TED2016
Mariano Sigman: Your words may predict your future mental health
马里亚诺 西格曼: 你的用词可能预示你未来的精神状态
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从你的说话方式及写出来的文字之中能够预测出你未来的精神状态，甚至是病发精神错乱吗？在这场精彩的演讲中，神经学家马理阿诺 西格曼（Mariano Sigman）通过古希腊书籍及对自省来源的分析，发现我们的话语中可以反映出我们的内心世界，并解释了他如何用文字地图的演算法，预测精神分裂症的发展。“未来我们也许可以看到一个全然不同的精神健康模式”，西格曼说，“而且是基于一种客观、量化的方式来自动分析出我们所写的字和所说的话”。
Mariano Sigman - Neuroscientist
In his provocative, mind-bending book "The Secret Life of the Mind," neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reveals his life’s work exploring the inner workings of the human brain. Full bio
In his provocative, mind-bending book "The Secret Life of the Mind," neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reveals his life’s work exploring the inner workings of the human brain. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
We have historical records that allow us
to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
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历史纪录可以让我们知道
古希腊人如何打扮、
古希腊人如何打扮、
如何生活、
00:18
how they lived,
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如何打仗...
00:19
how they fought ...
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但他们如何思考呢？
00:21
but how did they think?
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有一个很自然的方法就是，
去探索人类最深层的想法——
去探索人类最深层的想法——
00:23
One natural idea is that the deepest
aspects of human thought --
aspects of human thought --
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我们的想像力、
00:27
our ability to imagine,
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意识力、
00:29
to be conscious,
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去梦想——
00:31
to dream --
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是否是一样的。
00:32
have always been the same.
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另一种可能是，
00:34
Another possibility
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去探索造就我们文化的社会变革，
00:36
is that the social transformations
that have shaped our culture
that have shaped our culture
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这些变革也许就是
改变人类想法的主要因素。
改变人类想法的主要因素。
00:40
may have also changed
the structural columns of human thought.
the structural columns of human thought.
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对这一点，大家或许有不同的看法。
00:44
We may all have different
opinions about this.
opinions about this.
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实际上，这是一个存在已久的哲学辩论。
00:47
Actually, it's a long-standing
philosophical debate.
philosophical debate.
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00:50
But is this question
even amenable to science?
even amenable to science?
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究竟这个问题是否可以
通过科学来处理？
通过科学来处理？
我的建议是
00:54
Here I'd like to propose
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00:57
that in the same way we can reconstruct
how the ancient Greek cities looked
how the ancient Greek cities looked
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如同仅借由一些砖头，
我们得以重建希腊古都的外貌，
我们得以重建希腊古都的外貌，
01:02
just based on a few bricks,
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也可用同样的方式，
01:04
that the writings of a culture
are the archaeological records,
are the archaeological records,
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借由一些文化作品，
比如考古纪录、
比如考古纪录、
化石，来了解人类的想法。
01:08
the fossils, of human thought.
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01:11
And in fact,
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而实际上，
因为对人类的
01:13
doing some form of psychological analysis
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01:15
of some of the most ancient
books of human culture,
books of human culture,
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古老文化书籍做了一些心理分析，
朱利安 杰尼斯在70年代，
发表了一个相当大胆激进的假说：
发表了一个相当大胆激进的假说：
01:18
Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s
with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
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他说，3000年前的人类，
01:24
that only 3,000 years ago,
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是我们现在俗称的
“精神分裂症患者”。
“精神分裂症患者”。
01:27
humans were what today
we would call schizophrenics.
we would call schizophrenics.
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01:33
And he made this claim
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他会如此主张的原因是
依据世界各地不同的传统及位置，
01:35
based on the fact that the first
humans described in these books
humans described in these books
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01:38
behaved consistently,
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这些书籍里面
01:40
in different traditions
and in different places of the world,
and in different places of the world,
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所描述的人类行为
似乎不约而同地都会服从
01:43
as if they were hearing and obeying voices
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他们认为是从神袛
01:47
that they perceived
as coming from the Gods,
as coming from the Gods,
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那边传来的声音......
01:50
or from the muses ...
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而如今，我们会称之为“幻听”。
01:52
what today we would call hallucinations.
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01:55
And only then, as time went on,
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随着时间的洗礼，
他们开始认知到
那些声音是他们自己创造的，
那些声音是他们自己创造的，
01:58
they began to recognize
that they were the creators,
that they were the creators,
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他们就是那些内在声音的主人。
02:02
the owners of these inner voices.
