TED2017
Jimmy Lin: A simple new blood test that can catch cancer early
Jimmy Lin: Kipimo cha damu rahisi kinachoweza kugundua saratani mapema
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Jimmy Lin anaendeleza teknolojia ya kugundua saratani miezi hadi miaka kabla ya njia zinazotumika sasa. Ametushirikisha mbinu za uvumbuzi huu ambazo huangalia viashiria vidogo vya saratani vinavyokuwepo kupitia kipimo rahisi cha damu, kugundua urudivu wa baadhi ya aina ya ugonjwa siku 100 mapema zaidi ya njia zilizo zoeleka. Unaweza kuwa mwali wa matumaini katika mapambano ambapo ugunduzi wa mapema huleta utofauti mkubwa.
Jimmy Lin - Geneticist
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio
TED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Cancer.
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Saratani.
00:15
Many of us have lost family,
friends or loved ones
friends or loved ones
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Wengi wetu tumepoteza ndugu wa familia
marafiki au wapendwa wetu
marafiki au wapendwa wetu
00:18
to this horrible disease.
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kwa ugonjwa huu mbaya sana.
00:20
I know there are some of you
in the audience
in the audience
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Nafahamu kuna baadhi yenu
katika hadhira hii
katika hadhira hii
00:22
who are cancer survivors,
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ni manusura wa saratani,
00:23
or who are fighting cancer at this moment.
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au ambao wanapambana na saratani kwa sasa.
00:25
My heart goes out to you.
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Moyo wangu unaguswa nanyi.
00:27
While this word often conjures up
emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
emotions of sadness and anger and fear,
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Wakati neno hili linaleta hisia za
huzuni na hasira na hofu,
huzuni na hasira na hofu,
00:32
I bring you good news
from the front lines of cancer research.
from the front lines of cancer research.
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Ninakuletea habari njema
kutoka kwenye utafiti wa saratani
kutoka kwenye utafiti wa saratani
00:36
The fact is, we are starting to win
the war on cancer.
the war on cancer.
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Ukweli ni kwamba tunaanza kushinda
vita ya saratani.
vita ya saratani.
00:41
In fact, we lie at the intersection
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Kiukweli, tupo katikati
00:43
of the three of the most exciting
developments within cancer research.
developments within cancer research.
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kwenye mambo matatu endelevu ndani
utafiti wa Saratani wa kusisimua
utafiti wa Saratani wa kusisimua
00:47
The first is cancer genomics.
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Ya kwanza ni genome ya Saratani
00:49
The genome is a composition
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Genome ni uundwaji
00:51
of all the genetic information
encoded by DNA
encoded by DNA
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wa taarifa za kijenetikia
zilizosimbwa na DNA
zilizosimbwa na DNA
00:54
in an organism.
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ndani ya kiumbehai
00:55
In cancers, changes
in the DNA called mutations
in the DNA called mutations
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Kwenye saratani, mabadiliko ya
DNA yaitwayo ubadilikaji seli
DNA yaitwayo ubadilikaji seli
00:58
are what drive these cancers
to go out of control.
to go out of control.
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ni kile kinachosukuma saratani hizi
kushindwa kudhibitiwa
kushindwa kudhibitiwa
01:02
Around 10 years ago,
I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
I was part of the team at Johns Hopkins
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Karibia miaka 10 iliyopita
nilikuwa sehemu ya timu ya John Hopkins
nilikuwa sehemu ya timu ya John Hopkins
01:05
that first mapped
the mutations of cancers.
the mutations of cancers.
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watu wa kwanza kuunda ramani
ya mabadiliko ya saratani
ya mabadiliko ya saratani
01:08
We did this first for colorectal,
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Tulifanya kwanza kwa ya utumbo,
01:10
breast, pancreatic and brain cancers.
