TED2017
Jimmy Lin: A simple new blood test that can catch cancer early
Jimmy Lin: Nove jednostavne krvne pretrage koje rano mogu otkriti rak
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Jimmy Lin razvija tehnologije kojima će moći otkriti rak mjesecima i godinama prije trenutnih metoda. Dijeli svoju revolucionarnu tehniku koja traži male znake prisutnosti raka putem jednostavnih krvnih pretraga, uočavajući određena ponavljanja bolesti 100 dana prije nego tradicionalne metode. To bi mogla biti zraka nade u borbi gdje je rano otkrivanje vrlo važno.
Jimmy Lin - Geneticist
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Cancer.
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Rak.
00:15
Many of us have lost family,
friends or loved ones
friends or loved ones
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Mnogi od nas izgubili su obitelj,
prijatelje ili voljene osobe
prijatelje ili voljene osobe
00:18
to this horrible disease.
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od ove užasne bolesti.
00:20
I know there are some of you
in the audience
in the audience
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Znam da su neki od vas u publici
00:22
who are cancer survivors,
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preživjeli rak,
00:23
or who are fighting cancer at this moment.
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ili se bore s rakom u ovom trenutku.
00:25
My heart goes out to you.
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Suosjećam s vama.
00:27
While this word often conjures up
emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
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Iako ova riječ često priziva
osjećaje tuge, ljutnje i straha,
osjećaje tuge, ljutnje i straha,
00:32
I bring you good news
from the front lines of cancer research.
from the front lines of cancer research.
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donosim vam dobre vijesti
s prve crte istraživanja raka.
s prve crte istraživanja raka.
00:36
The fact is, we are starting to win
the war on cancer.
the war on cancer.
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Činjenica je da počinjemo pobjeđivati
u ratu protiv raka.
u ratu protiv raka.
00:41
In fact, we lie at the intersection
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Zapravo, na raskrižju smo
00:43
of the three of the most exciting
developments within cancer research.
developments within cancer research.
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tri najuzbudljivija razvoja
unutar istraživanja raka.
unutar istraživanja raka.
00:47
The first is cancer genomics.
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Prvi je genomika raka.
00:49
The genome is a composition
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Genom je sklop
00:51
of all the genetic information
encoded by DNA
encoded by DNA
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svih genetskih informacija
kodiranih od strane DNK
kodiranih od strane DNK
00:54
in an organism.
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u organizmu.
00:55
In cancers, changes
in the DNA called mutations
in the DNA called mutations
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Kod raka, mutacije u DNK
00:58
are what drive these cancers
to go out of control.
to go out of control.
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su ono što tjera rak
da nekontrolirano raste.
da nekontrolirano raste.
01:02
Around 10 years ago,
I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
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Prije 10 godina bio sam dio tima
u bolnici Johns Hopkins
u bolnici Johns Hopkins
01:05
that first mapped
the mutations of cancers.
the mutations of cancers.
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koji je prvi mapirao mutacije raka.
01:08
We did this first for colorectal,
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Radili smo prvo s rektalnim,
01:10
breast, pancreatic and brain cancers.
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rakom dojke, gušterače i mozga.
01:13
And since then, there have been
over 90 projects in 70 countries
over 90 projects in 70 countries
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I od onda bilo je preko 90 projekata
u sedamdeset zemalja
u sedamdeset zemalja
01:16
all over the world,
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diljem svijeta,
01:18
working to understand
the genetic basis of these diseases.
the genetic basis of these diseases.
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koji rade na tome da razumiju
genetske osnove ovih bolesti.
genetske osnove ovih bolesti.
01:21
Today, tens of thousands
of cancers are understood
of cancers are understood
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Danas razumijemo
desetke tisuća pojava raka
desetke tisuća pojava raka
01:24
down to exquisite molecular detail.
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do nevjerojatnih molekularnih detalja.
