Chautauqua Institution
Robert Thurman: Expanding your circle of compassion
Robert Thurman:把你的同理心(慈悲)傳出去
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要持續展現同理心是一件不容易的事情,即時是我們喜歡的人,但Rober Thrman要我們培養我們對於敵人的同理心, 他解釋了七個步驟來練習擴展我們本身的同理心
Robert Thurman - Buddhist scholar
The first American to be ordained a Tibetan Monk by the Dalai Lama, Robert A.F. Thurman is a scholar, author and tireless proponent of peace. Full bio
The first American to be ordained a Tibetan Monk by the Dalai Lama, Robert A.F. Thurman is a scholar, author and tireless proponent of peace. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want to open by quoting Einstein's wonderful statement,
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我想以一個愛因斯坦的名言作為開頭
00:16
just so people will feel at ease that the great scientist of the 20th century
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讓大家可以更容易接受我的觀點,因為20世紀最偉大的科學家
00:21
also agrees with us, and also calls us to this action.
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也同意我們,並且要我們這樣做
00:25
He said, "A human being is a part of the whole, called by us, the 'universe,' --
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他說,"人之所以為人,是宇宙的一部份"
00:30
a part limited in time and space.
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在時間與空間中有限的一部份
00:33
He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings,
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他將自身以及自己的思想與感受
00:36
as something separated from the rest,
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視為獨立於整體之外
00:39
a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness.
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但這種"獨立"是一種意識的錯覺
00:43
This delusion is a kind of prison for us,
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這種錯覺就像會把我們囚禁的監牢
00:46
restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us.
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箝制我們個人的慾望和少數親近的人
00:52
Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion,
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我們必須把我們自己從這個監獄釋放出來,同時拓展我們的同理心
00:58
to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty."
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來擁抱所有生命與整個大自然的美麗
01:02
This insight of Einstein's is uncannily close to that of Buddhist psychology,
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在這一刻,愛因斯坦的見解與佛教心理學中
01:07
wherein compassion -- "karuna," it is called --
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談到的同理心(慈悲心),卡魯那(佛教心理學)有所略同
01:11
is defined as, "the sensitivity to another's suffering
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被定義為,"以眾生的苦當作自己的苦"
01:14
and the corresponding will to free the other from that suffering."
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並且讓別人可以從痛苦中解脫出來的意志力
01:19
It pairs closely with love, which is the will for the other to be happy,
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這同理心與西方的愛是類似的, 那就是希望別人可以快樂
01:23
which requires, of course, that one feels some happiness oneself
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在自己感到快樂的同時
01:27
and wishes to share it.
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也希望可以與別人分享
01:30
This is perfect in that it clearly opposes self-centeredness
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因為同理心和以自我為中心
01:33
and selfishness to compassion, the concern for others,
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自私自利恰恰相反,它是關心別人的
01:37
and, further, it indicates that those caught in the cycle of self-concern
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並且更進一步來說那些以自我為中心的人
01:42
suffer helplessly, while the compassionate are more free
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更容易陷入無助,而那些擁有慈悲心的人往往可以生活的更自在
01:46
and, implicitly, more happy.
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獲得更多快樂
01:48
The Dalai Lama often states that compassion is his best friend.
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達賴喇嘛常說同理心是他最好的朋友
01:53
It helps him when he is overwhelmed with grief and despair.
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這幫助他戰勝悲傷與失望
01:56
Compassion helps him turn away from the feeling of his suffering
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同理心幫助他脫離那些令他感到折磨的感受
02:00
as the most absolute, most terrible suffering anyone has ever had
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即使那種痛苦比別人更加悲慘
02:05
and broadens his awareness of the sufferings of others,
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並且讓他意識到其他也在受苦的人
02:08
even of the perpetrators of his misery and the whole mass of beings.
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即使是那些令他痛苦的犯罪者,以及所有這些人
02:13
In fact, suffering is so huge and enormous,
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事實上, 痛苦的折磨是這麼大到難以計數
02:16
his own becomes less and less monumental.
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而他自己的痛苦卻只是極小一部份
02:19
And he begins to move beyond his self-concern into the broader concern for others.
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而他把以自我為中心的意識轉為發散到他人
02:25
And this immediately cheers him up,
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這立刻鼓舞了他起來
02:27
as his courage is stimulated to rise to the occasion.
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因為他的勇氣立刻被激發出來
02:31
Thus, he uses his own suffering
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也因為如此,他用自己所受到的磨難
02:33
as a doorway to widening his circle of compassion.
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當作一扇打開同理心的門擴展開來
02:37
He is a very good colleague of Einstein's, we must say.
