TED2004
Al Seckel: Visual illusions that show how we (mis)think
Al Seckel pravi, da so naši možgani narobe zvezani
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Al Seckel, kognitivni nevroznanstvenik, raziskuje zaznavne iluzije, ki prelisičijo naše možgane. Kup vizualnih trikov mu ne pomaga dokazati le, da smo zlahka prevarljivi, pač pa da nam je to na nek način tudi všeč.
Al Seckel - Master of visual illusions
Al Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish. Full bio
Al Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
We're going to talk -- my -- a new lecture, just
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Govorili bomo o -- moje novo predavanje, posebej za TED ---
00:26
for TED -- and I'm going show you some illusions
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in pokazal vam bom nekaj iluzij,
00:29
that we've created for TED, and I'm going to try
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ki sem jih pripravil za TED. Poskušal bom to
00:32
to relate this to happiness. What I was thinking
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povezati s srečo in veseljem. Razmišljal sem o tem,
00:34
about with happiness is, what gives happiness --
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kaj je sreča, kaj jo povzroči - srečo,
00:37
or happiness, which I equate with joy in my
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ki jo enačim z veseljem v tem
00:41
particular area, and I think there's something very
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konkretnem primeru - in zdi se mi, da mora biti
00:43
fundamental. And I was thinking about this. And
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nekaj bistvenega. O tem sem razmišljal.
00:47
it's in terms of both illusions and movies that we
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Pri teh iluzijah in filmih, ki jih
00:51
go see and jokes and magic shows is that there's
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gledamo in v šalah in čarovniških trikih
00:55
something about these things where our
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je nekaj takega, kar prekrši naša
00:57
expectations are violated in some sort of pleasing
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pričakovanja na nek prijeten način.
01:01
way. You go see a movie. And it has an unexpected
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Ogledamo si film, ki ima nepričakovan
01:04
twist -- something that you didn't expect -- and
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obrat -- nekaj, česar nismo pričakovali -- in
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you find a joyful experience. You look at those
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to zaznamo kot prijetno izkušnjo. Gledamo vse
01:10
sort of illusions in my book and it's not as what
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te iluzije v moji knjigi in izkaže se, da niso,
01:13
you'd expect. And there's something joyful about
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kar pričakujemo. In spet je nekaj prijetnega
01:15
it. And it's the same thing with jokes and all
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v tem. Enako je s šalami in drugimi
01:18
these sorts of things. So, what I'm going to try
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podobnimi zadevami. Torej, kar bom poskušal
01:21
and do in my lecture is go a little bit further
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narediti na svojem predavanju, je iti malenkost
01:24
and see if I can violate your expectations in a
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dlje in ugotoviti, če lahko prekršim vaša pričakovanja
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pleasing way. I mean, sometimes expectations that
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na prijeten način. Mislim, včasih pričakovanja, ki so
01:30
are violated are not pleasant, but I'm going to try
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kršena, niso prijetna, toda sam bom poskusil
01:32
to do it in a pleasant way, in a very primal way,
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to izvesti na prijeten način, na zelo enostaven način
01:35
so I can make the audience here happy.
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in tako razveseliti občinstvo tukaj.
01:37
So I'm going to show you some ways that we can
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Torej, pokazal vam bom nekaj načinov, kako lahko
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violate your expectations. First of all, I want to
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prekršim vaša pričakovanja.. Najprej bi vam pokazal
01:43
show you the particular illusion here. I want you
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določeno iluzijo. Rad bi -
01:46
first of all when it pops up on the screen to
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ko se pokaže slika - da opazite,
01:49
notice that the two holes are perpendicular to
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da sta luknji pravzaprav pravokotni
01:51
each other. These are all perceptual tricks. These
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ena na drugo. To so zaznavni triki. To,
01:55
are real objects that I'm going to show you. Now
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kar vam bom pokazal, so vse resnični predmeti.
02:06
I'm going to show you how it is done. I've looped
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Pokazal vam bom tudi, kako je narejeno. Film
02:09
the film here so you can get a very interesting
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sem zavrtel tako, da lahko doživite zanimivo
02:11
experience. I want you to see how this illusion is
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izkušnjo. Hočem, da vidite, kako so iluzije
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constructed, and it's going to rotate so you see
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narejene. Zavrtelo se bo in opazili boste, da je
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that it's inside out. Now watch, as it rotates
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stvar vbočena. Opazujte zdaj, ko se zavrti
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back, how quickly your perception snaps. OK now.