01:28
The second revolution
is precision medicine,
is precision medicine,
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Druga revolucija je precizna medicina,
01:30
also known as "personalized medicine."
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poznata i kao "personalizirana medicina."
01:32
Instead of one-size-fits-all methods
to be able to treat cancers,
to be able to treat cancers,
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Umjesto jedne metode liječenja
za sve tipove raka,
za sve tipove raka,
01:36
there is a whole new class of drugs
that are able to target cancers
that are able to target cancers
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postoji potpuno nova serija lijekova
kojom možemo ciljano liječiti rak,
kojom možemo ciljano liječiti rak,
01:40
based on their unique genetic profile.
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na temelju jedinstvenog genetskog profila.
01:42
Today, there are a host
of these tailor-made drugs,
of these tailor-made drugs,
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Danas, postoji mnoštvo
ovih specijaliziranih lijekova
ovih specijaliziranih lijekova
01:45
called targeted therapies,
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nazvanih ciljane terapije,
01:47
available to physicians even today
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dostupne liječnicima već danas,
01:49
to be able to personalize
their therapy for their patients,
their therapy for their patients,
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kako bi mogli stvoriti osobnu
terapiju za svoje pacijente,
terapiju za svoje pacijente,
01:52
and many others are in development.
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a mnoge druge se još razvijaju.
01:55
The third exciting revolution
is immunotherapy,
is immunotherapy,
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Treća uzbudljiva revolucija
je imunoterapija,
je imunoterapija,
01:58
and this is really exciting.
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i to je zaista uzbudljivo.
02:01
Scientists have been able
to leverage the immune system
to leverage the immune system
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Znanstvenici su uspjeli
iskoristiti imunosni sustav
iskoristiti imunosni sustav
02:03
in the fight against cancer.
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u borbi protiv raka.
02:05
For example, there have been ways
where we find the off switches of cancer,
where we find the off switches of cancer,
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Na primjer, postojali su slučajevi
gdje smo našli prekidače za gašenje raka,
gdje smo našli prekidače za gašenje raka,
02:10
and new drugs have been able
to turn the immune system back on,
to turn the immune system back on,
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a novi lijekovi mogli su ponovno
aktivirati imunosni sustav,
aktivirati imunosni sustav,
02:13
to be able to fight cancer.
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kako bi se borio protiv raka.
02:15
In addition, there are ways
where you can take away immune cells
where you can take away immune cells
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Kao dodatak, postoje metode
kojima možete uzeti imunosne stanice
kojima možete uzeti imunosne stanice
02:19
from the body,
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iz tijela,
02:20
train them, engineer them
and put them back into the body
and put them back into the body
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trenirati ih, podesiti i vratiti u tijelo
02:23
to fight cancer.
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kako bi se borile protiv raka.
02:24
Almost sounds like
science fiction, doesn't it?
science fiction, doesn't it?
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Gotovo zvuči kao
znanstvena fantastika, zar ne?
znanstvena fantastika, zar ne?
02:28
While I was a researcher
at the National Cancer Institute,
at the National Cancer Institute,
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Dok sam istraživao
pri Nacionalnom Institutu za rak,
pri Nacionalnom Institutu za rak,
02:31
I had the privilege of working
with some of the pioneers of this field
with some of the pioneers of this field
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imao sam čast raditi s nekima
od pionira na ovom polju
od pionira na ovom polju
02:34
and watched the development firsthand.
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i gledao sam razvoj iz prve ruke.
02:36
It's been pretty amazing.
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Bilo je zadivljujuće.
02:38
Today, over 600 clinical trials are open,
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Danas je otvoreno
preko 600 kliničkih testiranja
preko 600 kliničkih testiranja
02:41
actively recruiting patients
to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
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i aktivno traže pacijente za istraživanje
svih vidova imunoterapije.
svih vidova imunoterapije.
02:46
While these three exciting
revolutions are ongoing,
revolutions are ongoing,
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Dok se ove tri uzbudljive
revolucije događaju,
revolucije događaju,
02:49
unfortunately, this is only the beginning,
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nažalost, ovo je tek početak,
02:51
and there are still many, many challenges.