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我必須這樣說,他是愛因斯坦的好同事,因為他們英雄所見略同
02:41
Now, I want to tell a story,
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現在我想要說一個故事
02:43
which is a very famous story in the Indian and Buddhist tradition,
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一個對印度以及佛教來說很有名的故事
02:46
of the great Saint Asanga
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是關於聖人Asanga的故事
02:48
who was a contemporary of Augustine in the West
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他和西方世界的奧古斯丁是屬於同一個時期的人
02:51
and was sort of like the Buddhist Augustine.
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並且他其實就類似佛教界的奧古斯丁
02:53
And Asanga lived 800 years after the Buddha's time.
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Asanga生活的時空是在佛祖誕生後的八百年
02:57
And he was discontented with the state of people's practice
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並且他對當時人們
03:00
of the Buddhist religion in India at that time.
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對印度佛教教義的實踐很不滿意
03:02
And so he said, "I'm sick of all this. Nobody's really living the doctrine.
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他說,"我對這一切覺得很感冒,沒有一個人真正實踐佛教的教義
03:06
They're talking about love and compassion and wisdom and enlightenment,
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他們都說要有愛,要有同理心,要有智慧,然後有了這些他們就會明白一切,而不在會受到任何磨難
03:09
but they are acting selfish and pathetic.
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但他們實際表現出來的卻是自私以及令人可悲
03:12
So, Buddha's teaching has lost its momentum.
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所以佛祖的教導已經失去了他的原意
03:15
I know the next Buddha will come a few thousand years from now,
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我知道下一個佛祖的誕生需要等待數千年
03:18
but exists currently in a certain heaven" -- that's Maitreya --
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但是現在其實存在一個天堂,他就是彌勒菩提
03:22
"so, I'm going to go on a retreat and I'm going to meditate
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所以我想要繼續修行,我要去打坐
03:25
and pray until the Buddha Maitreya reveals himself to me,
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和祈禱, 直到佛祖彌勒接納我為止
03:29
and gives me a teaching or something
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並且給我指導
03:31
to revive the practice of compassion in the world today."
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讓世間重生,讓每個人都有同理心
03:35
So he went on this retreat. And he meditated for three years
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所以他去修行,閉關了三年
03:38
and he did not see the future Buddha Maitreya.
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但是他沒有看到彌勒菩提
03:40
And he left in disgust.
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然後他很厭煩的離開
03:43
And as he was leaving, he saw a man --
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當他離開的時候,他看到一個人
03:46
a funny little man sitting sort of part way down the mountain.
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一個矮矮的人看起來很可笑,坐在山下
03:49
And he had a lump of iron.
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他有一塊鐵塊
03:52
And he was rubbing it with a cloth.
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他正在用他的衣服摩擦他的鐵塊
03:54
And he became interested in that.
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而Asaga對這件事情感到有興趣
03:56
He said, "Well what are you doing?"
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他對那小矮人說,"你在做什麼?"
03:58
And the man said, "I'm making a needle."
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那個人說,"我正在做一根細針"
04:03
And he said, "That's ridiculous. You can't make a needle
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接著他說,"那是不能的事,你不能用衣服
04:05
by rubbing a lump of iron with a cloth."
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摩擦一塊鐵讓他變成一根細針"
04:07
And the man said, "Really?" And he showed him a dish full of needles.
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小矮人說,"怎麼不可能",接著他展示給他看他身上有的針
04:10
So he said, "Okay, I get the point."
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接著他說, "好吧,我知道了"
04:12
He went back to his cave. He meditated again.
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然後他就回去他的洞穴,繼續他的修行
04:15
Another three years, no vision. He leaves again.
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又三年過去了,他還是沒辦法體悟出道理,他又再次離開了
04:18
This time, he comes down.
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這次,他下山
04:20
And as he's leaving, he sees a bird making a nest on a cliff ledge.
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正在他離開的時候,他看到一隻鳥正在懸崖邊做一個鳥巢
04:24
And where it's landing to bring the twigs to the cliff,
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鳥把接來的小嫩枝帶來了懸崖邊
04:28
its feathers brushes the rock -- and it had cut the rock
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鳥翅膀的羽毛拍打的岩石,並且把岩石切出了一條縫
04:32
six to eight inches in. There was a cleft in the rock
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有六到八英吋的裂痕
04:35
by the brushing of the feathers of generations of the birds.
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是鳥身上的羽毛所拍打出來的,而且世世代代的鳥都是這樣做
04:38
So he said, "All right. I get the point." He went back.
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他感動不已,他說"好吧,我知道了",他又回去了修行
04:40
Another three years.
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又過了三年
04:42
Again, no vision of Maitreya after nine years.
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他還是沒有看到彌勒菩提,這已經是九年了
04:44
And he again leaves, and this time: water dripping,
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所以他又離開了一次,這一次水濕淋淋的
04:47
making a giant bowl in the rock where it drips in a stream.