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matiti, kongosho na saratani ya ubongo
01:13
And since then, there have been
over 90 projects in 70 countries
over 90 projects in 70 countries
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Na kuanzia hapo,, kumekuwa na
zaidi ya miradi 90 kwenye nchi 70
zaidi ya miradi 90 kwenye nchi 70
01:16
all over the world,
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duniani kote
01:18
working to understand
the genetic basis of these diseases.
the genetic basis of these diseases.
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inayofanyia kazi kuelewa
msingi wa jenetikia ya magonjwa haya.
msingi wa jenetikia ya magonjwa haya.
01:21
Today, tens of thousands
of cancers are understood
of cancers are understood
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Leo hii, maelfu ya magonjwa
ya saratani yanaeleweka
ya saratani yanaeleweka
01:24
down to exquisite molecular detail.
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hadi kipengele bora cha mwanzo cha
molekyuli
molekyuli
01:28
The second revolution
is precision medicine,
is precision medicine,
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Mapinduzi ya pili ni tiba mahsusi,
01:30
also known as "personalized medicine."
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yajulikanayo pia kama "tiba kulingana
na ugonjwa".
na ugonjwa".
01:32
Instead of one-size-fits-all methods
to be able to treat cancers,
to be able to treat cancers,
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badala ya njia ya tiba aina moja
kutumika kutibu saratani zote,
kutumika kutibu saratani zote,
01:36
there is a whole new class of drugs
that are able to target cancers
that are able to target cancers
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kuna madaraja mapya ya dawa
ambazo yanaweza kulenga saratani
ambazo yanaweza kulenga saratani
01:40
based on their unique genetic profile.
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kulingana na wasifu wake wa kipekee
kijenetikia
kijenetikia
01:42
Today, there are a host
of these tailor-made drugs,
of these tailor-made drugs,
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Leo kuna makazi ya
hizi dawa zilizotengenezwa
hizi dawa zilizotengenezwa
01:45
called targeted therapies,
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ziitwazo tiba za kulenga,
01:47
available to physicians even today
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zinazopatikana kwa kila daktari hata leo
01:49
to be able to personalize
their therapy for their patients,
their therapy for their patients,
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kuweza kupanga tiba mahsusi
kwa wagonjwa wao,
kwa wagonjwa wao,
01:52
and many others are in development.
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na nyingine nyingi zinaendelezwa.
01:55
The third exciting revolution
is immunotherapy,
is immunotherapy,
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mapinduzi ya tatu ya kusisimua
ni tiba ya kingamaradhi
ni tiba ya kingamaradhi
01:58
and this is really exciting.
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na hii inasisimua kweli.
02:01
Scientists have been able
to leverage the immune system
to leverage the immune system
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Wanasanyansi wameweza
kutumia vizuri mfumo wa kinga
kutumia vizuri mfumo wa kinga
02:03
in the fight against cancer.
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kupambana dhidi ya saratani.
02:05
For example, there have been ways
where we find the off switches of cancer,
where we find the off switches of cancer,
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Kwa mfano, kumekuwa na njia ambazo
tunakuta huzima saratani,
tunakuta huzima saratani,
02:10
and new drugs have been able
to turn the immune system back on,
to turn the immune system back on,
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na dawa mpya zimeweza
kugeuza mfumo wa kinga tena,
kugeuza mfumo wa kinga tena,
02:13
to be able to fight cancer.
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kuweza kupambana na saratani.
02:15
In addition, there are ways
where you can take away immune cells
where you can take away immune cells
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Kwa kuongezea, kuna njia ambazo
unaweza kuondoa seli za kinga
unaweza kuondoa seli za kinga
02:19
from the body,
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kutoka mwilini,
02:20
train them, engineer them
and put them back into the body
and put them back into the body
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kuzifunza, kuziunda
na kuzirudisha tena mwilini
na kuzirudisha tena mwilini
02:23
to fight cancer.
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kupambana na saratani.
02:24
Almost sounds like
science fiction, doesn't it?
science fiction, doesn't it?