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nazaj, kako hitro se vaša zaznava spremeni. Tako.
02:26
Watch it as it rotates back again. And this is a very
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Opazujte, kako se spet zavrti nazaj. In vi ste zelo
02:29
bright audience, all right? See if you can stop it
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bistro občinstvo, ne? Poskušajte preprečiti
02:32
from happening, even though you know 100 percent it's
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spremembo zaznave. Čeprav ste 100% prepričani,
02:35
true that -- bam! You can't undo it. What does
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-- bam! Ne morete si pomagati. Kaj nam to
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that tell you about yourselves? We're going to do
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pove o nas samih? Ponovili bomo.
02:44
it again. No doubt about it. See if you can stop
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Brez dvoma. Poglejte, če vam uspe preprečiti
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it from happening. No. It's difficult.
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učinek zaznave. Ne. Težko je.
02:54
And we can violate your expectations in a whole
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Pričakovanja lahko prekršimo na
02:57
variety of ways about representation, about shape,
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veliko načinov - glede predstave, glede oblike,
03:00
about color and so forth and it's very primal. And
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glede barve itd. Zadeva je prvinska. Postavlja
03:03
it's an interesting question to ponder, why these
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se zanimivo vprašanje. Zakaj nas te stvari
03:06
things -- we find these things joyful. Why would
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spravljajo v dobro voljo. Zakaj nas
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we find them joyful? So, here's something that
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spravljajo v dobro voljo? Tole je nekaj, kar je
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Lionel did a while ago. I like these sort of
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Lionel naredil pred časom. Všeč so mi
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little things like this.
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te zanimive malenkosti.
03:19
Again, this is not an optical trick. This is what
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Spet - to ni optični trik. To bi
03:22
you would see. In other words, it's not a camera
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zares videli tako. Skratka, to ni trik
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cut. It's a perceptual trick.
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s kamero. To je zaznavna iluzija.
03:55
OK. We can violate your expectations about
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OK. Lahko prekršimo pričakovanja tudi
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shape.
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glede oblike.
04:16
We can violate your expectations on representation
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Prekršimo lahko tudi pričakovanja glede predstave same
04:20
-- what an image represents. What do you see here?
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-- kaj slika predstavlja. Kaj vidite tukaj?
04:25
How many of you here see dolphins? Raise your hand
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Koliko vas vidi delfine? Dvignite roko,
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if you see dolphins. OK, those people who raised
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če vidite delfine. OK, tisti, ki ste dvignili
04:36
their hands, afterwards, the rest of the audience,
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roke, po govoru se pogovorite z ostalimi.
04:38
go talk to them, all right? Actually, this is the
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Prav? V bistvu je to
04:42
best example of priming by experience that I know.
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najboljši način priprave skozi izkušnjo, ki ga poznam.
04:46
If you are a child under the age of 10 who
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Če ste manj kot 10 let star otrok,
04:50
haven't been ruined yet, you will look at this
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ki še ni bil pokvarjen, boste ob pogledu na
04:53
image and see dolphins. Now, some of you adults
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to sliko videli delfine. Nekateri odrasli med vami
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here are saying, "What dolphins? What dolphins?"
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se sprašujete: "Kateri delfini? Kakšni delfini?"
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But in fact, if you reversed the figure ground --
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Toda dejansko, če zamenjate podlago --
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in other words, the dark areas here -- I forgot to
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z drugimi besedami, temnejša območja tukaj -- pozabil
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ask for a pointer -- but if you reverse it, you'll
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sem zahtevati kazalnik -- torej, če zamenjate podlago,
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see a whole series of little dolphins. By the way,
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boste opazili celo serijo delfinov. Mimogrede,
05:10
if you're also a student at CalTech -- they also
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če ste študent na CalTech -- oni ravno tako vidijo
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tend to just see the dolphins. It's based on
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samo delfine. Odvisno je
05:16
experience.
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od izkušenj.
