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Joy Sun: Should you donate differently?
Joy Sun: Treba li donirati drugačije?
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Tehnologija nam dopušta izravno davati novac najsiromašnijim ljudima na svijetu. Trebamo li to raditi? U ovom poticajnom govoru veteranka humanitarka Joy Sun istražuje dva načina pomaganja siromašnima.
Joy Sun - Veteran aid worker
TED Fellow Joy Sun helped to launch a rare type of charity. GiveDirectly lets donors transfer money directly into the hands of impoverished people — empowering them to set their own goals and priorities. Full bio
TED Fellow Joy Sun helped to launch a rare type of charity. GiveDirectly lets donors transfer money directly into the hands of impoverished people — empowering them to set their own goals and priorities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I suspect that
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Pretpostavljam da
svaka humanitarna
radnica u Africi
radnica u Africi
00:14
every aid worker in Africa
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dođe do trenutka u svojoj karijeri kad
00:16
comes to a time in her career
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00:17
when she wants to take all
the money for her project —
the money for her project —
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poželi pokupiti sav novac
za svoj projekt —
za svoj projekt —
00:20
maybe it's a school or a training program —
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bilo to za školu ili program
osposobljavanja —
osposobljavanja —
00:24
pack it in a suitcase,
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spakirati ga u torbu
00:25
get on a plane flying over the
poorest villages in the country,
poorest villages in the country,
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sjesti na avion koji leti iznad
najsiromašnijih sela u zemlji
najsiromašnijih sela u zemlji
00:29
and start throwing that money out the window.
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i početi rasipati novac kroz prozor.
00:33
Because to a veteran aid worker,
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Jer humanitarnom radniku veteranu
00:35
the idea of putting cold, hard cash
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ideja stavljanja gotovog novca
00:38
into the hands of the poorest people on Earth
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u ruke najsiromašnijih ljudi na svijetu
00:41
doesn't sound crazy,
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uopće ne zvuči suludo,
00:42
it sounds really satisfying.
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zapravo zvuči vrlo zadovoljavajuće.
00:46
I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,
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Taj sam trenutak doživjela
oko desete obljetnice svog rada
oko desete obljetnice svog rada
00:49
and luckily, that's also when I learned
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i srećom, u isto vrijeme saznala
00:52
that this idea actually exists,
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da ova ideja uistinu postoji
00:55
and it might be just what the aid system needs.
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i da bi ona mogla biti baš ono što
sustavu humanitarne pomoći nedostaje.
sustavu humanitarne pomoći nedostaje.
00:59
Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,
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Ekonomisti to zovu bezuvjetnim
transferom novca
transferom novca
01:02
and it's exactly that: It's cash given
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i to je upravo ono što to jest: novac dan
01:04
with no strings attached.
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bez ikakvih uvjeta.
01:06
Governments in developing countries
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Vlade država u razvoju
01:08
have been doing this for decades,
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radile su ovo destljećima,
01:10
and it's only now, with more evidence
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ali tek je sada, uz više dokaza
01:12
and new technology that it's possible
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i novu tehnologiju, moguće
01:15
to make this a model for delivering aid.
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učiniti ju modelom dostavljanja pomoći.
01:20
It's a pretty simple idea, right?
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Prilično jednostavna ideja, zar ne?
01:23
Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff
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Pa zašto sam onda provela desetljeće
radeći druge stvari
radeći druge stvari
01:27
for the poor?
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za siromašne?
01:29
Honestly, I believed that I could do more good
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Iskreno, vjerovala sam da mogu učiniti
više dobra
više dobra
01:32
with money for the poor
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novcem za siromašne
01:34
than the poor could do for themselves.
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nego što bi to oni mogli učiniti
sami za sebe.
sami za sebe.
