TED2004
Al Seckel: Visual illusions that show how we (mis)think
Al Seckel 說我們的腦袋是錯接的
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Al Seckel是個認知神經學家，專門探討可欺騙人腦的感知錯覺。他用很多的視覺戲法來證明我們不僅容易上當，我們還有點喜歡上當。
Al Seckel - Master of visual illusions
Al Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish. Full bio
Al Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
We're going to talk -- my -- a new lecture, just
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我們要講一個，特別為
00:26
for TED -- and I'm going show you some illusions
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TED 做的新的演講。我要給你們看一些
00:29
that we've created for TED, and I'm going to try
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我們特別為TED做的幻象。我會嘗試
00:32
to relate this to happiness. What I was thinking
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讓這些與「怏樂」有關。我在想
00:34
about with happiness is, what gives happiness --
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快樂是什麼，什麽爲人帶來快樂？
00:37
or happiness, which I equate with joy in my
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在我的領域中，快樂相當於喜悅。
00:41
particular area, and I think there's something very
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而且我認為有個非常基本的東西。
00:43
fundamental. And I was thinking about this. And
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我這麼想的：
00:47
it's in terms of both illusions and movies that we
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以幻象和電影的角度來說，
00:51
go see and jokes and magic shows is that there's
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當我們聽笑話或看魔術時，
00:55
something about these things where our
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有個特點是他們都以一種討喜的方式
00:57
expectations are violated in some sort of pleasing
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違反我們預想的結果。
01:01
way. You go see a movie. And it has an unexpected
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你去看一場電影，出奇意表地來一個轉折，
01:04
twist -- something that you didn't expect -- and
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一個你沒有想到的轉折，
01:07
you find a joyful experience. You look at those
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你覺得這是個喜悅的經驗。
01:10
sort of illusions in my book and it's not as what
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你看我書中的幻象，他們跟你預期的不一樣。
01:13
you'd expect. And there's something joyful about
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然而這當中是有喜悅的元素的。
01:15
it. And it's the same thing with jokes and all
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這跟笑話是一樣的。
01:18
these sorts of things. So, what I'm going to try
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所以我要試著在我的講座中
01:21
and do in my lecture is go a little bit further
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作一些嘗試
01:24
and see if I can violate your expectations in a
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看是否能以討喜的方式違反你的期望。
01:27
pleasing way. I mean, sometimes expectations that
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我的意思是，有時被違反的期望是不討喜的，
01:30
are violated are not pleasant, but I'm going to try
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但我要嘗試的是用一種討喜、
01:32
to do it in a pleasant way, in a very primal way,
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簡單的方式
01:35
so I can make the audience here happy.
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來讓觀眾開心。
01:37
So I'm going to show you some ways that we can
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我現在為你示範一些我們可以
01:40
violate your expectations. First of all, I want to
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違反你期望的例子。首先，我要
01:43
show you the particular illusion here. I want you
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給你看以下的幻像。當銀幕出現的時候，
01:46
first of all when it pops up on the screen to
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我要你們留意
01:49
notice that the two holes are perpendicular to
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有兩個互相垂直的洞。
01:51
each other. These are all perceptual tricks. These
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這些都是感知上的戲法。
01:55
are real objects that I'm going to show you. Now
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我要給你看的都是真實的物體。
02:06
I'm going to show you how it is done. I've looped
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現在我要給你看是怎麼做到的。
02:09
the film here so you can get a very interesting
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我將這短片轉了一下，讓你可以有個有趣的經驗。
02:11
experience. I want you to see how this illusion is
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我要你看這個戲法是如何製造出來的；
02:14
constructed, and it's going to rotate so you see
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他會轉到讓你看到物體內外相反。
02:17
that it's inside out. Now watch, as it rotates
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現在仔細看他轉回去。
02:20
back, how quickly your perception snaps. OK now.