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用滴水在岩石中做了一個很大的碗公
04:51
And so, again, he goes back. And after 12 years there is still no vision.
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他似乎領悟出什麼,所以他又回去了,然後過了十二年,他還是沒有看到彌勒菩提
04:55
And he's freaked out. And he won't even look left or right
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然後他的舉動變得怪異,他連左看又看的想法都沒有
04:57
to see any encouraging vision.
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所以根本沒辦法看到任何有激勵人心的看法
04:59
And he comes to the town. He's a broken person.
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接著他就來到了城鎮,他已經完全是一個落魄的人
05:02
And there, in the town, he's approached by a dog
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就在那裡,他遇到了一隻狗
05:05
who comes like this -- one of these terrible dogs you can see in some poor countries,
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就像一般在很窮很窮的國家裡你會看到的可憐狗
05:10
even in America, I think, in some areas --
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即使在美國你也可能在某些地方看到
05:12
and he's looking just terrible.
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那隻狗看起來實在有夠可憐的
05:14
And he becomes interested in this dog because it's so pathetic,
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接著他對那隻狗感到興趣,因為它看起來太悲慘了
05:17
and it's trying to attract his attention. And he sits down looking at the dog.
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而且狗正想要引起他的注意.於是他坐下來看著那隻狗
05:20
And the dog's whole hindquarters are a complete open sore.
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那隻狗的四隻腳都得了皮膚炎
05:25
Some of it is like gangrenous,
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有些部分看起來生了壞疽的
05:27
and there are maggots in the flesh. And it's terrible.
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而且看起來有蛆在他的皮膚上爬,真是有夠可憐的
05:30
He thinks, "What can I do to fix up this dog?
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他想,"我該怎麼就這隻狗呢?"
05:33
Well, at least I can clean this wound and wash it."
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恩,我想我至少可以讓他洗個澡
05:36
So, he takes it to some water. He's about to clean,
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所以他就去弄了一些水,當他正要開始幫狗洗澡的時候
05:38
but then his awareness focuses on the maggots.
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他的注意力轉移到那些蛆的身上
05:42
And he sees the maggots, and the maggots are kind of looking a little cute.
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當他看著蛆的時候,他發現那些蛆也變得可愛起來
05:45
And they're maggoting happily in the dog's hindquarters there.
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那些蛆很快樂的在狗的四隻上面爬來扒去
05:48
"Well, if I clean the dog, I'll kill the maggots. So how can that be?
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他想"如我把狗洗澡喜乾淨了,那這些蛆都會被我殺掉,那怎麼可以呢?"
05:52
That's it. I'm a useless person and there's no Buddha, no Maitreya,
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恩好吧,就這樣好了,我是個沒用的人,而且我也沒辦法看到佛祖,看到彌勒菩提
05:55
and everything is all hopeless.
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然後所有的東西都沒有希望了
05:57
And now I'm going to kill the maggots?"
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所以我只能落魄到殺這些蛆?這怎麼可以呢!!
06:00
So, he had a brilliant idea.
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於是他想到一個很好的辦法
06:02
And he took a shard of something, and cut a piece of flesh from his thigh,
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他拿了一塊間間的東西,並且從他的身上刮了一層皮下來
06:07
and he placed it on ground.
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接著他把這個東西放在地上
06:09
He was not really thinking too carefully about the ASPCA.
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他其實沒有很認真的想想破傷風的問題...(這時在該注意的!)
06:13
He was just immediately caught with the situation.
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他只是在那個當下想到了這個辦法
06:15
So he thought, "I will take the maggots and put them on this piece of flesh,
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他想,"我會把蛆放到那塊東西上"
06:18
then clean the dog's wounds, and then
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然後再來就可以把狗洗乾淨了,也不會把蛆給殺掉
06:21
I'll figure out what to do with the maggots."
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我想到可以救蛆的方法,
06:24
So he starts to do that. He can't grab the maggots.
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當他開始做的時候,他沒辦法把蛆抓起來
06:26
Apparently they wriggle around. They're kind of hard to grab, these maggots.
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那些蛆很明顯的蠕動所以很難抓
06:30
So he says, "Well, I'll put my tongue on the dog's flesh.
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於是他說,"好吧,我把我的舌頭靠近狗的皮膚
06:34
And then the maggots will jump on my warmer tongue" --
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然後那些蛆就可以跳到我溫暖的舌頭上
06:36
the dog is kind of used up --
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那狗也不會有區了
06:38
"and then I'll spit them one by one down on the thing."
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然後我再把那些蛆一個一個分開就下來
06:41
So he goes down, and he's sticking his tongue out like this.
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所以他就蹲下去,把舌頭身出來
06:44
And he had to close his eyes, it's so disgusting, and the smell and everything.
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當他靠近的時候他比需把他的眼睛閉起來,因為一切實在太噁心了!