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i još postoji puno, puno izazova.
02:55
Let me illustrate with a patient.
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Predočit ću vam ovo s pacijentom.
02:58
Here is a patient
with a skin cancer called melanoma.
with a skin cancer called melanoma.
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Ovaj pacijent ima rak kože, melanom.
03:01
It's horrible; the cancer
has gone everywhere.
has gone everywhere.
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Užasno je, rak se proširio posvuda.
03:05
However, scientists were able
to map the mutations of this cancer
to map the mutations of this cancer
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No ipak, znanstvenici su
mapirali mutacije ovog raka
mapirali mutacije ovog raka
03:08
and give a specific treatment
that targets one of the mutations.
that targets one of the mutations.
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i dali specifično liječenje
koje cilja jednu od mutacija.
koje cilja jednu od mutacija.
03:13
And the result is almost miraculous.
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I rezultat je gotovo čudotvoran.
03:16
Tumors almost seem to melt away.
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Tumori su gotovo nestali.
03:19
Unfortunately, this is not
the end of the story.
the end of the story.
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Nažalost, ovo nije kraj priče.
03:23
A few months later, this picture is taken.
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Nekoliko mjeseci kasnije,
ponovo je slikano.
ponovo je slikano.
03:26
The tumor has come back.
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Tumor se vratio.
03:28
The question is: Why?
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Pitanje je: Zašto?
03:30
The answer is tumor heterogeneity.
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Odgovor je u tumorskoj heterogenezi.
03:34
Let me explain.
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Dozvolite da objasnim.
03:37
Even a cancer as small
as one centimeter in diameter
as one centimeter in diameter
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Čak i rak promjera jednog centimetra
03:40
harbors over a hundred million
different cells.
different cells.
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sadrži stotine milijuna
različitih stanica.
različitih stanica.
03:43
While genetically similar,
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Iako su genetski slične,
03:45
there are small differences
in these different cancers
in these different cancers
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postoje male razlike
u tim stanicama
u tim stanicama
03:48
that make them differently prone
to different drugs.
to different drugs.
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koje ih čine različito podložnima
na različite lijekove.
na različite lijekove.
03:51
So even if you have a drug
that's highly effective,
that's highly effective,
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Čak i ako imate lijek koji je
izrazito učinkovit
izrazito učinkovit
03:53
that kills almost all the cells,
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i koji uništi gotovo sve stanice,
03:55
there is a chance
that there's a small population
that there's a small population
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moguće je da postoji mala populacija
03:58
that's resistant to the drug.
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koja je otporna na lijek.
04:00
This ultimately is the population
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To je na kraju populacija
04:02
that comes back,
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koja se vrati
04:03
and takes over the patient.
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i preuzme pacijenta.
04:05
So then the question is:
What do we do with this information?
What do we do with this information?
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Onda je pitanje sljedeće:
Što radimo s ovim informacijama?
Što radimo s ovim informacijama?
04:08
Well, the key, then,
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Pa, tada je ključno
04:10
is to apply all these exciting
advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
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primjeniti sve ove uzbudljive napretke
u terapiji raka ranije,
u terapiji raka ranije,
04:14
as soon as we can,
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što je prije moguće,
04:16
before these resistance clones emerge.
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prije nego se ovi otporni klonovi pojave.
04:19
The key to cancer and curing cancer
is early detection.
is early detection.
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Ključ raka i liječenja raka
je u ranom otkrivanju.
je u ranom otkrivanju.
04:24
And we intuitively know this.
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I intuitivno znamo ovo.
04:26
Finding cancer early
results in better outcomes,
results in better outcomes,
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Kada rak pronađemo ranije,
dobijemo bolje rezultate
dobijemo bolje rezultate
04:29
and the numbers show this as well.
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i brojke to također pokazuju.