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02:05
And with this, they gained introspection:
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有了这样的认知，
他们学会了 “自省”：
他们学会了 “自省”：
一种反思自己想法的能力。
02:08
the ability to think
about their own thoughts.
about their own thoughts.
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02:11
So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness,
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所以杰尼斯对“意识”的理论就是，
至少现今我们觉察到的“意识”、
02:15
at least in the way we perceive it today,
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感觉到我们能掌控
自我人生的感悟——
自我人生的感悟——
02:18
where we feel that we are the pilots
of our own existence --
of our own existence --
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是相当近代的文化发展。
02:21
is a quite recent cultural development.
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02:25
And this theory is quite spectacular,
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这理论很有前瞻性，
但一个很明显的问题就是，
02:27
but it has an obvious problem
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它是建立在极少又特殊的案例上。
02:28
which is that it's built on just a few
and very specific examples.
and very specific examples.
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02:33
So the question is whether the theory
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所以问题是，
3000年来人类才建立起
自省能力的这个理论
自省能力的这个理论
02:34
that introspection built up in human
history only about 3,000 years ago
history only about 3,000 years ago
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是否可以经得起量化且客观的考验。
02:39
can be examined in a quantitative
and objective manner.
and objective manner.
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02:43
And the problem of how
to go about this is quite obvious.
to go about this is quite obvious.
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至于要如何做的问题，
也是相当简单明了。
也是相当简单明了。
但我的意思并非，比如，
柏拉图有一天突然醒来写下
柏拉图有一天突然醒来写下
02:47
It's not like Plato woke up one day
and then he wrote,
and then he wrote,
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“你好！我是柏拉图，
02:50
"Hello, I'm Plato,
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我今天拥有完整的自省意识了。”
那样简单而已。
那样简单而已。
02:52
and as of today, I have
a fully introspective consciousness."
a fully introspective consciousness."
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（笑声）
02:55
(Laughter)
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而这鞥告诉我们，我们要找出
问题的本质是什么。
问题的本质是什么。
02:57
And this tells us actually
what is the essence of the problem.
what is the essence of the problem.
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03:01
We need to find the emergence
of a concept that's never said.
of a concept that's never said.
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我们必须找到从来没有被
谈论过的概念。
谈论过的概念。
03:06
The word introspection
does not appear a single time
does not appear a single time
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“自省”这个词，在我们研究的
03:10
in the books we want to analyze.
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这些书本中从未出现过一次。
所以为了解决这个问题，
我们要建立一个字词的空间。
我们要建立一个字词的空间。
03:13
So our way to solve this
is to build the space of words.
is to build the space of words.
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03:18
This is a huge space
that contains all words
that contains all words
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在这个大空间里，
包含了所有的词汇，
包含了所有的词汇，
用这种方式可以衡量
03:21
in such a way that the distance
between any two of them
between any two of them
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两个词语彼此之间的关联程度。
03:24
is indicative of how
closely related they are.
closely related they are.
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03:28
So for instance,
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举个例子，
你会想，“狗”、“猫”是比较相关的词，
03:29
you want the words "dog" and "cat"
to be very close together,
to be very close together,
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但“葡萄柚”和“对数”
就没什么关联了。
就没什么关联了。
03:32
but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm"
to be very far away.
to be very far away.
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03:36
And this has to be true
for any two words within the space.
for any two words within the space.
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而在这个空间里的任何
两个词都必须能以此衡量。
两个词都必须能以此衡量。
而我们有很多方式
可以建立起这些字的空间架构，
可以建立起这些字的空间架构，
03:41
And there are different ways
that we can construct the space of words.
that we can construct the space of words.
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方法一，只要请教专家就行了，
03:44
One is just asking the experts,
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有点类似查字典。
03:46
a bit like we do with dictionaries.
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03:48
Another possibility
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另一个可行的方法是，
当两个字词出现关联性时，
去追踪它们的预设状况，
去追踪它们的预设状况，
03:50
is following the simple assumption
that when two words are related,
that when two words are related,
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它们可能会出现在同一句、
03:54
they tend to appear in the same sentences,
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同一段落、
03:56
in the same paragraphs,
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或同一文档中，
03:57
in the same documents,
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比偶然出现频繁得多。
03:59
more often than would be expected
just by pure chance.
just by pure chance.