06:49
And then, suddenly, there's a pfft, a noise like that.
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然後,突然間他發現有一陣噪音出現了
06:51
He jumps back and there, of course, is the future Buddha Maitreya
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他往後退了三步, 沒錯,彌勒菩堤出現了
06:55
in a beautiful vision -- rainbow lights, golden, jeweled, a plasma body,
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這個景象實在太美了,就像彩虹的亮光,金黃色的,像珠寶一樣的顏色,
07:02
an exquisite mystic vision -- that he sees.
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那精巧的身體,他終於看到了
07:04
And he says, "Oh." He bows.
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然後他大叫了一聲,"挖啊"
07:06
But, being human, he's immediately thinking of his next complaint.
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但是身為人,他還是抱怨了一下
07:10
So as he comes up from his first bow he says,
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所以他到了他的面前
07:12
"My Lord, I'm so happy to see you, but where have you been for 12 years?
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我的天阿,我很高興見到你,但是你過去的十二年跑去哪裡了?
07:16
What is this?"
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這是什麼?
07:18
And Maitreya says, "I was with you. Who do you think was making needles
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彌勒菩提說," 我一直在你旁邊,你知道是誰在那邊做細針的嗎
07:21
and making nests and dripping on rocks for you, mister dense?"
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做鳥巢的, 把落石往你身邊丟的?
07:25
(Laughter)
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哈哈哈
07:27
"Looking for the Buddha in person," he said.
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"對於一個尋找佛祖的人"他說
07:30
And he said, "You didn't have, until this moment, real compassion.
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他說,"你過去都沒有同理心,直到這一個時刻,你才擁有真正的同理心
07:36
And, until you have real compassion, you cannot recognize love."
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你不會意識到什麼是真正的愛,直到你擁有真正的同理心
07:39
"Maitreya" means love, "the loving one," in Sanskrit.
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彌勒菩提代表的是愛,唯一的愛
07:43
And so he looked very dubious, Asanga did.
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接著他看起來非常的懷疑
07:45
And he said, "If you don't believe me, just take me with you."
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Asanga接著說"如果你不相信我,那你把我帶在身邊"
07:48
And so he took the Maitreya -- it shrunk into a globe, a ball --
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彌勒菩提變成了一顆球,於是他就把彌勒菩提帶著
07:53
took him on his shoulder.
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放在肩膀上
07:55
And he ran into town in the marketplace, and he said, "Rejoice! Rejoice!
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接著他回到城市的市場上,他說太棒了
07:59
The future Buddha has come ahead of all predictions. Here he is."
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未來的佛祖來到這邊,他就在這邊
08:03
And then pretty soon they started throwing rocks and stones at him --
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接著群眾開始朝著他丟石頭
08:06
it wasn't Chautauqua, it was some other town --
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這裡不是Chautauqua, 這是別的城鎮
08:09
because they saw a demented looking, scrawny looking yogi man,
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因為群眾看到了一個看起來瘋狂,又骨瘦如柴
08:13
like some kind of hippie, with a bleeding leg and a rotten dog on his shoulder,
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有點像是嬉皮,腿留著血的一個人,還有一隻發臭的狗,放在他肩上
08:18
shouting that the future Buddha had come.
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大叫著未來的佛祖在這邊
08:20
So, naturally, they chased him out of town.
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所以很自然的
08:22
But on the edge of town, one elderly lady, a charwoman in the charnel ground,
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但是就在城鎮的邊緣,一位老老的女人,站在埋葬場所
08:27
saw a jeweled foot on a jeweled lotus on his shoulder and then the dog,
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看到了有珠寶光的光輝的蓮花,佈滿了他的肩膀接著狗也佈滿了
08:31
but she saw the jewel foot of the Maitreya, and she offered a flower.
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她看到了彌勒菩提珠寶光的腳,並且她送給他一朵花
08:35
So that encouraged him, and he went with Maitreya.
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這鼓勵了他,讓他可以跟隨彌勒菩提
08:38
Maitreya then took him to a certain heaven,
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彌勒菩提接著把他帶到了天堂
08:40
which is the typical way a Buddhist myth unfolds.
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在那邊佛祖的秘密被揭開了
08:43
And Maitreya then kept him in heaven for five years,
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彌勒菩提讓他留在天堂流了五年的時間
08:45
dictating to him five complicated tomes
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口述了五本大本的書
08:49
of the methodology of how you cultivate compassion.
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跟他講述了要怎麼樣去培養同理心
08:52
And then I thought I would share with you what that method is, or one of them.
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於是"演講者說" 我想要把這些方法與你們分享,第一個
08:55
A famous one, it's called the "Sevenfold Causal Method of Developing Compassion."