04:31
For example, in ovarian cancer,
if you detect cancer in stage four,
if you detect cancer in stage four,
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Na primjer, rak jajnika,
ako ga otkrijete u četvrtom stadiju,
ako ga otkrijete u četvrtom stadiju,
04:35
only 17 percent of the women
survive at five years.
survive at five years.
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samo 17 posto žena preživi pet godina.
04:39
However, if you are able to detect
this cancer as early as stage one,
this cancer as early as stage one,
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Ako ga otkrijete u prvom stadiju,
04:43
over 92 percent of women will survive.
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oko 92 posto žena će preživjeti.
04:46
But the sad fact is, only 15 percent
of women are detected at stage one,
of women are detected at stage one,
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Ali tužna činjenica je da samo 15 posto
žena dijagnosticiramo u prvom stadiju,
žena dijagnosticiramo u prvom stadiju,
04:51
whereas the vast majority, 70 percent,
are detected in stages three and four.
are detected in stages three and four.
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a većini, oko 70 posto, bude
dijagnosticirano u trećem i četvrtom.
dijagnosticirano u trećem i četvrtom.
04:57
We desperately need
better detection mechanisms for cancers.
better detection mechanisms for cancers.
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Očajnički trebamo bolji mehanizam
za otkrivanje raka.
za otkrivanje raka.
05:02
The current best ways to screen cancer
fall into one of three categories.
fall into one of three categories.
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Najbolji načini za pronalazak raka
spadaju u jednu od ove tri kategorije.
spadaju u jednu od ove tri kategorije.
05:06
First is medical procedures,
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Prvo su medicinski postupci,
05:08
which is like colonoscopy
for colon cancer.
for colon cancer.
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kao kolonoskopija za rak debelog crijeva.
05:11
Second is protein biomarkers,
like PSA for prostate cancer.
like PSA for prostate cancer.
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Drugo su proteinski biomarkeri,
kao za rak prostate.
kao za rak prostate.
05:16
Or third, imaging techniques,
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Ili treće, tehnike snimanja,
05:19
such as mammography for breast cancer.
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kao mamografija za rak dojke.
05:22
Medical procedures are the gold standard;
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Medicinski postupci su zlatni standard;
05:24
however, they are highly invasive
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no, oni su jako invazivni
05:26
and require a large
infrastructure to implement.
infrastructure to implement.
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i traže veliku infrastrukturu za primjenu.
05:30
Protein markers, while effective
in some populations,
in some populations,
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Proteinski markeri, iako učinkoviti
kod nekih populacija,
kod nekih populacija,
05:33
are not very specific
in some circumstances,
in some circumstances,
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nisu dovoljno specifični
u određenim okolnostima,
u određenim okolnostima,
05:36
resulting in high numbers
of false positives,
of false positives,
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rezultirajući s mnogo
lažnih pozitivnih rezultata,
lažnih pozitivnih rezultata,
05:39
which then results in unnecessary work-ups
and unnecessary procedures.
and unnecessary procedures.
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koji potom rezultiraju
nepotrebnim pretragama i liječenjima.
nepotrebnim pretragama i liječenjima.
05:45
Imaging methods,
while useful in some populations,
while useful in some populations,
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Metode snimanja, iako korisne
kod nekih populacija,
kod nekih populacija,
05:48
expose patients to harmful radiation.
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izlažu pacijente štetnom zračenju.
05:51
In addition, it is not applicable
to all patients.
to all patients.
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I dodatno, nisu primjenjive
na sve pacijente.
na sve pacijente.
05:54
For example, mammography has problems
in women with dense breasts.
in women with dense breasts.
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Na primjer, mamografija ima problema
kod žena koje imaju gusto tkivo dojki.
kod žena koje imaju gusto tkivo dojki.