01:37
I held two assumptions:
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Imala sam dvije pretpostavke:
01:38
One, that poor people are poor in part
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Prva, da su siromašni jednim dijelom
01:41
because they're uneducated and
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siromašni jer su neobrazovani i
01:43
don't make good choices;
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jer ne donose dobre odluke;
01:45
two is that we then need people like me
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i druga, da trebamo ljude poput mene
01:47
to figure out what they need and get it to them.
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kako bismo shvatili što oni trebaju i
kako bismo im to dali.
kako bismo im to dali.
01:51
It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.
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Ispada da dokazi kažu drugačije.
01:55
In recent years, researchers have been studying
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Posljednjih godina istraživači su
proučavali
proučavali
01:58
what happens when we give poor people cash.
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što se događa kad damo novac siromašnima.
02:02
Dozens of studies show across the board
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Deseci studija potvrđuju
02:04
that people use cash transfers
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da ljudi koriste dobiveni novac
02:07
to improve their own lives.
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kako bi unaprijedili vlastite živote.
02:09
Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food
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Trudnice iz Urugvaja kupuju bolju hranu
02:12
and give birth to healthier babies.
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i rađaju zdravije bebe.
02:14
Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
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Muškarci iz Šri Lanke ulažu u
svoja poduzeća.
svoja poduzeća.
02:17
Researchers who studied our work in Kenya
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Istraživači koji su proučavali naš rad
u Keniji
u Keniji
02:20
found that people invested in a range of assets,
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saznali su da ljudi ulažu
u različite stvari:
u različite stvari:
02:23
from livestock to equipment
to home improvements,
to home improvements,
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od stoke preko opreme
do kućanskih adaptacija,
do kućanskih adaptacija,
02:27
and they saw increases in income
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i vidjeli su rast u prihodima
02:30
from business and farming
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preko poslova i poljoprivrede
02:32
one year after the cash was sent.
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samo godinu dana nakon što
su primili novac.
su primili novac.
02:36
None of these studies found that people
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Nijedno od ovih istraživanja nije utvrdilo
02:38
spend more on drinking or smoking
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trošenje novca na
alkohol ili cigarete
alkohol ili cigarete
02:41
or that people work less.
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ili smanjenje količine rada.
02:43
In fact, they work more.
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Štoviše, radi se i više.
02:47
Now, these are all material needs.
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Ovdje se radi o materijalnim potrebama.
02:50
In Vietnam, elderly recipients used
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Stariji primatelji pomoći u Vijetnamu
koristili su novac
koristili su novac
02:54
their cash transfers to pay for coffins.
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za svoje lijesove.
02:58
As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,
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Kao netko tko se pita je li
Maslow pogrešno shvatio,
Maslow pogrešno shvatio,
03:02
I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs
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smatram da davanje prioriteta
duhovnim potrebama
duhovnim potrebama
03:07
deeply humbling.
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uči skromnosti.
03:09
I don't know if I would have chosen to give food
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Ne znam bih li odabrala davati hranu,
03:11
or equipment or coffins,
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opremu ili lijesove,
03:15
which begs the question:
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što nameće pitanje:
03:17
How good are we at allocating resources
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Koliko nam dobro ide raspoređivanje
sredstava
sredstava
03:20
on behalf of the poor?
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u ime siromašnih?
03:22
Are we worth the cost?
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Smijemo li preuzeti takvu odgovornost?
03:25
Again, we can look at empirical evidence
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Ponavljam, možemo sagledati
empirijske dokaze
empirijske dokaze
03:27
on what happens when we give people stuff
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o tome što ljudi čine s onime
što smo im dali
što smo im dali
03:30
of our choosing.
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po našem izboru.
03:32
One very telling study looked at a program in India
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Jedno vrlo znakovito istraživanje
bavi se programom u Indiji
bavi se programom u Indiji
03:35
that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,
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koji daje stoku takozvanim
ultra-siromašnima
ultra-siromašnima
03:39
and they found that 30 percent of recipients
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i utvrđeno je da je 30 posto
primatelja pomoći
primatelja pomoći
03:43
had turned around and sold the
livestock they had been given
livestock they had been given
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prodalo stoku koju su dobili
03:47
for cash.
