對「從哪個國家來」
最大的問題
最大的問題
14:31
is the myth of going back to them.
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是「回去」那個國家的迷思。
14:33
I'm often asked if I plan
to "go back" to Ghana.
to "go back" to Ghana.
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我常被問到有沒有
「回去」迦納的打算。
「回去」迦納的打算。
14:36
I go to Accra every year,
but I can't "go back" to Ghana.
but I can't "go back" to Ghana.
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我每年都會去阿克拉，
但我不會「回去」迦納。
但我不會「回去」迦納。
14:40
It's not because I wasn't born there.
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這不是因為我不在那裡出生。
14:42
My father can't go back, either.
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我的父親也不會回去。
14:44
The country in which he was born,
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他出生時的那個國家，
14:46
that country no longer exists.
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那個國家已不復存在。
14:49
We can never go back to a place
and find it exactly where we left it.
and find it exactly where we left it.
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我們不可能在舊地重遊時，
發現人事景物都依舊。
發現人事景物都依舊。
14:53
Something, somewhere
will always have changed,
will always have changed,
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總是有東西變了，
14:56
most of all, ourselves.
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最有可能的是，我們自己變了。
14:58
People.
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人。
14:59
Finally, what we're talking
about is human experience,
about is human experience,
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最後，我們在談的是人類經驗，
15:02
this notoriously and gloriously
disorderly affair.
disorderly affair.
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聲名狼藉卻又
輝煌無比的一團混亂。
輝煌無比的一團混亂。
15:06
In creative writing,
locality bespeaks humanity.
locality bespeaks humanity.
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創意寫作中，地方代表人性。
15:10
The more we know
about where a story is set,
about where a story is set,
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我們愈瞭解故事的發生地點，
15:12
the more local color and texture,
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地方色彩就愈濃厚，
15:14
the more human
the characters start to feel,
the characters start to feel,
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角色就愈真實，
15:17
the more relatable, not less.
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就愈能產生認同感，而非更少。
15:19
The myth of national identity
and the vocabulary of coming from
and the vocabulary of coming from
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國籍的迷思及從哪裡來的詞彙
15:24
confuses us into placing ourselves
into mutually exclusive categories.
into mutually exclusive categories.
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混淆我們，讓我們置身於
互相排斥的類別中。
互相排斥的類別中。
15:29
In fact, all of us are multi --
multi-local, multi-layered.
multi-local, multi-layered.
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事實是，我們都是多元的──
跨地方、多層次。
跨地方、多層次。
15:33
To begin our conversations
with an acknowledgement of this complexity
with an acknowledgement of this complexity
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以承認這樣的複雜度來開始對話，
15:37
brings us closer together, I think,
not further apart.
not further apart.
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我想會讓我們更加親近，而非更遠。
15:40
So the next time that I'm introduced,
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所以下一次介紹我的時候，
15:44
I'd love to hear the truth:
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我會很樂意聽到實情：
15:46
"Taiye Selasi is a human being,
like everybody here.
like everybody here.
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泰雅思是個人，
就跟在座各位一樣。
就跟在座各位一樣。
15:50
She isn't a citizen of the world,
but a citizen of worlds.
but a citizen of worlds.
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她不是某個地區的公民，
卻是多個地區的公民。
卻是多個地區的公民。
15:54
She is a local of New York,
Rome and Accra."
Rome and Accra."
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她是紐約人、羅馬人
及阿克拉人。
及阿克拉人。
15:57
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:58
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Taiye Selasi - AuthorIn her writings, Taiye Selasi explores our relationship to our multiple identities.
Why you should listen
A writer and photographer of Nigerian and Ghanaian descent, born in London and raised in Boston, now living in Rome and Berlin, who has studied Latin and music, Taiye Selasi is herself a study in the modern meaning of identity. In 2005 she published the much-discussed (and controversial) essay "Bye-Bye, Babar (Or: What Is an Afropolitan?)," offering an alternative vision of African identity for a transnational generation. Prompted by writer Toni Morrison, the following year she published the short story "The Sex Lives of African Girls" in the literary magazine Granta.
Her first novel Ghana Must Go, published in 2013, is a tale of family drama and reconciliation, following six characters and spanning generations, continents, genders and classes.
Taiye Selasi | Speaker | TED.com