05:59
So what we need is a method
that is noninvasive,
that is noninvasive,
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Tako da trebamo metodu
koja nije invazivna,
koja nije invazivna,
06:02
that is light in infrastructure,
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koja nema veliku infrastrukturu,
06:04
that is highly specific,
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koja je vrlo specifična,
06:06
that also does not have false positives,
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da nema lažne pozitivne rezultate,
06:09
does not use any radiation
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ne koristi zračenje
06:11
and is applicable to large populations.
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i primjenjiva je na širokoj populaciji.
06:14
Even more importantly,
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Još važnije,
06:15
we need a method
to be able to detect cancers
to be able to detect cancers
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trebamo metodu koja može uočiti rak
06:17
before they're 100 million cells in size.
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prije nego zahvati sto milijuna stanica.
06:21
Does such a technology exist?
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Postoji li takva tehnologija?
06:23
Well, I wouldn't be up here
giving a talk if it didn't.
giving a talk if it didn't.
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Pa, ne bih bio ovdje i pričao,
da ne postoji.
da ne postoji.
06:26
I'm excited to tell you about
this latest technology we've developed.
this latest technology we've developed.
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Uzbuđen sam s vama podijeliti
informacije o najnovijoj tehnologiji.
informacije o najnovijoj tehnologiji.
06:31
Central to our technology
is a simple blood test.
is a simple blood test.
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Osnova naše tehnologije je
jednostavan test krvi.
jednostavan test krvi.
06:34
The blood circulatory system,
while seemingly mundane,
while seemingly mundane,
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Sustav protoka krvi,
iako se čini vrlo običan,
iako se čini vrlo običan,
06:38
is essential for you to survive,
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osnova je našeg preživljavanja,
06:40
providing oxygen
and nutrients to your cells,
and nutrients to your cells,
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dajući kisik i hranjive tvari stanicama
06:43
and removing waste and carbon dioxide.
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i uklanjajući otpad i ugljični dioksid.
06:45
Here's a key biological insight:
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Ovo je ključna biološka stvar:
06:48
Cancer cells grow and die
faster than normal cells,
faster than normal cells,
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Stanice raka rastu i umiru
brže od normalnih stanica
brže od normalnih stanica
06:51
and when they die,
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i kada umru,
06:52
DNA is shed into the blood system.
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DNK se odbacuje u krvotok.
06:55
Since we know the signatures
of these cancer cells
of these cancer cells
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Pošto znamo potpise ovih stanica raka,
06:58
from all the different cancer
genome sequencing projects,
genome sequencing projects,
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iz svih različitih projekata
sekvenciranja genoma raka,
sekvenciranja genoma raka,
07:01
we can look for those signals in the blood
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možemo tražiti ove signale u krvi
07:03
to be able to detect these cancers early.
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kako bismo rano otkrili rak.
07:06
So instead of waiting for cancers
to be large enough to cause symptoms,
to be large enough to cause symptoms,
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Umjesto čekanja da rak bude
dovoljno uznapredovao i izazove simptome,
dovoljno uznapredovao i izazove simptome,
07:10
or for them to be dense enough
to show up on imaging,
to show up on imaging,
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ili da bude dovoljno gust
kako bi se vidio na slikama,
kako bi se vidio na slikama,
07:13
or for them to be prominent enough
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ili da bude dovoljno uznapredovao
07:15
for you to be able to visualize
on medical procedures,
on medical procedures,
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te ga možete vizualizirati
medicinskim procedurama,
medicinskim procedurama,
07:18
we can start looking for cancers
while they are relatively pretty small,
while they are relatively pretty small,
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možemo početi tražiti rak
dok je još relativno malen,
dok je još relativno malen,
07:22
by looking for these small amounts
of DNA in the blood.
of DNA in the blood.
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tražeći ove male količine DNK u krvi.
Dozvolite da vam kažem kako to činimo.
07:27
So let me tell you how we do this.
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07:29
First, like I said, we start off
with a simple blood test --
with a simple blood test --
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Prvo, kako sam rekao,
počinjemo testiranjem krvi,
počinjemo testiranjem krvi,
07:32
no radiation, no complicated equipment --
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bez zračenja, bez složene opreme,
07:35
a simple blood test.