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04:04
And this simple hypothesis,
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在这个简单的前提下，
这个单纯且带有
04:06
this simple method,
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运算技巧的方法
04:07
with some computational tricks
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在这个复杂且高维度的
04:09
that have to do with the fact
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空间中必须能充分发挥作用，
04:10
that this is a very complex
and high-dimensional space,
and high-dimensional space,
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而事后证明，它相当有效。
04:13
turns out to be quite effective.
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向各位介绍一下，它多有效，
04:16
And just to give you a flavor
of how well this works,
of how well this works,
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我们分析了一些经常用到的词语。
04:18
this is the result we get when
we analyze this for some familiar words.
we analyze this for some familiar words.
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04:23
And you can see first
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首先你可以看到，
这些词语会自动地划分为
语义相近的相邻群组，
语义相近的相邻群组，
04:24
that words automatically organize
into semantic neighborhoods.
into semantic neighborhoods.
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所以你可看到水果，身体部位，
04:28
So you get the fruits, the body parts,
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电脑零件与科学术语等等。
04:30
the computer parts,
the scientific terms and so on.
the scientific terms and so on.
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04:33
The algorithm also identifies
that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
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演算法也可以把我们要
整理的概念分门别类出来。
整理的概念分门别类出来。
04:37
So for instance,
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举个例子，
你可以看到，科学的术语
被拆解成两个子类，
被拆解成两个子类，
04:39
you can see that the scientific terms
break down into two subcategories
break down into two subcategories
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分别是太空与物理的术语。
04:42
of the astronomic and the physics terms.
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04:45
And then there are very fine things.
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然后你会发现一件有趣的事。
举个例子，“天文学”这个词，
04:47
For instance, the word astronomy,
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它现在的位置看似不太对，
04:49
which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
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却的确在正确的位置上，
04:51
is actually exactly where it should be,
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04:53
between what it is,
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它应该介于科学与
天文学术语之间，
04:55
an actual science,
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04:56
and between what it describes,
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因为天文学是一门科学
04:57
the astronomical terms.
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同时又包含了很多天文学术语。
我们可以持续寻找其它类似的情况。
05:00
And we could go on and on with this.
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如果你盯着这些词一阵子，
05:02
Actually, if you stare
at this for a while,
at this for a while,
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然后随机搭配连接一下这些词语，
05:04
and you just build random trajectories,
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你会觉得好像自己在做诗。
05:06
you will see that it actually feels
a bit like doing poetry.
a bit like doing poetry.
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那是因为在某种程度上，
05:10
And this is because, in a way,
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在这个空间里漫遊，
就像是在脑海中做诗一样。
就像是在脑海中做诗一样。
05:11
walking in this space
is like walking in the mind.
is like walking in the mind.
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05:16
And the last thing
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最后，
演算法也能辨识出人类的直觉，
05:17
is that this algorithm also identifies
what are our intuitions,
what are our intuitions,
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并归纳到自省的词语范畴中。
05:21
of which words should lead
in the neighborhood of introspection.
in the neighborhood of introspection.
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举个例子，
05:25
So for instance,
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比如“自我”、“內疚”、“理由”、“情绪”
05:26
words such as "self," "guilt,"
"reason," "emotion,"
"reason," "emotion,"
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与“自省”的含义非常接近，
05:30
are very close to "introspection,"
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但其它的词汇，
05:32
but other words,
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比如“红色”、“足球”、“蜡烛”、“香蕉”
05:33
such as "red," "football,"
"candle," "banana,"
"candle," "banana,"
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就差很远了。
05:36
are just very far away.
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05:38
And so once we've built the space,
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所以一旦我们建立起
这样的词汇空间，
这样的词汇空间，
有关于自省的历史，
05:40
the question of the history
of introspection,
of introspection,
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有关与任何概念的历史，
05:43
or of the history of any concept
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以前被认为是抽象
或是有点模糊的词汇，
或是有点模糊的词汇，
05:46
which before could seem abstract
and somehow vague,
and somehow vague,
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都可以变成实实在在的
05:50
becomes concrete --
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可以被量化的科学。
05:52
becomes amenable to quantitative science.
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05:56
All that we have to do is take the books,
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而我们要做的就是，
拿起这些书，
拿起这些书，
把它们数字化，
05:59
we digitize them,
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然后把这些词汇映射到
06:00
and we take this stream
of words as a trajectory
of words as a trajectory
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词汇空间里面，
06:03
and project them into the space,
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然后我们问电脑，
这些词汇所经过的轨迹
这些词汇所经过的轨迹
06:05
and then we ask whether this trajectory
spends significant time
spends significant time
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花了多少时间才接近自省的概念。
06:09
circling closely to the concept
of introspection.
of introspection.