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最有名的," 七個因果的方法來培養同理心
09:00
And it begins first by one meditating and visualizing that all beings are with one --
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最一開始,把所有的生靈都當作只有一個個體
09:07
even animals too, but everyone is in human form.
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除了人以外,即使是動物也把它們這樣看
09:11
The animals are in one of their human lives. The humans are human.
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把動物看成它們有人類般的生命
09:14
And then, among them, you think of your friends and loved ones, the circle at the table.
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然後,在這裡面, 你把你的朋友們,你喜歡的人都聚集在一起
09:19
And you think of your enemies, and you think of the neutral ones.
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想想你的敵人,想想那些處在中立地位的
09:22
And then you try to say, "Well, the loved ones I love.
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然後你試著說,"好吧,我只愛我愛的
09:26
But, you know, after all, they're nice to me.
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不過你知道的,畢竟他們對我都很好
09:28
I had fights with them. Sometimes they were unfriendly.
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我曾經跟他們吵架,他們有時候對我不友善
09:30
I got mad. Brothers can fight. Parents and children can fight.
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我會生氣,兄弟會吵架,父母和小孩也會吵架
09:33
So, in a way, I like them so much because they're nice to me.
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所以,某方面,我喜歡他們,因為他們對我很好
09:37
While the neutral ones I don't know. They could all be just fine.
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而對於中立的人來說,我是不知道,他們可能都很好
09:41
And then the enemies I don't like because they're mean to me.
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接著擴展到敵人,我不喜歡敵人,因為它們對我很不好
09:45
But they are nice to somebody. I could be them."
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但是他們對其他人好,我可以變成那些其他人
09:48
And then the Buddhists, of course, think that, because we've all had infinite previous lives,
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接著對佛祖來說,那是單然的想法,因為我們也無限的前世
09:52
we've all been each other's relatives, actually.
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佛祖相信我們和其他人都有一些實際的關係
09:56
Therefore all of you, in the Buddhist view,
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因此每一個人,在佛祖的眼裡
09:58
in some previous life, although you don't remember it and neither do I,
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雖然你不記得前世,但是在前世裡
10:02
have been my mother -- for which I do apologize for the trouble I caused you.
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你曾經是我的媽媽,我對我曾經造成你的麻煩感到抱歉
10:07
And also, actually, I've been your mother.
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並且實際上,我當過你的媽媽
10:10
I've been female, and I've been every single one of yours' mother in a previous life,
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我的前世是個女人,並且我曾經是一個媽媽
10:13
the way the Buddhists reflect.
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這就是佛祖的想法
10:15
So, my mother in this life is really great. But all of you in a way
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所以我的媽媽在這樣一個想法理事非常偉大的,其實你們也都是這樣
10:18
are part of the eternal mother.
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在某一部份裡是一個永恆的媽媽
10:21
You gave me that expression; "the eternal mama," you said. That's wonderful.
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你給我了這樣的稱謂,一個永恆的媽媽,然後你就會說,那真是太棒了
10:25
So, that's the way the Buddhists do it.
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那就是佛祖所做的事情
10:27
A theist Christian can think that all beings, even my enemies, are God's children.
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對於有神論者,基督徒,可以想所有的人,甚至是我的敵人,都是上帝的孩子
10:32
So, in that sense, we're related.
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用這樣的想法,我們實際上都是相關
10:34
So, they first create this foundation of equality.
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所以這建立了所謂的平等
10:37
So, we sort of reduce a little of the clinging to the ones we love --
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所以我們在某種程度上減輕了我們對某些人的愛
10:41
just in the meditation -- and we open our mind to those we don't know.
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這只是一種妥協,也因為如此我們把自己的心靈打開,給那些我們不知道的人
10:45
And we definitely reduce the hostility and the "I don't want to be compassionate to them"
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我們明確地減少我們的敵意把"我不要把同理心給那些壞人"
10:49
to the ones we think of as the bad guys, the ones we hate and we don't like.
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那些我們認為是壞人的人,以及我們討厭不喜歡的人
10:54
And we don't hate anyone, therefore. So we equalize. That's very important.
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因為我們不在討厭任何人,所以我們同化了這些,這是非常重要的一部份
10:57
And then the next thing we do is what is called "mother recognition."
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接著下一件事情,叫做認識我們的母親
11:01
And that is, we think of every being as familiar, as family.
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那就是把每個人都當作我們的家人
11:06
We expand. We take the feeling about remembering a mama,
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我們把這個感覺向外擴展,我們把回憶母親的美好這種感覺
11:11
and we defuse that to all beings in this meditation.
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並也把這個想法散佈給大家,在一種沈思的狀況下
11:15
And we see the mother in every being.
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然後我們就可以把每個人當作母親來看
11:17
We see that look that the mother has on her face,
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這種感覺就像我們看母親慈祥的臉
11:20
looking at this child that is a miracle
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看著他的小孩,這就像是一種奇蹟一樣
11:22
that she has produced from her own body, being a mammal,
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作為一個人,那種表現是非常自然的
11:25
where she has true compassion, truly is the other, and identifies completely.