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jednostavan test krvi.
07:36
Then the blood is shipped to us,
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Onda nam dopreme krv
07:38
and what we do
is extract the DNA out of it.
is extract the DNA out of it.
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i iz nje izvlačimo DNK.
07:41
While your body is mostly healthy cells,
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Dok su u vašem tijelu
većinom zdrave stanice,
većinom zdrave stanice,
07:43
most of the DNA that's detected
will be from healthy cells.
will be from healthy cells.
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većina DNK će biti iz zdravih stanica.
07:47
However, there will be a small amount,
less than one percent,
less than one percent,
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Ali, postojat će mala količina,
manje od 1 posto,
manje od 1 posto,
07:50
that comes from the cancer cells.
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koja dolazi iz stanica raka.
07:53
Then we use molecular biology methods
to be able to enrich this DNA
to be able to enrich this DNA
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Zatim, kako bismo obogatili DNK,
koristimo metode molekularne biologije,
koristimo metode molekularne biologije,
07:57
for areas of the genome which are known
to be associated with cancer,
to be associated with cancer,
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za područja genoma za koja se zna
da su povezani s rakom,
da su povezani s rakom,
08:02
based on the information
from the cancer genomics projects.
from the cancer genomics projects.
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prema informacijama iz projekata
koji su se bavili genomikom raka.
koji su se bavili genomikom raka.
08:05
We're able to then put this DNA
into DNA-sequencing machines
into DNA-sequencing machines
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Možemo onda uzeti tu DNK
i staviti je u sekvencer
i staviti je u sekvencer
08:09
and are able to digitize the DNA
into A's, C's, T's and G's
into A's, C's, T's and G's
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te možemo digitalizirati DNK
u A, C, T i G
u A, C, T i G
08:14
and have this final readout.
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i dobiti iščitanje.
08:16
Ultimately, we have information
of billions of letters
of billions of letters
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Na kraju, imamo informacije
o milijardama slova
o milijardama slova
08:22
that output from this run.
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koja proizlaze iz ovoga.
08:26
We then apply statistical
and computational methods
and computational methods
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Potom primjenjujemo statističke
i računalne metode
i računalne metode
08:29
to be able to find
the small signal that's present,
the small signal that's present,
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kako bismo pronašli
mali signal koji je prisutan,
mali signal koji je prisutan,
08:32
indicative of the small amount
of cancer DNA in the blood.
of cancer DNA in the blood.
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indicirajući malu količinu
DNK raka u krvi.
DNK raka u krvi.
08:37
So does this actually work in patients?
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Radi li ovo zaista na pacijentima?
08:39
Well, because there's no way
of really predicting right now
of really predicting right now
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Pa, budući još ne postoji način
da zaista predvidimo
da zaista predvidimo
08:43
which patients will get cancer,
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koji pacijenti će dobiti rak,
08:44
we use the next best population:
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koristimo sljedeću najbolju populaciju:
08:47
cancers in remission;
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rak u remisiji;
08:49
specifically, lung cancer.
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konkretno, rak pluća.
08:52
The sad fact is, even with the best drugs
that we have today,
that we have today,
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Tužna činjenica je,
i uz najbolje lijekove danas,
i uz najbolje lijekove danas,
08:55
most lung cancers come back.
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većina raka pluća se vrati.
08:57
The key, then, is to see
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Ključ je, onda, vidjeti
08:59
whether we're able to detect
these recurrences of cancers
these recurrences of cancers
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možemo li detektirati
povratak raka
povratak raka
09:02
earlier than with standard methods.
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ranije nego standardnim metodama.
09:05
We just finished a major trial
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Upravo smo završili veliko testiranje
09:07
with Professor Charles Swanton
at University College London,
at University College London,
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s profesorom Charlesom Swantonom
sa Sveučilišta u Londonu,
sa Sveučilišta u Londonu,
09:11
examining this.