05:20
Now, something like this can be used because this
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Nekaj takega lahko uporabimo, ker je
05:23
is after all talk about design, too. This was
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to nenazadnje govor tudi o oblikovanju. To je naredila agencija
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done by Saatchi and Saatchi, and they actually got
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Saatchi and Saacchi in dejansko
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away with this ad in Australia. So, if you look at
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so se izmazali s to reklamo v Avstraliji. Če pogledate
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this ad for beer, all those people are in sort of
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to reklamo za pivo, so vse te osebe
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provocative positions. But they got it passed, and
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v nekih provokativnih pozicijah. Prebili so se skozi kritike in
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actually won the Clio awards, so it's funny how you can do
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dejansko dobili CLIO Award. Zabavno je delati
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these things.
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te reči.
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Remember that sort of, um. This is the joke I did
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Se spomnite tega? To je šala, ki sem jo naredil,
05:52
when the Florida ballot was going around. You
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ko je bil aktualen škandal preštevanja glasov na Floridi.
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know, count the dots for Gore; count the dots for
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Saj veste, preštejte pike za Gora, preštejte
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Bush; count 'em again ...
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pike za Busha. Ponovno jih preštejte.
06:03
You can violate your expectations about
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Kršite lahko pričakovanja glede izkušnje.
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experience. Here is an outside water fountain that
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To je zunanji vodnjak,
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I created with some friends of mine, but you can
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ki sem ga naredil s prijatelji, vendar lahko
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stop the water in drops and -- actually make all
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vodne kaplje ustavite -- kaplje lahko dejansko
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the drops levitate. This is something we're
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lebdijo v zraku. Take stvari gradimo za,
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building for, you know, amusement parks and that
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saj veste, zabaviščne parke
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kind of stuff.
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in podobne reči.
06:27
Now let's take a static image. Can you see this?
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Poskusimo zdaj s statično sliko. Vidite to?
06:31
Do you see the middle section moving down and the
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Vidite sredino, ki se pomika navzdol, in
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outer sections moving up? It's completely static.
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zunanji strani, ki se pomikata navzgor?
06:38
It's a static image. How many people see this
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Slika je popolnoma statična. Koliko ljudi
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illusion? It's completely static.
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vidi to iluzijo? Poponoma statična je.
06:46
Right. Now, when -- it's interesting that when we
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Prav. Zanimivo je, da ko pogledamo
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look at an image we see, you know, color, depth,
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neko sliko, vedno vidimo barvo, globino,
06:53
texture. And you can look at this whole scene and
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teksturo. Poglejte si tole situacijo
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analyze it. You can see the woman is in closer than
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in jo analizirajte. Vidite žensko, ki je bliže kot
06:59
the wall and so forth. But the whole thing is
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zid in tako dalje. Vendar je vsa zadeva
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actually flat. It's painted. It's trompe l'oeil.
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pravzaprav ravna. Naslikana je. Trompe l'oeil (trik za oči).
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And it was such a good trompe l'oeil that people
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To je bil tako dober trompe l'oeil, da so bili
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got irritated when they tried to talk to the
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ljudje kar razdraženi, ko so nagovarjali
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woman and she wouldn't respond.
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žensko in ni reagirala.
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Now, you can make design mistakes. Like this
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Zgodijo se vam lahko tudi napake v oblikovanju.
07:19
building in New York. So that when you see it from
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Kot recimo tale stavba v New Yorku. Če jo pogledate z ene
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this side, it looks like the balconies tilt up,
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strani, izgleda, kot da so balkoni zasukani navzgor,
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and when you walk around to the other side it
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ko pa pogledate z druge strani,
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looks like the balconies go down. So there are
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izgleda, kot da balkoni visijo. To so
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cases where you have mistakes in design that
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primeri, ko napake v oblikovanju
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incorporate illusions.
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prinesejo iluzije.
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Or, you take this particular un-retouched
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Poglejte si tudi tole neretuširano
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photograph. Now, interestingly enough, I get a lot
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fotografijo. Zanimivo je, da dobivam kar precej
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of emails from people who say, "Is there any
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elektronske pošte od ljudi, ki me sprašujejo, če obstaja
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perceptual difference between males and females?"
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zaznavna razlika med moškimi in ženskami.
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And I really say, "No." I mean, women can navigate
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Pravim, da ne. Ženske lahko navigirajo
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through the world just as well as males can -- and
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skozi življenje ravno tako dobro kot moški --
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why wouldn't they? However, this is the one
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in le zakaj ne bi? Kakorkoli, tole iluzijo
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illusion that women can consistently do better
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ženske konsistentno razvozlavajo veliko bolje
08:06
than males: in matching which head because they
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kot moški: povezati glavo s telesom, ker se zanašajo
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rely on fashion cues. They can match the hat.