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那就是最真實的同理心,可以被完完全全的表現出來
11:29
Often the life of that other will be more important to her than her own life.
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把別人的生命看的比她自己的還重要一樣
11:33
And that's why it's the most powerful form of altruism.
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而這就是為什麼這個力量非常的巨大...利他主義
11:36
The mother is the model of all altruism for human beings,
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母親,就是所有利他主義的模範
11:40
in spiritual traditions.
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也是精神的代表
11:43
And so, we reflect until we can sort of see that motherly expression in all beings.
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也因為如此,我們可以展現像母親那樣的同理心給其他所有人
11:49
People laugh at me because, you know, I used to say that
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其他人都這樣笑我,我過去常這樣說
11:52
I used to meditate on mama Cheney as my mom,
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我常把Cheney 當做我的媽媽
11:56
when, of course, I was annoyed with him about all of his evil doings in Iraq.
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當然我對他在伊拉克做的壞事感覺到非常的反感
12:01
I used to meditate on George Bush. He's quite a cute mom in a female form.
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我過去常把布希總統拿來思考, 他是一個相當可愛的媽媽(一種男性的樣子)
12:04
He has his little ears and he smiles and he rocks you in his arms.
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當他逗你笑的時候
12:07
And you think of him as nursing you.
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你可以想像他在服侍你
12:10
And then Saddam Hussein's serious mustache is a problem,
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然後你可以把伊拉克總理海珊滿臉的鬍子當做一個問題
12:13
but you think of him as a mom.
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但當你把他想成媽媽的時候
12:16
And this is the way you do it. You take any being who looks weird to you,
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這就是你做事的方法,你把每個你看起來很怪的人
12:18
and you see how they could be familiar to you.
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把他們當做跟你很親近的人
12:22
And you do that for a while, until you really feel that.
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然後你就先做了這件事直到你感覺到
12:26
You can feel the familiarity of all beings.
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你可以感受到每個人其實都是很親近的
12:28
Nobody seems alien. They're not "other."
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沒有一個人是陌生人,他們不是別人
12:30
You reduce the feeling of otherness about beings.
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你把"別人"這種想法給去掉
12:33
Then you move from there to remembering the kindness of mothers in general,
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然後你到了那種程度,就可以回憶起母親的仁慈
12:38
if you can remember the kindness of your own mother,
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如果你可以記起你母親的仁慈
12:40
if you can remember the kindness of your spouse,
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也可以憶起你的配偶的仁慈
12:42
or, if you are a mother yourself, how you were with your children.
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或是你自己本身就是一位母親,你是怎麼對待自己的孩子
12:45
And you begin to get very sentimental; you cultivate sentimentality intensely.
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然後你就變得比較富有感情,你會大大地培養自己的情感
12:50
You will even weep, perhaps, with gratitude and kindness.
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你會哭泣,又或許感謝這仁慈
12:53
And then you connect that with your feeling that everyone has that motherly possibility.
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然後你就可以和那些也有這種情感的人做聯繫
12:57
Every being, even the most mean looking ones, can be motherly.
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每一個人,及使最邪惡的人都可以轉變成像母親一樣慈祥的人
13:02
And then, third, you step from there to what is called "a feeling of gratitude."
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接著第三步,是感恩的心
13:06
You want to repay that kindness that all beings have shown to you.
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你想回報那些對你的仁慈
13:10
And then the fourth step, you go to what is called "lovely love."
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第四步,你就會到達最完整的愛
13:14
In each one of these you can take some weeks, or months, or days
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如果這些步驟你可以在每一星期每一個月或每一天練習
13:16
depending on how you do it, or you can do them in a run, this meditation.
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看你要怎麼練習,你可以慢跑的時候 練習這種思考
13:20
And then you think of how lovely beings are when they are happy,
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你就可以想當人們擁有愛的時候將會多高興
13:25
when they are satisfied.
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當他們滿足的時候
13:27
And every being looks beautiful when they are internally feeling a happiness.
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並且每個人都會看起來很高興,當他們內心感到愉快的感覺
13:31
Their face doesn't look like this. When they're angry, they look ugly, every being,
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當他們生氣看起來會很難看,他們的臉看起來不會是這樣
13:35
but when they're happy they look beautiful.
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不過當他們高興的時候,他們看起來是很高興的
13:37
And so you see beings in their potential happiness.
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所以你就可以看到他們潛在的高興
13:40
And you feel a love toward them and you want them to be happy, even the enemy.
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然後你就可以感受到有一股愛的力量向他們前進,因為你希望他們可以高興
13:43
We think Jesus is being unrealistic
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並且實際上,這是非常符合邏輯的
13:45
when he says, "Love thine enemy."