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06:12
And with this,
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有了这些数据，
我们就可以分析古希腊传统中，
06:13
we could analyze
the history of introspection
the history of introspection
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有关于自省的历史，
06:16
in the ancient Greek tradition,
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因为我们拥有最完整的文字记录。
06:18
for which we have the best
available written record.
available written record.
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06:21
So what we did is we took all the books --
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所以我们先把这些书——
按照时间排列——
06:23
we just ordered them by time --
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然后把每本书中的词汇都
06:26
for each book we take the words
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投射到词语空间里面，
06:27
and we project them to the space,
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然后我们问电脑，这些字词
与自省有多少的相关性，
与自省有多少的相关性，
06:29
and then we ask for each word
how close it is to introspection,
how close it is to introspection,
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再把它们平均起来。
06:33
and we just average that.
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06:34
And then we ask whether,
as time goes on and on,
as time goes on and on,
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然后，我们不断地问电脑问题，
这些书就会越来越
06:37
these books get closer,
and closer and closer
and closer and closer
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接近自省的概念。
06:41
to the concept of introspection.
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而这正是当时在古希腊所发生的事。
06:42
And this is exactly what happens
in the ancient Greek tradition.
in the ancient Greek tradition.
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06:47
So you can see that for the oldest books
in the Homeric tradition,
in the Homeric tradition,
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各位可以看到在
荷马时代最古老的书籍，
荷马时代最古老的书籍，
与自省的相关性只有一点点。
06:50
there is a small increase with books
getting closer to introspection.
getting closer to introspection.
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06:54
But about four centuries before Christ,
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但在大约在公元前400年左右，
这个数据却快速上涨至五倍，
06:56
this starts ramping up very rapidly
to an almost five-fold increase
to an almost five-fold increase
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07:01
of books getting closer,
and closer and closer
and closer and closer
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这些书与自省的概念
越来越接近。
07:03
to the concept of introspection.
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最棒的是，
07:06
And one of the nice things about this
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07:08
is that now we can ask
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我们可以问电脑，
在不同的、独立的传统文化中，
是否也有一样的现象。
是否也有一样的现象。
07:09
whether this is also true
in a different, independent tradition.
in a different, independent tradition.
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07:14
So we just ran this same analysis
on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
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所以，我们用同样的方法，
分析了传统犹太基督教的书籍，
分析了传统犹太基督教的书籍，
也得到了类似的趋势。
07:18
and we got virtually the same pattern.
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07:21
Again, you see a small increase
for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
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在最古老的旧约圣经中，
你可以看到它缓慢地增加，
你可以看到它缓慢地增加，
之后在新约圣经中，
07:26
and then it increases much more rapidly
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07:28
in the new books of the New Testament.
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它在快速地增长。
07:30
And then we get the peak of introspection
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大约公元400年，
07:32
in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine,"
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圣人奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》中
07:34
about four centuries after Christ.
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自省的词汇数量达到了最高峰。
07:36
And this was very important,
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这个信息相当重要，
因为圣人奥古斯丁已经被多位学者、
07:38
because Saint Augustine
had been recognized by scholars,
had been recognized by scholars,
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心理学家、历史学家公认为
07:42
philologists, historians,
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是自省的创始人之一。
07:44
as one of the founders of introspection.
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07:47
Actually, some believe him to be
the father of modern psychology.
the father of modern psychology.
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有些人认为他是现代心理学之父。
07:51
So our algorithm,
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所以，我们演算法的优点
不仅可以量化，
07:52
which has the virtue
of being quantitative,
of being quantitative,
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而且客观，
07:55
of being objective,
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当然速度也相当快——
07:57
and of course of being extremely fast --
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几秒就可以跑完——
07:59
it just runs in a fraction of a second --
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并捕捉到使用传统方法
必须费长时间调查
必须费长时间调查
08:01
can capture some of the most
important conclusions
important conclusions
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才能抓到的一些重点。
08:05
of this long tradition of investigation.
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08:08
And this is in a way
one of the beauties of science,
one of the beauties of science,
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这也是科学美好的地方之一，
08:11
which is that now this idea
can be translated
can be translated
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它可以解读、归纳这想法，
然后广泛应用在许多不同的领域上。
08:15
and generalized to a whole lot
of different domains.
of different domains.