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proučavajući ovo.
09:12
Let me walk you through
an example of one patient.
an example of one patient.
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Proći ćemo zajedno
primjer jednog pacijenta.
primjer jednog pacijenta.
09:16
Here's an example of one patient
who undergoes surgery
who undergoes surgery
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Ovo je primjer pacijenta
koji odlazi na operaciju
koji odlazi na operaciju
u nultoj vremenskoj točci,
09:19
at time point zero,
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09:20
and then undergoes chemotherapy.
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potom ide na kemoterapiju.
09:23
Then the patient is under remission.
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Zatim je pacijent u remisiji.
09:26
He is monitored using clinical exams
and imaging methods.
and imaging methods.
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Prati ga se koristeći klinička testiranja
i metode vizualizacije, odnosno slikanja.
i metode vizualizacije, odnosno slikanja.
09:31
Around day 450, unfortunately,
the cancer comes back.
the cancer comes back.
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Nažalost, oko 450. dana, rak se vraća.
09:37
The question is:
Are we able to catch this earlier?
Are we able to catch this earlier?
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Pitanje je: Jesmo li ga mogli
uočiti ranije?
uočiti ranije?
09:39
During this whole time,
we've been collecting blood serially
we've been collecting blood serially
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Cijelo ovo vrijeme
serijski smo skupljali krv,
serijski smo skupljali krv,
09:43
to be able to measure
the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
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kako bismo mjerili
količinu ctDNK u krvi.
količinu ctDNK u krvi.
09:47
So at the initial time point, as expected,
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Na početnoj vremenskoj točci,
kako smo i očekivali,
kako smo i očekivali,
09:50
there's a high level
of cancer DNA in the blood.
of cancer DNA in the blood.
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postoji visoka razina
DNK raka u krvi.
DNK raka u krvi.
09:54
However, this goes away to zero
in subsequent time points
in subsequent time points
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No, to nestaje u
kasnijim vremenskim točkama
kasnijim vremenskim točkama
09:58
and remains negligible
after subsequent points.
after subsequent points.
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i ostaje zanemarivo u budućnosti.
10:02
However, around day 340, we see the rise
of cancer DNA in the blood,
of cancer DNA in the blood,
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No, 340. dana uočavamo
skok DNK raka u krvi
skok DNK raka u krvi
10:08
and eventually, it goes up higher
for days 400 and 450.
for days 400 and 450.
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i s vremenom, penje se
oko 400. i 450. dana.
oko 400. i 450. dana.
10:13
Here's the key, if you've missed it:
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Ovdje je ključ, ako ste ga propustili.
10:15
At day 340, we see the rise
in the cancer DNA in the blood.
in the cancer DNA in the blood.
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340. dana vidimo podizanje
DNK raka u krvi.
DNK raka u krvi.
10:20
That means we are catching this cancer
over a hundred days earlier
over a hundred days earlier
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To znači da smo primjetili rak
stotinu dana ranije
stotinu dana ranije
10:25
than traditional methods.
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od tradicionalnih metoda.
10:27
This is a hundred days earlier
where we can give therapies,
where we can give therapies,
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Ovo je stotinu dana više
u kojima možemo liječiti,
u kojima možemo liječiti,
10:29
a hundred days earlier
where we can do surgical interventions,
where we can do surgical interventions,
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stotinu dana više gdje
možemo obaviti operaciju,
možemo obaviti operaciju,
10:33
or even a hundred days less
for the cancer to grow
for the cancer to grow
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ili čak sto dana manje
da rak raste,
da rak raste,
10:36
or a hundred days less
for resistance to occur.
for resistance to occur.
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ili stotinu dana manje
da se stvori otpornost.
da se stvori otpornost.
10:40
For some patients, this hundred days
means the matter of life and death.
means the matter of life and death.