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看你的感知多快的閃回去。好，現在，
02:26
Watch it as it rotates back again. And this is a very
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再看他轉回去。而且我們這裡的觀眾
02:29
bright audience, all right? See if you can stop it
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是非常聰明的。看你能不能阻止這個現象。
02:32
from happening, even though you know 100 percent it's
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就算你百分百確定這是真的，
02:35
true that -- bam! You can't undo it. What does
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但是，哎呀，你控制不了。
02:40
that tell you about yourselves? We're going to do
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這告訴你甚麼？
02:44
it again. No doubt about it. See if you can stop
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我們再來一次，無可否認的，你可以試著阻止它。
02:47
it from happening. No. It's difficult.
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不行，太難了。
02:54
And we can violate your expectations in a whole
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我們可以用很多方法違反你的期望，
02:57
variety of ways about representation, about shape,
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例如形狀或顏色，
03:00
about color and so forth and it's very primal. And
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而且這是非常基本的。
03:03
it's an interesting question to ponder, why these
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這是一個有趣的問題。
03:06
things -- we find these things joyful. Why would
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為什麼會這樣-我們覺得愉悅。
03:10
we find them joyful? So, here's something that
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為什麼它們能逗我們開心？
03:13
Lionel did a while ago. I like these sort of
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這是黎歐諾前一陣子做的東西。我喜歡這類的
03:15
little things like this.
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小東西。
03:19
Again, this is not an optical trick. This is what
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同樣的，這不是視覺上的詭計。這是
03:22
you would see. In other words, it's not a camera
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你真的看見的。也就是說，這不是影片剪輯。
03:42
cut. It's a perceptual trick.
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這是感知錯覺。
03:55
OK. We can violate your expectations about
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好。我們可以違反你對於
03:57
shape.
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形狀的期望。
04:16
We can violate your expectations on representation
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我們可以違反你對圖像的期望
04:20
-- what an image represents. What do you see here?
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－圖像代表的事物。你在這張圖中看見什麼？
04:25
How many of you here see dolphins? Raise your hand
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有多少人看見海豚？請舉手
04:32
if you see dolphins. OK, those people who raised
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如果你看見海豚的話。好，那些舉手的
04:36
their hands, afterwards, the rest of the audience,
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人，演講完，其他的聽眾
04:38
go talk to them, all right? Actually, this is the
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去找他們談談，好嗎？事實上，這是
04:42
best example of priming by experience that I know.
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據我所知經驗造成偏好的最好的例子。
04:46
If you are a child under the age of 10 who
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如果你是十歲以下的小孩
04:50
haven't been ruined yet, you will look at this
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還沒墮落，你看著
04:53
image and see dolphins. Now, some of you adults
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這張圖會看見海豚。同時，在場的一些大人
04:57
here are saying, "What dolphins? What dolphins?"
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會說：什麼海豚？哪有海豚？
04:59
But in fact, if you reversed the figure ground --
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但事實上，如果你反轉圖像的背景－
05:02
in other words, the dark areas here -- I forgot to
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就是這裡深色的區塊－我忘了
05:05
ask for a pointer -- but if you reverse it, you'll
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要紅外線指燈筆－但如果你反轉它的話，你會
05:07
see a whole series of little dolphins. By the way,
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看見成群的小海豚。順道一提，
05:10
if you're also a student at CalTech -- they also
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如果你是加州理工學院的學生－他們也
05:13
tend to just see the dolphins. It's based on
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傾向於看見海豚。這是以經驗
05:16
experience.
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為基礎的。
05:20
Now, something like this can be used because this
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而這些之所以能拿來運用是因為
05:23
is after all talk about design, too. This was
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我們談的是設計。這是
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done by Saatchi and Saatchi, and they actually got
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上奇廣告公司做的。他們真的
05:28
away with this ad in Australia. So, if you look at
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得以在澳洲用了這個廣告。如果你看
05:31
this ad for beer, all those people are in sort of
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這個啤酒的廣告，所有人的儀態都好像
05:36
provocative positions. But they got it passed, and
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很挑逗。但他們混過去了。還
05:39
actually won the Clio awards, so it's funny how you can do
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得了克里歐獎。所以做這些事
05:43
these things.