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u zamjenu za gotovinu.
03:50
The real irony is,
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Ironija je u tome
03:52
for every 100 dollars worth of assets
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što za svakih 100 $ sredstava
03:54
this program gave someone,
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koje je program dodijelio nekome,
03:56
they spent another 99 dollars to do it.
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oni potroše još 99 $ kako bi to uradili.
04:01
What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,
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Što ako bismo umjesto toga koristili
tehnologiju kako bismo davali gotovinu
tehnologiju kako bismo davali gotovinu
04:05
whether from aid agencies or from any one of us
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od humanitarnih agencija ili
od bilo koga od nas
od bilo koga od nas
04:09
directly into a poor person's hands.
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izravno u ruke siromašnima?
04:13
Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,
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Danas troje od četvero ljudi u Keniji
koristi mobilni novac,
koristi mobilni novac,
04:16
which is basically a bank account that can run
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što je zapravo bankovni račun koji
se može koristiti
se može koristiti
04:19
on any cell phone.
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s bilo kojeg mobilnog telefona.
04:20
A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee
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Pošiljatelj može platiti 1.6 posto
od iznosa
od iznosa
04:24
and with the click of a button
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i pritiskom gumba
04:26
send money directly to a recipient's account
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poslati novac izravno na primateljev
račun
račun
04:29
with no intermediaries.
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bez posrednika.
04:31
Like the technologies that are disrupting industries
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Poput tehnologije koja mijenja industriju
04:34
in our own lives,
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u našim životima,
04:36
payments technology in poor countries
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tehnologija plaćanja u siromašnim zemljama
04:39
could disrupt aid.
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također može promijeniti
način na koji pomoć stiže.
način na koji pomoć stiže.
04:42
It's spreading so quickly that it's possible
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Širi se tolikom brzinom da je moguće
04:44
to imagine reaching billions
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zamisliti dosezanje milijardi
04:47
of the world's poor this way.
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siromašnih u svijetu na ovaj način.
04:49
That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.
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To je ono s čime smo započeli
u GiveDirectly (DajIzravno).
u GiveDirectly (DajIzravno).
04:52
We're the first organization
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Mi smo prva organizacija
04:54
dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.
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posvećena transferu novca u gotovini
siromašnima.
siromašnima.
04:57
We've sent cash to 35,000
people across rural Kenya
people across rural Kenya
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Poslali smo novac u gotovini 35,000 ljudi
ruralne Kenije
ruralne Kenije
05:01
and Uganda
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i Ugande
05:03
in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
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jednokratnim uplatama od 1,000 $
05:06
per family.
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po obitelji.
05:08
So far, we've looked for the poorest people
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Do sada smo tražili najsiromašnije
05:11
in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,
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u najsiromašnijim selima, a u ovom su
dijelu svijeta
dijelu svijeta
05:14
they're the ones living in homes
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takvi smješteni u kućama
05:15
made of mud and thatch,
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od blata i trske,
05:17
not cement and iron.
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a ne cementa i željeza.
05:19
So let's say that's your family.
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Pretpostavimo da se radi
o vašoj obitelji.
o vašoj obitelji.
05:21
We show up at your door with an Android phone.
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Pojavit ćemo se pred vašim
vratima s Android telefonom.
vratima s Android telefonom.
05:24
We'll get your name, take your photo
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Uzet ćemo vaše ime i fotografirati vas
05:26
and a photo of your hut
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i vašu brvnaru
05:27
and grab the GPS coordinates.
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te uzeti GPS koordinate.
Iste ćemo noći poslati podatke u oblak,
05:30
That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
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05:32
and each piece gets checked
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gdje svaki podatak provjerava
05:34
by an independent team
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neovisan tim stručnjaka
05:36
using, for one example, satellite images.
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koristeći, primjerice, satelitske snimke.