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08:18
So in the same way that we asked
about the past of human consciousness,
about the past of human consciousness,
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或许最具挑战性的问题是，
我们用电脑来分析过去的
自我意识发展的方法，
自我意识发展的方法，
08:23
maybe the most challenging question
we can pose to ourselves
we can pose to ourselves
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是不是也可以告诉我们
自我意识的发展趋势呢？
自我意识的发展趋势呢？
08:26
is whether this can tell us something
about the future of our own consciousness.
about the future of our own consciousness.
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08:31
To put it more precisely,
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更确切地说，
我们现在说的话，
08:33
whether the words we say today
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是否可以告诉我们接下来的几天、
08:35
can tell us something
of where our minds will be in a few days,
of where our minds will be in a few days,
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几个月或几年后，
08:40
in a few months
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我们的心智会达到什么情况。
08:41
or a few years from now.
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08:43
And in the same way many of us
are now wearing sensors
are now wearing sensors
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类似的，我们现在很多人
都使用穿戴式侦测器，
都使用穿戴式侦测器，
可以侦测我们的心跳、
08:46
that detect our heart rate,
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呼吸、
08:48
our respiration,
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基因，
08:49
our genes,
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让我们可以预防疾病，
08:51
on the hopes that this may
help us prevent diseases,
help us prevent diseases,
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我们是否可以通过
监控和分析我们所说的话、
监控和分析我们所说的话、
08:55
we can ask whether monitoring
and analyzing the words we speak,
and analyzing the words we speak,
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08:58
we tweet, we email, we write,
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发的微博、邮件和书写的文字，
09:01
can tell us ahead of time whether
something may go wrong with our minds.
something may go wrong with our minds.
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来提前告诉我们，我们的心智
可能要发生问题了？
可能要发生问题了？
09:07
And with Guillermo Cecchi,
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我跟我的兄弟，
09:08
who has been my brother in this adventure,
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吉列尔莫 切基，
09:11
we took on this task.
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扛起了这项任务。
09:14
And we did so by analyzing
the recorded speech of 34 young people
the recorded speech of 34 young people
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我们纪录分析了 34 位年轻人的谈话。
09:19
who were at a high risk
of developing schizophrenia.
of developing schizophrenia.
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他们曾是患精神分裂症的高风险人群。
09:23
And so what we did is,
we measured speech at day one,
we measured speech at day one,
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我们测量了他们第一天的谈话，
09:26
and then we asked whether the properties
of the speech could predict,
of the speech could predict,
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然后问电脑，从他们的话中，
是否可以预测出，
是否可以预测出，
未來三年內，
09:29
within a window of almost three years,
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09:32
the future development of psychosis.
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他们会不会患上精神错乱。
09:35
But despite our hopes,
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但我们大失所望，
一次又一次的失败。
09:37
we got failure after failure.
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09:41
There was just not enough
information in semantics
information in semantics
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没有足够的语义上的信息
09:45
to predict the future
organization of the mind.
organization of the mind.
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来预测未来的心智发展。
09:48
It was good enough
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它有能力分辨
09:50
to distinguish between a group
of schizophrenics and a control group,
of schizophrenics and a control group,
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精神病患者和健康人，
09:54
a bit like we had done
for the ancient texts,
for the ancient texts,
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因为这有点像我们之前
做古文字的分析，
做古文字的分析，
09:57
but not to predict the future
onset of psychosis.
onset of psychosis.
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但没办法预测未来精神错乱的发病。
10:01
But then we realized
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后来我们了解到，
也许最关键的不是他们说了什么，
10:02
that maybe the most important thing
was not so much what they were saying,
was not so much what they were saying,
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10:07
but how they were saying it.
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而是他们怎么说。
10:09
More specifically,
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进一步说，
10:10
it was not in which semantic
neighborhoods the words were,
neighborhoods the words were,
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不是他们说的话落在哪个
语义相近的群组里，
语义相近的群组里，
10:13
but how far and fast they jumped
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而是他们说话的方式是否会在这几个
语义相近的群组里快速地跳来跳去。
10:16
from one semantic neighborhood
to the other one.
to the other one.
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10:19
And so we came up with this measure,
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所以我们想出了一个
叫做“语义连贯性”的评估方法，
10:21
which we termed semantic coherence,
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本质上就是评估谈话的持续性
10:23
which essentially measures the persistence
of speech within one semantic topic,
of speech within one semantic topic,
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10:28
within one semantic category.