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是很有趣的。
05:44
Remember that sort of, um. This is the joke I did
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還記得有一種，嗯，我開的玩笑嗎？
05:52
when the Florida ballot was going around. You
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在佛羅里達州開票的時候，
05:56
know, count the dots for Gore; count the dots for
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數高爾的點數，數布希的點數。
05:58
Bush; count 'em again ...
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再數一次。
06:03
You can violate your expectations about
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你還可以這樣違反經驗造就的期望。
06:06
experience. Here is an outside water fountain that
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這是個戶外噴水池，
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I created with some friends of mine, but you can
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我和一些朋友發明的。
06:15
stop the water in drops and -- actually make all
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但你可以讓水滴靜止，而且讓它停在半空中。
06:18
the drops levitate. This is something we're
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這是我們現在在做的：
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building for, you know, amusement parks and that
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就是遊樂場那類的。
06:26
kind of stuff.
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現在，
06:27
Now let's take a static image. Can you see this?
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我們看這個靜態的圖。你們看得到嗎？
06:31
Do you see the middle section moving down and the
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有沒有看到中間的部份正往下移
06:34
outer sections moving up? It's completely static.
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而外部則往上移？這完全是靜態的。
06:38
It's a static image. How many people see this
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是靜態圖。多少人看見這個幻象？
06:40
illusion? It's completely static.
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這完全是靜態的。
06:46
Right. Now, when -- it's interesting that when we
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好。有趣的是，我們看圖的時候，
06:49
look at an image we see, you know, color, depth,
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可以看見顏色，濃淺度，和質感。
06:53
texture. And you can look at this whole scene and
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而且你們可以看整個場景來分析它。
06:56
analyze it. You can see the woman is in closer than
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你可以看出這個女人比較靠近牆。
06:59
the wall and so forth. But the whole thing is
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但事實上整個是平面的。
07:01
actually flat. It's painted. It's trompe l'oeil.
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這是畫的。這是透視畫法。
07:06
And it was such a good trompe l'oeil that people
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這透視畫法傳神到
07:08
got irritated when they tried to talk to the
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有些人為了這女人不回他們的話
07:10
woman and she wouldn't respond.
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而生氣。
07:15
Now, you can make design mistakes. Like this
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現在，你也可以在設計上使用錯覺。
07:19
building in New York. So that when you see it from
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像這棟在紐約的建築。從這邊看起來，
07:25
this side, it looks like the balconies tilt up,
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陽台看起來往上翹；
07:28
and when you walk around to the other side it
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但你如果走到另一邊，
07:30
looks like the balconies go down. So there are
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看起來陽台往下傾。
07:35
cases where you have mistakes in design that
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所以你也可以在設計上置入
07:37
incorporate illusions.
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感知錯覺。
07:38
Or, you take this particular un-retouched
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或是，你也可以看這張沒有修過的照片。
07:41
photograph. Now, interestingly enough, I get a lot
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現在非常有趣的，
07:49
of emails from people who say, "Is there any
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我常常收到有人透過電郵問我：
07:51
perceptual difference between males and females?"
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「男生跟女生中間在感知錯覺中有什麼不同嗎？」
07:56
And I really say, "No." I mean, women can navigate
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然後我會回答：「沒有」我的意思是
07:58
through the world just as well as males can -- and
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女生跟男生一樣可以正常生活
08:01
why wouldn't they? However, this is the one
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為什麼不？
08:03
illusion that women can consistently do better
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但事實上是有女人比男人強的：
08:06
than males: in matching which head because they
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在配對哪一個頭是誰的
08:09
rely on fashion cues. They can match the hat.