05:40
Then, we'll come back,
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Zatim ćemo se vratiti
05:42
we'll sell you a basic cell phone
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i prodati vam običan mobilni telefon
05:44
if you don't have one already,
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ako ga već nemate
05:46
and a few weeks later,
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i nakon nekoliko tjedana
05:49
we send money to it.
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uplatiti vam novac.
05:51
Something that five years ago
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Nešto što bi prije pet godina
05:52
would have seemed impossible
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bilo nezamislivo
05:54
we can now do efficiently
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sada možemo obaviti učinkovito
05:57
and free of corruption.
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i bez korupcije.
05:59
The more cash we give to the poor,
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Što više novca u gotovini
damo siromašnima
damo siromašnima
06:01
and the more evidence we have that it works,
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i što više dokaza o tome da to radi imamo,
06:05
the more we have to reconsider
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više moramo razmisliti
06:07
everything else we give.
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o svemu ostalome što dajemo.
06:10
Today, the logic behind aid is too often,
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Danas pod davanjem
humanitarne pomoći često
humanitarne pomoći često
06:13
well, we do at least some good.
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mislimo nešto kao, pa bar nešto dobroga
činimo.
činimo.
06:17
When we're complacent
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Ako smo zadovoljni
06:18
with that as our bar,
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time kao svojim najvećim dosegom,
06:20
when we tell ourselves that giving aid
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kada se uvjeravamo da je išta
06:23
is better than no aid at all,
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bolje nego ništa,
06:26
we tend to invest inefficiently,
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često nerazumno ulažemo
06:28
in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,
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u vlastite ideje koje
nam se čine inovativnima,
nam se čine inovativnima,
06:32
on writing reports,
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u pisanje izvještaja.
06:34
on plane tickets and SUVs.
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u avionske karte i terenska vozila.
06:38
What if the logic was,
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Što ako bismo pošli od pitanja:
06:40
will we do better than cash given directly?
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Možemo li učiniti nešto bolje
od izravnog davanja novca?
od izravnog davanja novca?
06:46
Organizations would have to prove
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Organizacije bi morale dokazati
06:47
that they're doing more good for the poor
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da čine više za siromašne
06:49
than the poor can do for themselves.
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nego što to oni mogu učiniti sami za sebe.
06:52
Of course, giving cash won't create public goods
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Naravno, davanje novca neće stvoriti
javna dobra
javna dobra
06:55
like eradicating disease or
building strong institutions,
building strong institutions,
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kao iskorjenjivanje zaraza ili
gradnju čvrstih institucija,
gradnju čvrstih institucija,
07:00
but it could set a higher bar
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ali možemo postaviti ljestvicu više
07:03
for how we help individual families
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u smislu pomaganja pojedinačnim obiteljima
07:06
improve their lives.
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u unaprjeđivanju njihovih života.
07:09
I believe in aid.
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Vjerujem u humanitarnu pomoć.
07:10
I believe most aid is better than just
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Vjerujem da je većina
humanitarne pomoći bolja
humanitarne pomoći bolja
07:13
throwing money out of a plane.
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od samog rasipanja novca iz aviona.
07:15
I am also absolutely certain
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Također sam apsolutno uvjerena
07:18
that a lot of aid today
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da veliki dio humanitarne pomoći
07:20
isn't better than giving directly to the poor.
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nije bolji od izravnog davanja siromašnima.
07:24
I hope that one day, it will be.
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Nadam se da će jednoga dana ipak biti.
07:27
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:29
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joy Sun - Veteran aid workerTED Fellow Joy Sun helped to launch a rare type of charity. GiveDirectly lets donors transfer money directly into the hands of impoverished people — empowering them to set their own goals and priorities.
Why you should listen
The idea of using mobile technology to put cash directly into the hands of the poorest people on earth doesn’t sound crazy to veteran aid worker Joy Sun — it sounds deeply satisfying. In this talk, she talks about what happens when we use technology to give cash instead of services to the poor.
Joy Sun | Speaker | TED.com