TED2004
Al Seckel: Visual illusions that show how we (mis)think
Al Seckel kaže da su naši mozgovi krivo povezani (spojeni)
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Al Seckel, kognitivni neuroznanstvenik, istražuje perceptivne iluzije koje varaju naše mozgove. Mnoštvo optičkih iluzija pomaže mu dokazati ne samo da nas je lagano prevariti, već i da to donekle volimo.
Al Seckel - Master of visual illusions
Al Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish. Full bio
Al Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
We're going to talk -- my -- a new lecture, just
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Pričat ćemo o mom novom predavanju, samo
00:26
for TED -- and I'm going show you some illusions
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za TED -- i ja ću vam pokazati neke iluzije
00:29
that we've created for TED, and I'm going to try
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koje smo kreirali za TED i pokušat ću ih
00:32
to relate this to happiness. What I was thinking
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povezati sa srećom. Što sam mislio
00:34
about with happiness is, what gives happiness --
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pod tim „sa srećom“ jest, pružiti sreću --
00:37
or happiness, which I equate with joy in my
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ili sreća, koju izjednačavam s radošću u svom
00:41
particular area, and I think there's something very
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specifičnom području i mislim da je tu nešto vrlo
00:43
fundamental. And I was thinking about this. And
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fundamentalno. Razmišljao sam o ovome. To
00:47
it's in terms of both illusions and movies that we
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u smislu i za iluzije i filmove koje
00:51
go see and jokes and magic shows is that there's
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idemo gledati, viceve, magičarske predstave jest da postoji
00:55
something about these things where our
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nešto oko tih stvari gdje su nam
00:57
expectations are violated in some sort of pleasing
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očekivanja narušena na neki zadovoljavajući
01:01
way. You go see a movie. And it has an unexpected
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način. Odete pogledati film. I on ima neočekivani
01:04
twist -- something that you didn't expect -- and
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obrat -- nešto što niste očekivali -- i
01:07
you find a joyful experience. You look at those
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vama je to divno iskustvo. Gledate takve
01:10
sort of illusions in my book and it's not as what
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vrste luzija u mojoj knjizi i to nije nešto što
01:13
you'd expect. And there's something joyful about
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biste očekivali. I nešto je zadovoljavajuće u
01:15
it. And it's the same thing with jokes and all
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tome. Ista je stvar i s vicevima i svim
01:18
these sorts of things. So, what I'm going to try
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drugim sličnim stvarima. Dakle, ono što ću pokušati
01:21
and do in my lecture is go a little bit further
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napraviti i što radim na svom predavanju jest otići malo dalje
01:24
and see if I can violate your expectations in a
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i vidjeti mogu li narušiti vaša očekivanja na
01:27
pleasing way. I mean, sometimes expectations that
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zadovoljavajući način. Mislim, ponekad narušena
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are violated are not pleasant, but I'm going to try
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očekivanja nisu ugodna, ali ja ću to pokušati
01:32
to do it in a pleasant way, in a very primal way,
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napraviti na ugodan način, na vrlo jednostavan način
01:35
so I can make the audience here happy.
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kako bih usrećio publiku koja je ovdje.
01:37
So I'm going to show you some ways that we can
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Sada ću vam pokazati neke načine na koje mogu
01:40
violate your expectations. First of all, I want to
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narušiti vaša očekivanja. Prije svega, želim
01:43
show you the particular illusion here. I want you
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vam pokazati određenu iluziju ovdje. Želim da vi,
01:46
first of all when it pops up on the screen to
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prije svega, kada se pojavi na ekranu,
01:49
notice that the two holes are perpendicular to
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primijetite da su dvije rupe okomite
01:51
each other. These are all perceptual tricks. These
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jedna na drugu. Sve su ovo trikovi percepcije. Ovo
01:55
are real objects that I'm going to show you. Now
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su stvarni objekti koje ću vam pokazati. Sada
02:06
I'm going to show you how it is done. I've looped
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ću vam pokazati kako se to radi. Zaustavio sam
02:09
the film here so you can get a very interesting
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film ovdje kako biste doživjeli nešto vrlo
02:11
experience. I want you to see how this illusion is
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zanimljivo. Želim da vidite kako je iluzija
02:14
constructed, and it's going to rotate so you see
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konstruirana; i rotirat će se kako biste vidjeli
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that it's inside out. Now watch, as it rotates
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da je iznutra prema van. Sad gledajte kako se rotira
02:20
back, how quickly your perception snaps. OK now.