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na modne znake. Povežejo klobuk in obleko.
08:15
Okay, now getting to a part -- I want to show
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Tako, zdaj prehajamo na del, kjer vam želim
08:17
design in illusions. I believe that the first
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pokazati oblikovanje z iluzijami. Mislim, da je prvi
08:20
example of illusions being used purposely was by
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primer namenske uporabe iluzije, naredil
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da Vinci in this anamorphic image of an eye. So
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da Vinci v tej sliki očesa. Če sliko
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that when you saw from one little angle was like
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pogledamo z zelo ostrega kota, vidimo to.
08:34
this. And this little technique got popular in the
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Ta tehnika je postala popularna
08:37
16th century and the 17th century to disguise
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v 16. in 17. stoletju in z njo so prikrivali
08:40
hidden meanings, where you could flip the image and
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skrita sporočila. Če sliko pogledate
08:43
see it from one little point of view like this.
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z določenega kota, jih vidite.
08:48
But these are early incorporations of illusions
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To so začetki teh načinov, ki so
08:51
brought to -- sort of high point with Hans
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doživeli svoj vrhunec z Ambasadorjem Hansa
08:53
Holbein's "Ambassadors." And Hans Holbein worked
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Holbeina. Hans Holbein je ustvarjal
08:56
for Henry VIII. This was hung on a wall where you
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za Henrika VIII. Ta slika je visela na stopnišču
09:00
could walk down from the stair and you can see
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in ko ste se spuščali po stopnicah, ste lahko
09:02
this hidden skull.
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videli skrito lobanjo.
09:06
All right, now I'm going to show you some
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Zdaj vam bom pokazal še nekaj
09:09
designers who work with illusions to give that
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oblikovalcev, ki so uporabljali iluzije,
09:11
element of surprise. One of my favorites is Scott
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da presenetijo. Eden mojih najljubših je
09:14
Kim. I worked with Scott to create some illusions
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Scott Kim. S Scottom sva pripravila nekaj iluzij
09:18
for TED that I hope you will enjoy. We have one
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posebej za TED in upam, da boste uživali. Tale
09:23
here on TED and happiness.
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je na temo TED-a in sreče.
09:41
OK now. Arthur [Ganson] hasn't talked yet, but his is
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OK. Arthur [Ganson] še ni imel svojega govora, vendar
09:44
going to be a delightful talk and he has some of
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bo čudovit nastop in zunaj ima pripravljenih
09:47
his really fantastic machines outside. And so, we
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nekaj fantastičnih naprav. S Scottom sva pripravila
09:54
-- Scott created this wonderful tribute to Arthur
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tole čudovito posvetilo
09:57
Ganson.
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Arthurju Gansonu.
10:09
Well, there's analog and digital. Thought that
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Tukaj imamo analogno in digitalno. Zdelo se
10:17
was appropriate here.
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mi je precej primerno.
10:23
And figure goes to ground.
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"Figure" se spremeni v "Ground"
10:38
And for the musicians.
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Nekaj za glasbenike.
10:59
And of course, since happiness -- we want "joy to the
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In seveda, ker je tema sreča - želimo "joy to the
11:01
world."
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world".
11:11
Now, another great designer -- he's very well
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Še en velik oblikovalec -- dobro znan
11:13
known in Japan -- Shigeo Fukuda. And he just
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na Japonskem -- Shigeo Fukuda. Naredil
11:18
builds some fantastic things. This is simply
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je nekaj prekrasnih stvari. Preprosto
11:20
amazing. This is a pile of junk that when you view
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fantastično. To je kup smeti in če jih pogledamo
11:27
it from one particular angle, you see its
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pod pravim kotom, v odsevu
11:36
reflection in the mirror as a perfect piano.
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ogledala zagledamo popoln klavir.
11:54
Pianist transforms to violinist.
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Pianist se preobrazi v violinista.
12:07
This is really wild. This assemblage of forks,
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Tole je precej divje. Tale zbirka vilic,
12:13
knives and spoons and various cutlery, welded
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nožev, žlic in raznovrstnega pribora, zvarjena
12:16
together. It gives a shadow of a motorcycle. You learn
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skupaj, v senci nariše motorno kolo. Nekaj
12:29
something in the sort of thing that I do, which
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sem ugotovil pri svojem delu, in sicer
12:32
is there are people out there with a lot of time
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da obstajajo ljudje, ki imajo veliko časa
12:34
on their hands.