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我們有時候會想到耶穌說對他們的敵人表現愛是非常不真實的
13:49
He does say that, and we think he's being unrealistic
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他真的是那樣說的,在我們的想法理他是不真實的
13:52
and sort of spiritual and highfalutin. "Nice for him to say it, but I can't do that."
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是一種清神上的,裝模作樣的,所以我們會想"他是講得很好沒錯,不過我沒辦法做到"
13:55
But, actually, that's practical.
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但實際上,那是可以做到的
13:57
If you love your enemy that means you want your enemy to be happy.
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如果你喜歡你的敵人,那代表你希望你的敵人高興
14:00
If your enemy was really happy, why would they bother to be your enemy?
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如果你的敵人真的很高興的話,那麼他們怎麼會來打擾你呢
14:04
How boring to run around chasing you.
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為什麼要這麼無聊在旁邊追你
14:06
They would be relaxing somewhere having a good time.
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他們應該要在其他地方休息,享受他們的時間
14:09
So it makes sense to want your enemy to be happy,
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所以讓你的敵人高興是一件很有意義的事情
14:11
because they'll stop being your enemy because that's too much trouble.
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因為他們將會停止當你的敵人,因為那太麻煩了
14:14
But anyway, that's the "lovely love. "
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不過那將是非常棒的
14:16
And then finally, the fifth step is compassion, "universal compassion."
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第五步,那就是同理心(慈悲新)一種對於全宇宙的同理心
14:20
And that is where you then look at the reality of all the beings you can think of.
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那就是你真實的看待其他人
14:26
And you look at them, and you see how they are.
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你看著他們,想他們是怎樣的人
14:28
And you realize how unhappy they are actually, mostly, most of the time.
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你會發現他們實際上大多數時間是不高興的
14:32
You see that furrowed brow in people.
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你看著他們皺著眉頭
14:34
And then you realize they don't even have compassion on themselves.
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然後你會發現他們連對他們自己都沒有同理心
14:37
They're driven by this duty and this obligation.
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他們被這種責任所推動
14:39
"I have to get that. I need more. I'm not worthy. And I should do something."
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我必須得到,我想要更多,我現在實在不好,我需要做一些事情
14:43
And they're rushing around all stressed out.
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他們想盡辦法達到
14:45
And they think of it as somehow macho, hard discipline on themselves.
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他們認為這樣是一個男子漢,把很艱困的原則放在他們身上
14:49
But actually they are cruel to themselves.
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但實際上,他們是虐待自己
14:52
And, of course, they are cruel and ruthless toward others.
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當然,他們就會對其他人冷酷無情
14:54
And they, then, never get any positive feedback.
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然後他們就不會得到任何的正向回饋
14:56
And the more they succeed and the more power they have,
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然後他們越成功,得到越多的權力
14:58
the more unhappy they are.
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反而會變得越不高興
15:00
And this is where you feel real compassion for them.
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而這就是你對他們感到同情的地方
15:03
And you then feel you must act.
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然後你會想要做一些事情來改變
15:06
And the choice of the action, of course,
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這就是你的動機
15:08
hopefully will be more practical
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而這個選擇,當然會變得更實際
15:12
than poor Asanga, who was fixing the maggots on the dog
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比那個窮Asanga幫助那隻長滿蛆的狗
15:16
because he had that motivation, and whoever was in front of him,
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因為當他有那種動機的時候,他不管誰檔在他面前
15:19
he wanted to help.
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他都會想要幫助別人
15:21
But, of course, that is impractical. He should have founded the ASPCA in the town
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當然那是不可行的,他應該去找美國防止虐待動物協會幫忙
15:25
and gotten some scientific help for dogs and maggots.
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去找一些科學化的幫助那隻狗除去他身上的蛆
15:28
And I'm sure he did that later. (Laughter) But that just indicates the state of mind, you know.
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我相信他之後會那樣做,不過重要的是當時的想法
15:34
And so the next step -- the sixth step beyond "universal compassion" --
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所以接下來第六步,第六步是超越宇宙的同理心
15:38
is this thing where you're linked with the needs of others in a true way,
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當你知道別人的需求的時候
15:42
and you have compassion for yourself also,
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你也對自己有同理心
15:45
and it isn't sentimental only. You might be in fear of something.
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當然,這不只是情感,你可能會害怕某些事情
15:48
Some bad guy is making himself more and more unhappy
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那些壞人,會把他們自己變的越來越不高興
15:51
being more and more mean to other people
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對別人越來越尖酸刻薄
15:53
and getting punished in the future for it in various ways.
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他們將會在未來接收教訓
15:56
And in Buddhism, they catch it in the future life.