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prema natrag, kako se brzo promijeni vaša percepcija. Ok. Sada
02:26
Watch it as it rotates back again. And this is a very
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gledajte kako se opet rotira natrag. A ovo je vrlo
02:29
bright audience, all right? See if you can stop it
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bistra publika, u redu? Pogledajte možete li spriječiti
02:32
from happening, even though you know 100 percent it's
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da se dogodi, iako znate da je ovo 100%
02:35
true that -- bam! You can't undo it. What does
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istinito -- bam! Ne možete to poništiti. Što vam
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that tell you about yourselves? We're going to do
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to govori o vama? Ponovno ćemo
02:44
it again. No doubt about it. See if you can stop
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to napraviti. Nema sumnje u to. Vidite možete li to
02:47
it from happening. No. It's difficult.
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spriječiti. Ne. Teško je.
02:54
And we can violate your expectations in a whole
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Možemo narušiti vaša očekivanja na razne
02:57
variety of ways about representation, about shape,
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načine -- u prezentiranju, obliku,
03:00
about color and so forth and it's very primal. And
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boji i tako dalje i to je vrlo jednostavno. Postoji
03:03
it's an interesting question to ponder, why these
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zanimljivo pitanje za razmišljanje. Zašto ove
03:06
things -- we find these things joyful. Why would
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stvari -- mi smatramo ove stvari radosnima. Zašto bismo
03:10
we find them joyful? So, here's something that
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ih smatrali radosnima? Pa, ovdje je nešto što je
03:13
Lionel did a while ago. I like these sort of
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Lionel učinio prije nekog vremena. Ja volim ovu vrstu
03:15
little things like this.
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malih stvari.
03:19
Again, this is not an optical trick. This is what
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Ponovno, ovo nije optički trik. Ovo je ono što
03:22
you would see. In other words, it's not a camera
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biste vidjeli. Drugim riječima, nije rez
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cut. It's a perceptual trick.
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kamere. To je perceptivni trik.
03:55
OK. We can violate your expectations about
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OK. Možemo narušiti vaša očekivanja o
03:57
shape.
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obliku.
04:16
We can violate your expectations on representation
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Možemo narušiti vaša očekivanja o prezentaciji
04:20
-- what an image represents. What do you see here?
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-- što slika prikazuje. Što vidite ovdje?
04:25
How many of you here see dolphins? Raise your hand
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Koliko vi ovdje vidite dupina? Podignite ruku
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if you see dolphins. OK, those people who raised
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ako vidite dupine. Dobro, ti ljudi koji su podigli
04:36
their hands, afterwards, the rest of the audience,
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ruku, nakon ovoga -- ostatak publike,
04:38
go talk to them, all right? Actually, this is the
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odite pričati s njima, u redu? Zapravo, ovo je
04:42
best example of priming by experience that I know.
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najbolji primjer utjecaja iskustva koji znam.
04:46
If you are a child under the age of 10 who
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Ako ste dijete ispod 10 godina koje
04:50
haven't been ruined yet, you will look at this
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još nije upropašteno, pogledat ćete
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image and see dolphins. Now, some of you adults
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sliku i vidjeti dupine. Sada, neki od vas odraslih
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here are saying, "What dolphins? What dolphins?"
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govore: „Kakvi dupini? Kakvi dupini?“
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But in fact, if you reversed the figure ground --
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Ali naime, ako obrnete bazu figure --
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in other words, the dark areas here -- I forgot to
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drugim riječima, tamna područja ovdje -- zaboravio sam
05:05
ask for a pointer -- but if you reverse it, you'll
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tražiti pokazivač -- ali, ako je obrnete,
05:07
see a whole series of little dolphins. By the way,
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vidjet ćete cijelu skupinu malih dupina. Usput,
05:10
if you're also a student at CalTech -- they also
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ako ste ujedno i student računarstva -- oni su također
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tend to just see the dolphins. It's based on
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skloni vidjeti dupine. Temeljeno na
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experience.
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iskustvu.
05:20
Now, something like this can be used because this
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Dakle, nešto poput ovoga može biti korišteno jer je
05:23
is after all talk about design, too. This was
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ovo na kraju krajeva također i razgovor o dizajnu. Ovo su
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done by Saatchi and Saatchi, and they actually got
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napravili Saatchi i Saatchi, i oni su se zapravo provukli
05:28
away with this ad in Australia. So, if you look at
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ovom reklamom u Australiji. Pa, ako pogledate ovu
05:31
this ad for beer, all those people are in sort of
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reklamu za pivo, svi ti ljudi su u nekoj vrsti
05:36
provocative positions. But they got it passed, and
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provokativnog položaja. Ali, provukli su se s tim, i
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actually won the Clio awards, so it's funny how you can do
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zapravo dobili Clio nagradu -- pa zabavno je raditi
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these things.