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是否会落在同一个
语义主题或类别上。
语义主题或类别上。
10:31
And it turned out to be
that for this group of 34 people,
that for this group of 34 people,
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结果显示，刚刚的 34 位年轻人，
通过这个语义连贯性演算法，
10:35
the algorithm based on semantic
coherence could predict,
coherence could predict,
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3659
预测谁会精神错乱的正确率
10:39
with 100 percent accuracy,
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2500
10:41
who developed psychosis and who will not.
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达到了百分之百。
10:44
And this was something
that could not be achieved --
that could not be achieved --
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目前临床上所有评估方式
10:47
not even close --
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1508
都无法达到、
10:49
with all the other
existing clinical measures.
existing clinical measures.
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3126
甚至无法接近这个数字。
10:54
And I remember vividly,
while I was working on this,
while I was working on this,
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在我做这项研究的时候，
清楚地记得一件事，
清楚地记得一件事，
当时我坐在电脑前面，
10:58
I was sitting at my computer
224
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2317
看到保罗发的一些微博——
11:00
and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
225
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2635
11:03
Polo had been my first student
back in Buenos Aires,
back in Buenos Aires,
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他是我之前在布宜诺斯艾利斯市
教书时的第一个学生，
教书时的第一个学生，
当时他住在纽约。
11:06
and at the time
he was living in New York.
he was living in New York.
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我发现微博的内容不太对劲——
11:08
And there was something in this tweets --
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我看不懂是什么，
因为他写得不太清楚——
因为他写得不太清楚——
11:10
I could not tell exactly what
because nothing was said explicitly --
because nothing was said explicitly --
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但我有一种
11:14
but I got this strong hunch,
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2021
11:16
this strong intuition,
that something was going wrong.
that something was going wrong.
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强烈的直觉，一定
有什么地方不对劲儿了。
有什么地方不对劲儿了。
11:20
So I picked up the phone,
and I called Polo,
and I called Polo,
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所以我立刻打电话给保罗，
没错，他当时感觉不太舒服。
11:23
and in fact he was not feeling well.
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仅仅通过阅读
11:25
And this simple fact,
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他微博的字里行间，
11:27
that reading in between the lines,
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我就可以感受到他的精神健康状态，
11:29
I could sense,
through words, his feelings,
through words, his feelings,
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阅读别人的用词
的确是个简单有效的帮助方式。
的确是个简单有效的帮助方式。
11:34
was a simple, but very
effective way to help.
effective way to help.
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今天我要告诉各位的是，
11:37
What I tell you today
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我们已经越来越能够理解
11:39
is that we're getting
close to understanding
close to understanding
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11:42
how we can convert this intuition
that we all have,
that we all have,
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如何把我们共有的，
11:46
that we all share,
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共享的直觉
11:47
into an algorithm.
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转换成演算法。
11:50
And in doing so,
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通过这样做，
未来我们也许可以看到一种
全然不同的精神健康模式，
全然不同的精神健康模式，
11:51
we may be seeing in the future
a very different form of mental health,
a very different form of mental health,
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是基于一种客观、
量化的方式来自动分析出
量化的方式来自动分析出
11:56
based on objective, quantitative
and automated analysis
and automated analysis
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我们所写的词汇，
12:01
of the words we write,
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还有我们所说的话。
12:03
of the words we say.
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谢谢。
12:05
Gracias.
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（掌声）
12:06
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mariano Sigman - NeuroscientistIn his provocative, mind-bending book "The Secret Life of the Mind," neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reveals his life’s work exploring the inner workings of the human brain.
Why you should listen
Mariano Sigman, a physicist by training, is a leading figure in the cognitive neuroscience of learning and decision making. Sigman was awarded a Human Frontiers Career Development Award, the National Prize of Physics, the Young Investigator Prize of "College de France," the IBM Scalable Data Analytics Award and is a scholar of the James S. McDonnell Foundation. In 2016 he was made a Laureate of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
In The Secret Life of the Mind, Sigman's ambition is to explain the mind so that we can understand ourselves and others more deeply. He shows how we form ideas during our first days of life, how we give shape to our fundamental decisions, how we dream and imagine, why we feel certain emotions, how the brain transforms and how who we are changes with it. Spanning biology, physics, mathematics, psychology, anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and medicine, as well as gastronomy, magic, music, chess, literature and art, The Secret Life of the Mind revolutionizes how neuroscience serves us in our lives, revealing how the infinity of neurons inside our brains manufacture how we perceive, reason, feel, dream and communicate.
Mariano Sigman | Speaker | TED.com