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因為她們可以用流行線索。她們會配對帽子。
08:15
Okay, now getting to a part -- I want to show
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好，現在回到重點。我要給你們看設計上的錯覺。
08:17
design in illusions. I believe that the first
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據我所知，
08:20
example of illusions being used purposely was by
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第一個故意使用錯覺的人是達文西。
08:25
da Vinci in this anamorphic image of an eye. So
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在他的歪像眼睛中，
08:31
that when you saw from one little angle was like
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從一個角度看是這樣的。
08:34
this. And this little technique got popular in the
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這個技巧在
08:37
16th century and the 17th century to disguise
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十六十七世紀常被用來掩飾特殊意思。
08:40
hidden meanings, where you could flip the image and
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你可以把圖像轉過來
08:43
see it from one little point of view like this.
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就可以從這個角度看到。
08:48
But these are early incorporations of illusions
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這是早期在感知錯覺上的應用。
08:51
brought to -- sort of high point with Hans
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Hans Holbein在「使者」
08:53
Holbein's "Ambassadors." And Hans Holbein worked
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這幅畫用得淋漓盡致。而且
08:56
for Henry VIII. This was hung on a wall where you
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Hans Holdbein為亨利八世工作。
09:00
could walk down from the stair and you can see
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你可以爬上樓梯
09:02
this hidden skull.
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就可以看到隱藏的骷髏頭。
09:06
All right, now I'm going to show you some
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好，現在，我要給你們看一些設計家
09:09
designers who work with illusions to give that
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他們如何使用錯覺來製造驚喜的元素。
09:11
element of surprise. One of my favorites is Scott
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一個我很喜歡的是史考特金。
09:14
Kim. I worked with Scott to create some illusions
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我和史考特一同製作了一些感知錯覺給ＴＥＤ，
09:18
for TED that I hope you will enjoy. We have one
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希望你們會喜歡。
09:23
here on TED and happiness.
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我們這裡有一個是有關ＴＥＤ和快樂的。
09:41
OK now. Arthur [Ganson] hasn't talked yet, but his is
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好現在亞瑟還沒講話，
09:44
going to be a delightful talk and he has some of
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但他要講的挺令人愉悅的
09:47
his really fantastic machines outside. And so, we
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而且他在外面有一些非常有趣的機器。
09:54
-- Scott created this wonderful tribute to Arthur
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所以，我們-史考特製作了一些東西給
09:57
Ganson.
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亞瑟甘森。
10:09
Well, there's analog and digital. Thought that
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好，這裡是「analog」和「digital」
10:17
was appropriate here.
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覺得這個在這裡很適合。
10:23
And figure goes to ground.
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然後「figure」變成「ground」。
10:38
And for the musicians.
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然後給音樂家們，
10:59
And of course, since happiness -- we want "joy to the
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當然的，因為是快樂，我們要
11:01
world."
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「joy to the world」(把快樂帶給世間）
11:11
Now, another great designer -- he's very well
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現在，另一個很棒的設計家
11:13
known in Japan -- Shigeo Fukuda. And he just
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他在日本非常有名：福田 繁雄。
11:18
builds some fantastic things. This is simply
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他製造了一些很有趣的東西。
11:20
amazing. This is a pile of junk that when you view
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這實在是太驚人了。在這個角度看，
11:27
it from one particular angle, you see its
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這是一堆沒用的廢物，
11:36
reflection in the mirror as a perfect piano.
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但你看從鏡子中反射出來的是一架完整的鋼琴。
11:54
Pianist transforms to violinist.
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鋼琴家變成小提琴家。
12:07
This is really wild. This assemblage of forks,
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這很瘋狂。這些叉子、刀子和湯匙和
12:13
knives and spoons and various cutlery, welded
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一些廚房用具的組合，
12:16
together. It gives a shadow of a motorcycle. You learn
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成為一臺摩托車的影子。
12:29
something in the sort of thing that I do, which
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從這些可以學到一件事情：
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is there are people out there with a lot of time
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就是很多人
12:34
on their hands.