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takve stvari.
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Remember that sort of, um. This is the joke I did
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Zapamtite tu vrstu mmm. Ovo je šala koju sam napravio
05:52
when the Florida ballot was going around. You
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kada je bilo aktualno glasanje na Floridi. Znate,
05:56
know, count the dots for Gore; count the dots for
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izbrojite točkice za Gorea, izbrojite točkice za
05:58
Bush; count 'em again ...
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Busha. Izbrojite ih opet ...
06:03
You can violate your expectations about
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Možete narušiti očekivanja o
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experience. Here is an outside water fountain that
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iskustvu. Ovdje je vanjska vodena fontana koju
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I created with some friends of mine, but you can
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sam napravio s nekim svojim prijateljima, ali možete
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stop the water in drops and -- actually make all
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zaustaviti vodu u kapima i -- zapravo učiniti da
06:18
the drops levitate. This is something we're
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sve kapi lebde. Ovo je nešto što
06:24
building for, you know, amusement parks and that
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gradimo za, znate, zabavne parkove i takvu
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kind of stuff.
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vrstu stvari.
06:27
Now let's take a static image. Can you see this?
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Hajmo sada napraviti statičnu sliku. Možete li vidjeti ovo?
06:31
Do you see the middle section moving down and the
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Vidite li središnji dio kako se giba prema dolje i
06:34
outer sections moving up? It's completely static.
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vanjske dijelove kako se gibaju prema gore? To je potpuno statično.
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It's a static image. How many people see this
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To je statična slika. Koliko ljudi vidi ovu
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illusion? It's completely static.
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iluziju? Potpuno je statična.
06:46
Right. Now, when -- it's interesting that when we
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Dobro. Sada, kada -- zanimljivo je da kada
06:49
look at an image we see, you know, color, depth,
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gledamo sliku mi vidimo, znate, boju, dubinu,
06:53
texture. And you can look at this whole scene and
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teksturu. I možete pogledati cijelu sliku i
06:56
analyze it. You can see the woman is in closer than
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analizirati je. Možete vidjeti da je žena bliže
06:59
the wall and so forth. But the whole thing is
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nego zid i tako dalje. Ali, cijela stvar je
07:01
actually flat. It's painted. It's trompe l'oeil.
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zapravo ravna. To je naslikano. To je vizualna varka.
07:06
And it was such a good trompe l'oeil that people
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I to je bila toliko dobra varka da su ljudi
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got irritated when they tried to talk to the
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postajali razdraženi nakon što su pokušali pričati
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woman and she wouldn't respond.
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sa ženom i ona im nije odgovarala.
07:15
Now, you can make design mistakes. Like this
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Dakle, možete praviti dizajnerske pogreške. Poput ove
07:19
building in New York. So that when you see it from
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zgrade u New Yorku. Tako da, kada je gledate s
07:25
this side, it looks like the balconies tilt up,
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ove strane, izgleda kao da su balkoni nakošeni,
07:28
and when you walk around to the other side it
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a kada prošetate do druge strane
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looks like the balconies go down. So there are
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izgleda kao da balkoni idu prema dolje. Postoje
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cases where you have mistakes in design that
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slučajevi kada imate greške u dizajnu koje
07:37
incorporate illusions.
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objedinjuju iluzije.
07:38
Or, you take this particular un-retouched
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Ili, uzmite ovu određenu neretuširanu
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photograph. Now, interestingly enough, I get a lot
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fotografiju. Zanimljivo je da ja dobivam mnošto
07:49
of emails from people who say, "Is there any
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e-mailova ljudi koji kažu: „Postoji li ikakva
07:51
perceptual difference between males and females?"
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perceptivna razlika između muškaraca i žena?“
07:56
And I really say, "No." I mean, women can navigate
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I ja zbilja kažem: „Ne.“ Mislim, žene mogu upravljati
07:58
through the world just as well as males can -- and
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svijetom jednako dobro kao i muškarci -- a
08:01
why wouldn't they? However, this is the one
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zašto i ne bi? Ipak, ovo je jedna
08:03
illusion that women can consistently do better
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iluzija koju žene mogu neprestano raditi bolje
08:06
than males: in matching which head because they
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od muškaraca: spojiti glavu jer se one
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rely on fashion cues. They can match the hat.