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na voljo.
12:39
Ken Knowlton does wonderful composite images, like
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Ken Knowlton ustvarja čudovite sestavljene slike. Kot
12:45
creating Jacques Cousteau out of seashells --
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na primer Jacques Cousteau narejen iz morskih školjk --
12:47
un-retouched seashells, but just by rearranging
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nespremenjenih školjk, samo s pravilnim
12:49
them. He did Einstein out of dice because, after
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razporejanjem. Einsteina je naredil iz kock, ker je
12:53
all, Einstein said, "God does not play dice with
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Einstein nenazadnje rekel, "Bog se ne kocka z vesoljem"
12:56
the universe." Bert Herzog out of un-retouched
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Bert Herzog iz nebarvanih
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keyboards. Will Shortz, crossword puzzle. John
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tipkovnic. Will Shortz, križanka.
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Cederquist does these wonderful trompe l'oeil
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John Cederquist ustvarja čudovite trompe l'oeil
13:10
cabinets.
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omare.
13:12
Now, I'm going to skip ahead since I'm sort of running
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Zdaj bomo malce preskočili, ker nam zmanjkuje časa.
13:14
[behind]. I want to show you quickly what I've
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Na hitro vam bom pokazal,
13:17
created, some new type of illusions. I've done
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kaj sem ustvaril. Nekaj novih vrst iluzij.
13:22
something with taking the Pixar-type illusions. So
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Naredil sem nekaj iluzij tipa Pixar.
13:26
you see these kids the same size here, running
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Ta dva otroka sta enako velika. Tečeta
13:30
down the hall. The two table tops of the same size.
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po hodniku. Ti dve mizi sta enako veliki.
13:33
They're looking out two directions at once. You
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Gledata istočasno v različne smeri.
13:37
have a larger piece fitting in with a smaller. And
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Večji kos gre v manjšega.
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that's something for you to think about, all
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To vam da misliti, kajne?
13:46
right? So you see larger pieces fitting in within
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Zares vidite večji kos, ki gre lahko
13:48
smaller pieces here. Does everyone see that? Which
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v manjšega tukaj. Vsi vidite to? Kar je
13:52
is impossible. You can see the two kids are
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seveda nemogoče. Tukaj vidimo dva otroka,
13:57
looking out simultaneously out of two different
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ki sta istočasno obrnjena v dve
13:59
directions at once. Now can you believe these two
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različni smeri. Ali lahko verjamete, da sta
14:06
table tops are the same size and shape? They are.
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ti dve mizi res enake velikosti in oblike? Sta.
14:10
So, if you measured them, they would be. And as I say,
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Če bi jih izmerili, bi videli. Kot rečeno,
14:16
those two figures are identical in size and shape.
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identični velikosti in obliki.
14:22
And it's interesting, by doing this in this sort
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Zanimivo je, kako so z uporabo računalniške risarske tehnike,
14:26
of rendered fashion, how much stronger the
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te iluzije še močnejše.
14:29
illusions are. Any case, I hope this has brought
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Kakorkoli že, upam, da so prinesle
14:31
you a little joy and happiness, and if you're
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vsaj nekaj veselja in sreče.
14:33
interested in seeing more cool effects, see me
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Če želite videti še več iluzij,
14:36
outside. I'd be happy to show you lots of things.
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me poiščite zunaj. Z veseljem vam pokažem še več.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Al Seckel - Master of visual illusionsAl Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish.
Why you should listen
Al Seckel took great delight in visual illusions and the brain mechanics that they reveal. The author of many books and articles, he also designed interactive museum exhibits around the world that allow visitors to play with illusions and understand how they work.
A noted lecturer, he was a member of the Edge Foundation, a founder of the Southern California Skeptics, a campaigner against the teaching of creationism in public schools -- and co-creator of the Darwin Fish. Seckel died in 2015. Watch his 2010 talk from TEDxUSC: "[Y]Our Mind's Eye" >>
Note: A previous version of this biography described Seckel as a "cognitive neuroscientist," which was not accurate.
Al Seckel | Speaker | TED.com