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非常閒。
12:39
Ken Knowlton does wonderful composite images, like
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Ken Knowlton在組合這些圖片中做的很好。
12:45
creating Jacques Cousteau out of seashells --
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像是從貝殼中拼出Jacques Consteau，
12:47
un-retouched seashells, but just by rearranging
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沒有修片過的貝殼，只是重新拼過。
12:49
them. He did Einstein out of dice because, after
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他也用骰子拼出愛因斯坦，
12:53
all, Einstein said, "God does not play dice with
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畢竟愛因斯坦曾說：「神不跟世界玩丟骰子的。」
12:56
the universe." Bert Herzog out of un-retouched
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用未修片的鍵盤拼出Bert Herzog（德國電影家）。
13:01
keyboards. Will Shortz, crossword puzzle. John
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用字謎拼Will Shortz（美國字謎創作家）
13:06
Cederquist does these wonderful trompe l'oeil
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Cederquist（傢具設計家）
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cabinets.
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利用透視法做的衣櫃。
13:12
Now, I'm going to skip ahead since I'm sort of running
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現在我要跳過一些東西，我有點時間不夠。
13:14
[behind]. I want to show you quickly what I've
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我要用很快的速度給你們看我做的東西
13:17
created, some new type of illusions. I've done
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一些新的感知錯覺。
13:22
something with taking the Pixar-type illusions. So
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我用類似皮克斯的圖像做些手法。
13:26
you see these kids the same size here, running
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你看這些小孩是同樣的大小，在走廊上奔跑。
13:30
down the hall. The two table tops of the same size.
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兩張一樣大小的桌子。
13:33
They're looking out two directions at once. You
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他們同時往兩個方向看。
13:37
have a larger piece fitting in with a smaller. And
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你有一個大的東西放進小的。
13:44
that's something for you to think about, all
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這是個給你們想的東西，好嗎？
13:46
right? So you see larger pieces fitting in within
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你看到一個較大的物體放到一個較小的物體當中。
13:48
smaller pieces here. Does everyone see that? Which
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大家都有看到嗎？
13:52
is impossible. You can see the two kids are
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這是不可能辦到的。
13:57
looking out simultaneously out of two different
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你看到兩個小孩同時往兩個方向看。
13:59
directions at once. Now can you believe these two
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現在你相信這兩張桌子的桌面
14:06
table tops are the same size and shape? They are.
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形狀和大小都一樣嗎？他們真的一樣。
14:10
So, if you measured them, they would be. And as I say,
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就是如果你去測量他們，他們真的一樣。
14:16
those two figures are identical in size and shape.
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就像我說的，那兩樣東西是在大小和形狀上是一模一樣的。
14:22
And it's interesting, by doing this in this sort
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這非常有趣，就是這樣做，
14:26
of rendered fashion, how much stronger the
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這些感知錯覺可以變得這麼奇怪。
14:29
illusions are. Any case, I hope this has brought
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不論如何，我希望這有讓你
14:31
you a little joy and happiness, and if you're
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感到愉悅及快樂，
14:33
interested in seeing more cool effects, see me
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如果你想要看更多很酷的東西，到外面找我，
14:36
outside. I'd be happy to show you lots of things.
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我很樂意給你們看很多東西。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Al Seckel - Master of visual illusionsAl Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish.
Why you should listen
Al Seckel took great delight in visual illusions and the brain mechanics that they reveal. The author of many books and articles, he also designed interactive museum exhibits around the world that allow visitors to play with illusions and understand how they work.
A noted lecturer, he was a member of the Edge Foundation, a founder of the Southern California Skeptics, a campaigner against the teaching of creationism in public schools -- and co-creator of the Darwin Fish. Seckel died in 2015. Watch his 2010 talk from TEDxUSC: "[Y]Our Mind's Eye" >>
Note: A previous version of this biography described Seckel as a "cognitive neuroscientist," which was not accurate.
Al Seckel | Speaker | TED.com