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oslanjaju na modne znakove. One mogu povezati šešir.
08:15
Okay, now getting to a part -- I want to show
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U redu, sada dolazimo do dijela -- želim vam pokazati
08:17
design in illusions. I believe that the first
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dizajn u iluzijama. Vjerujem da je ovo prvi
08:20
example of illusions being used purposely was by
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primjer iluzija koji je
08:25
da Vinci in this anamorphic image of an eye. So
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da Vinci namjerno koristio u ovoj bezobličnoj slici oka -- koja
08:31
that when you saw from one little angle was like
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kada je vidite iz drugog ugla izgleda
08:34
this. And this little technique got popular in the
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ovako. Ova mala tehnika postala je popularna u
08:37
16th century and the 17th century to disguise
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16. i 17. stoljeću za maskiranje
08:40
hidden meanings, where you could flip the image and
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skrivenih značenja, gdje ste mogli zaokrenuti sliku i
08:43
see it from one little point of view like this.
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vidjeti je iz drugog ugla ovako.
08:48
But these are early incorporations of illusions
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Ali, ovo su rana objedinjenja iluzija
08:51
brought to -- sort of high point with Hans
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iz kojih se razvila -- donekle zanimljivija točka na Hans
08:53
Holbein's "Ambassadors." And Hans Holbein worked
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Holbeinovim „Ambasadorima“. Hans Holbein radio je
08:56
for Henry VIII. This was hung on a wall where you
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za Henryja VIII. Ovo je bilo obješeno na zidu gdje
09:00
could walk down from the stair and you can see
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ste mogli silaziti niz stepenice i vidjeti
09:02
this hidden skull.
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ovu skrivenu lubanju.
09:06
All right, now I'm going to show you some
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U redu, sada ću vam pokazati neke
09:09
designers who work with illusions to give that
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dizajnere koji su radili s iluzijama kako bi dodali
09:11
element of surprise. One of my favorites is Scott
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element iznenađenja. Jedan od najdražih mi je Scott
09:14
Kim. I worked with Scott to create some illusions
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Kim. Radio sam sa Scottom kako bih izradio neke iluzije
09:18
for TED that I hope you will enjoy. We have one
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za TED u kojima ćete, nadam se, uživati. Imamo jednu
09:23
here on TED and happiness.
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ovdje za TED i sreću.
09:41
OK now. Arthur [Ganson] hasn't talked yet, but his is
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Dobro sada. Arthur [Ganson] nije još govorio, ali će
09:44
going to be a delightful talk and he has some of
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održati izvrsno predavanje i ima neke
09:47
his really fantastic machines outside. And so, we
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zbilja fantastične uređaje vani. I tako, mi
09:54
-- Scott created this wonderful tribute to Arthur
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-- Scott je pripremio ovaj predivan homage Arthuru
09:57
Ganson.
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Gansonu.
10:09
Well, there's analog and digital. Thought that
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Pa, postoji analogno i digitalno. Mislio sam
10:17
was appropriate here.
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da je to ovdje prikladno.
10:23
And figure goes to ground.
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I konceptualno istaknuto se pretvara u pozadinu.
10:38
And for the musicians.
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I za glazbenike.
10:59
And of course, since happiness -- we want "joy to the
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I naravno, otkako je sreće -- mi želimo „radost
11:01
world."
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svijetu“.
11:11
Now, another great designer -- he's very well
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Sada, drugi izvrstan dizajner -- on je vrlo dobro
11:13
known in Japan -- Shigeo Fukuda. And he just
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poznat u Japanu -- Shigeo Fukuda. I on
11:18
builds some fantastic things. This is simply
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gradi fantastične stvari. Ovo je jednostavno
11:20
amazing. This is a pile of junk that when you view
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nevjerojatno. Ovo je hrpa smeća koju kada vidite
11:27
it from one particular angle, you see its
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iz jednog određenog ugla, vidite njezin
11:36
reflection in the mirror as a perfect piano.
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odraz u ogledalima kao savršeni piano.
11:54
Pianist transforms to violinist.
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Pijanist se pretvara u violinista.
12:07
This is really wild. This assemblage of forks,
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Ovo je zbilja ludo. Ova montaža vilica,
12:13
knives and spoons and various cutlery, welded
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noževa i žlica i različitog pribora za jelo, zavarenih
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together. It gives a shadow of a motorcycle. You learn
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zajedno, daju sjenu motora. Naučite
12:29
something in the sort of thing that I do, which
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nešto u stvarima koje ja radim, a to je da
12:32
is there are people out there with a lot of time
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ima ljudi u svijetu s mnogo vremena
12:34
on their hands.