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Za neke pacijente, stotinu dana
znači razliku između života i smrti.
znači razliku između života i smrti.
10:45
We're really excited
about this information.
about this information.
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Zaista smo uzbuđeni
zbog ovih informacija.
zbog ovih informacija.
10:48
Because of this assignment,
we've done additional studies now
we've done additional studies now
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Zbog ovog zadatka,
odradili smo dodatne studije
odradili smo dodatne studije
10:51
in other cancers,
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kod drugih tipova raka,
10:52
including breast cancer, lung cancer
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uključujući rak dojke, rak pluća
10:56
and ovarian cancer,
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i rak jajnika,
10:58
and I can't wait to see how much earlier
we can find these cancers.
we can find these cancers.
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i ne mogu dočekati da vidim
koliko ranije ćemo uočiti ove vrste raka.
koliko ranije ćemo uočiti ove vrste raka.
11:04
Ultimately, I have a dream,
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U konačnici imam san,
11:06
a dream of two vials of blood,
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sanjam dvije epruvete krvi
11:09
and that, in the future, as part of all
of our standard physical exams,
of our standard physical exams,
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i da ćemo u budućnosti,
kao dio svakog liječničkog pregleda,
kao dio svakog liječničkog pregleda,
11:13
we'll have two vials of blood drawn.
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dati dvije epruvete krvi.
11:15
And from these two vials of blood
we will be able to compare
we will be able to compare
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I iz te dvije epruvete
moći ćemo napraviti usporedbu
moći ćemo napraviti usporedbu
11:19
the DNA from all known
signatures of cancer,
signatures of cancer,
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DNK za sve poznate vrste raka
11:22
and hopefully then detect cancers
months to even years earlier.
months to even years earlier.
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i moći uočiti rak mjesecima,
pa čak i godinama ranije.
pa čak i godinama ranije.
11:27
Even with the therapies we have currently,
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Čak i pomoću terapija
koje imamo trenutno,
koje imamo trenutno,
11:29
this could mean that millions
of lives could be saved.
of lives could be saved.
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to znači da bi se milijuni
života mogli spasiti.
života mogli spasiti.
11:32
And if you add on to that
recent advancements in immunotherapy
recent advancements in immunotherapy
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I ako tome dodate
nedavne napretke u imunoterapiji
nedavne napretke u imunoterapiji
11:36
and targeted therapies,
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i ciljane terapije,
11:37
the end of cancer is in sight.
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kraj raka se bliži.
11:40
The next time you hear the word "cancer,"
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Sljedećeg puta kada čujete riječ "rak",
11:43
I want you to add to the emotions: hope.
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želim da dodate emociju: nada.
11:46
Hold on.
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Izdržite.
11:48
Cancer researchers all around the world
are working feverishly
are working feverishly
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Istraživači raka diljem svijeta
vrlo aktivno rade
vrlo aktivno rade
11:51
to beat this disease,
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da pobijede ovu bolest
11:53
and tremendous progress is being made.
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i ogromni pomaci su napravljeni.
11:55
This is the beginning of the end.
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Ovo je početak kraja.
11:58
We will win the war on cancer.
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Pobijedit ćemo u ratu protiv raka.
12:00
And to me, this is amazing news.
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A za mene, to su odlične vijesti.
12:03
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:04
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jimmy Lin - GeneticistTED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early.
Why you should listen
C. Jimmy Lin, MD, PhD, MHS is the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Oncology at Natera and a TED Fellow. He comes from a long history as a pioneer in cancer genomics. Most recently, he led the clinical genomics program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Previously, at Johns Hopkins and Washington University in St. Louis, Lin was part of one of the first clinical genomics labs in academia and led the computational analyses of the first ever exome sequencing studies in cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and melanoma.
Lin has published in top academic journals, such as Science, Nature and Cell, and he has been an expert in national and international media outlets, such as New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg Businessweek, The Washington Post, and the Financial Times.
Jimmy Lin | Speaker | TED.com