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在佛祖的角度上,他們將會在未來接收到那些教訓
15:59
Of course in theistic religion they're punished by God or whatever.
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當然對一神論者來講,他們將會被上帝處罰
16:02
And materialism, they think they get out of it just by not existing,
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唯物論者,他們將會逃離這些教訓
16:04
by dying, but they don't.
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當他們掛掉的時候,但是他們是不會的
16:07
And so they get reborn as whatever, you know.
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然後他們就必須輪迴轉世
16:10
Never mind. I won't get into that.
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這個部分我就不多說了
16:12
But the next step is called "universal responsibility."
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最後一步,叫做全體的責任
16:15
And that is very important -- the Charter of Compassion
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這是非常重要的,是同理心的許可證
16:18
must lead us to develop through true compassion,
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這將會帶領我們培養真正的同理心
16:21
what is called "universal responsibility."
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那就是一種全體的責任
16:23
In the great teaching of his Holiness the Dalai Lama
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就像達賴喇嘛教導那個偉大的神聖一樣
16:27
that he always teaches everywhere, he says
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那是他一直以來教導大家的
16:29
that that is the common religion of humanity: kindness.
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那是一種共同的信仰那就是人性,仁慈
16:32
But "kindness" means "universal responsibility."
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但是仁慈代表著,全宇宙的責任
16:34
And that means whatever happens to other beings is happening to us:
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那就是發生在別人身上的事情也會發生在我們身上
16:38
we are responsible for that, and we should take it
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那是我們的責任,我們必須去承擔
16:42
and do whatever we can at whatever little level
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並且去作我們可以做的,即使是很小一部份
16:44
and small level that we can do it.
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我們可以做的那一小部分
16:46
We absolutely must do that. There is no way not to do it.
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我們必須做到,那是不能避免的
16:50
And then, finally, that leads to a new orientation in life
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然後這些就會導引讓你的人生有一個新的方向
16:54
where we live equally for ourselves and for others
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讓我們自己和其他人都生活的平等
16:58
and we are
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並且我們會意識來自於我們自己的喜悅
17:02
joyful and happy.
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我們會很愉快,很高興
17:04
One thing we mustn't think is that compassion makes you miserable.
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有一件不能想事情,那就是同理心會讓你覺得悲哀
17:07
Compassion makes you happy.
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同理心是可以讓你感到高興的
17:09
The first person who is happy when you get great compassion is yourself,
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即使你還沒有對齊他人有所幫助,但當你擁有很多同理心的同時
17:13
even if you haven't done anything yet for anybody else.
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第一個會感到高興的人就是你自己,
17:15
Although, the change in your mind already does something for other beings:
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你腦袋中改變的想法已經開始對其他人產生影響
17:20
they can sense this new quality in yourself,
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他們會感受到你的改變,
17:23
and it helps them already, and gives them an example.
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而這個改變將會給他們一個榜樣,並且幫助他們
17:25
And that uncompassionate clock has just showed me that it's all over.
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那無情的時間已經快到了
17:29
So, practice compassion, read the charter, disseminate it
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所以從現在開使從你自身做起,練習培養同理心
17:34
and develop it within yourself.
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並且傳播這個理念
17:36
Don't just think, "Well, I'm compassionate," or "I'm not compassionate,"
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不要只是空想,''我到底是個有同理心的人呢？還是沒有''
17:39
and sort of think you're stuck there.
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使得自己無法跳脫這個範疇
17:41
You can develop this. You can diminish the non-compassion,
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同理心是可以培養的.你可以將內心冷酷
17:44
the cruelty, the callousness, the neglect of others,
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殘忍,對他人冷漠,忽視別人這些負面的想法都移除
17:48
and take universal responsibility for them.
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把他們當作是個責任
17:50
And then, not only will God smile and the eternal mama will smile,
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然後你就會發現不只上帝會笑, 所謂的永恆的媽媽也會笑,
17:55
but Karen Armstrong will smile.
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而且作家凱倫阿姆斯壯也會笑
17:57
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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謝謝大家
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Thurman - Buddhist scholarThe first American to be ordained a Tibetan Monk by the Dalai Lama, Robert A.F. Thurman is a scholar, author and tireless proponent of peace.
Why you should listen
Tenzin Robert Thurman became a Tibetan monk at age 24. He's a professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist studies at Columbia University, and co-founder of Tibet House US, a nonprofit dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Tibetan civilization.
Thurman's focus is on the balance between inner insight and cultural harmony. In interpreting the teachings of Buddha, he argues that happiness can be reliable and satisfying in an enduring way without depriving others.
He has translated many Buddhist Sutras, or teachings, and written many books, recently taking on the topic of Anger for the recent Oxford series on the seven deadly sins. He maintains a podcast on Buddhist topics. And yes, he is Uma's dad.
Robert Thurman | Speaker | TED.com