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na raspolaganju.
12:39
Ken Knowlton does wonderful composite images, like
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Ken Knowlton radi predivne mozaike. Poput
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creating Jacques Cousteau out of seashells --
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kreiranja Jacquesa Cousteaua od školjaka --
12:47
un-retouched seashells, but just by rearranging
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neretuširanih školjaka, samo slaganjem.
12:49
them. He did Einstein out of dice because, after
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Jednom je napravio Einsteina iz kockica jer ipak
12:53
all, Einstein said, "God does not play dice with
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je Einstein rekao: „Bog nije
12:56
the universe." Bert Herzog out of un-retouched
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kockar.“ Bert Herzog iz neretuširanih
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keyboards. Will Shortz, crossword puzzle. John
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tipkovnica. Will Shortz, križaljka. John
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Cederquist does these wonderful trompe l'oeil
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Cederquist radi ove prekrasne iluzionističke
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cabinets.
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kabine.
13:12
Now, I'm going to skip ahead since I'm sort of running
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Sada ću požuriti naprijed jer pomalo
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[behind]. I want to show you quickly what I've
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kasnim. Želim vam nabrzinu pokazati što
13:17
created, some new type of illusions. I've done
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sam izradio. Neke nove vrste iluzija. Nešto
13:22
something with taking the Pixar-type illusions. So
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sam napravio s Pixarovim tipom iluzija.
13:26
you see these kids the same size here, running
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Vidite ovu djecu jednake veličine ovdje. Trče
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down the hall. The two table tops of the same size.
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hodnikom. Dvije površine za stol jednake veličine.
13:33
They're looking out two directions at once. You
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Gledaju iz dva smjera odjednom. Ovdje
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have a larger piece fitting in with a smaller. And
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imate veći komad koji ulazi unutar maloga. I
13:44
that's something for you to think about, all
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to je nešto o čemu biste trebali razmisliti,
13:46
right? So you see larger pieces fitting in within
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u redu? Vidite ovaj veći dio koji ulazi unutar
13:48
smaller pieces here. Does everyone see that? Which
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manjih dijelova. Vide li svi to? To je
13:52
is impossible. You can see the two kids are
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nemoguće. Možete vidjeti dvoje djece koja
13:57
looking out simultaneously out of two different
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istovremeno gledaju iz dva smjera
13:59
directions at once. Now can you believe these two
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u jednom trenu. Možete li sada povjerovati da su
14:06
table tops are the same size and shape? They are.
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površine ovih dvaju stolova jednake veličine i oblika? Jesu.
14:10
So, if you measured them, they would be. And as I say,
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Pa, ako biste ih izmjerili, bile bi. Kao što kažem,
14:16
those two figures are identical in size and shape.
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te dvije figure identične su po veličini i obliku.
14:22
And it's interesting, by doing this in this sort
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I, zanimljivo je, kako se dok radite ovakvu vrstu
14:26
of rendered fashion, how much stronger the
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prezentacije ove iluzije doimaju snažnije.
14:29
illusions are. Any case, I hope this has brought
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U svakom slučaju, nadam se da vam je ovo donijelo
14:31
you a little joy and happiness, and if you're
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malo radosti i sreće te ako ste zainteresirani
14:33
interested in seeing more cool effects, see me
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da vidite još odličnih efekata, nađite me
14:36
outside. I'd be happy to show you lots of things.
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vani. Bit ću sretan što vam mogu pokazati mnoštvo stvari.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Al Seckel - Master of visual illusionsAl Seckel explored how eye tricks can reveal the way the brain processes visual information -- or fails to do so. Among his other accomplishments: He co-created the Darwin Fish.
Why you should listen
Al Seckel took great delight in visual illusions and the brain mechanics that they reveal. The author of many books and articles, he also designed interactive museum exhibits around the world that allow visitors to play with illusions and understand how they work.
A noted lecturer, he was a member of the Edge Foundation, a founder of the Southern California Skeptics, a campaigner against the teaching of creationism in public schools -- and co-creator of the Darwin Fish. Seckel died in 2015. Watch his 2010 talk from TEDxUSC: "[Y]Our Mind's Eye" >>
Note: A previous version of this biography described Seckel as a "cognitive neuroscientist," which was not accurate.
Al Seckel | Speaker | TED.com