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Inaonekana kama
hadithi ya sayansi ya kutunga si ndio?
hadithi ya sayansi ya kutunga si ndio?
02:28
While I was a researcher
at the National Cancer Institute,
at the National Cancer Institute,
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Wakati nilipokuwa mtafiti
kwenye Chuo cha Taifa cha Saratani,
kwenye Chuo cha Taifa cha Saratani,
02:31
I had the privilege of working
with some of the pioneers of this field
with some of the pioneers of this field
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Nilibahatika kufanyakazi na
baadhi ya waanzilishi wa idara hii
baadhi ya waanzilishi wa idara hii
02:34
and watched the development firsthand.
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na kuangalia maendeleo ya awali.
02:36
It's been pretty amazing.
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imekuwa ya kustaajabisha sana.
02:38
Today, over 600 clinical trials are open,
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Leo, kuna zaidi ya majaribio 600 ya
kikliniki,
kikliniki,
02:41
actively recruiting patients
to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
to explore all aspects in immunotherapy.
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yakuwafunza wagonjwa kuangalia vipengele
vyote vya tiba ya kingamaradhi
vyote vya tiba ya kingamaradhi
02:46
While these three exciting
revolutions are ongoing,
revolutions are ongoing,
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Wakati mapinduzi haya matatu ya kusisimua
yanaendelea,
yanaendelea,
02:49
unfortunately, this is only the beginning,
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bahati mbaya huu ni mwanzo tu,
02:51
and there are still many, many challenges.
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na bado kuna changamoto nyingi.
02:55
Let me illustrate with a patient.
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Ngoja nitolee mfano kwa mgonjwa
02:58
Here is a patient
with a skin cancer called melanoma.
with a skin cancer called melanoma.
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Hapa ni mgonjwa
mwenye saratani ya ngozi iitwayo melanoma.
mwenye saratani ya ngozi iitwayo melanoma.
03:01
It's horrible; the cancer
has gone everywhere.
has gone everywhere.
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ni mbaya sana; saratani
imeenea kila mahali.
imeenea kila mahali.
03:05
However, scientists were able
to map the mutations of this cancer
to map the mutations of this cancer
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Ingawa wanasayansi waliweza kuunda
ramani ya mabadiliko ya saratani hii
ramani ya mabadiliko ya saratani hii
03:08
and give a specific treatment
that targets one of the mutations.
that targets one of the mutations.
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na kutoa tiba mahsusi kwa kulenga
mabadiliko
mabadiliko
03:13
And the result is almost miraculous.
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Na matokeo ni karibia muujiza.
03:16
Tumors almost seem to melt away.
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Uvimbe ulionekana kuyeyuka kabisa.
03:19
Unfortunately, this is not
the end of the story.
the end of the story.
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Bahati mbaya huu sio mwisho
wa hadithi.
wa hadithi.
03:23
A few months later, this picture is taken.
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Miezi michache baadae, hii picha ilipigwa.
03:26
The tumor has come back.
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Uvimbe umerudi tena.
03:28
The question is: Why?
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Swali ni: Kwanini?
03:30
The answer is tumor heterogeneity.
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Jibu ni uvimbe mbalimbali
03:34
Let me explain.
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Ngoja nifafanue zaidi.
03:37
Even a cancer as small
as one centimeter in diameter
as one centimeter in diameter
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Hata saratani ndogo kiasi cha
sentimita moja katika mduara
sentimita moja katika mduara
03:40
harbors over a hundred million
different cells.
different cells.
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huhifadhi seli zaidi ya
milioni mia moja tofauti.
milioni mia moja tofauti.
03:43
While genetically similar,
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Pamoja na kufanana kijenetikia,
03:45
there are small differences
in these different cancers
in these different cancers
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kuna tofauti ndogo katika
saratani hizi tofauti
saratani hizi tofauti
03:48
that make them differently prone
to different drugs.
to different drugs.
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inazozifanya zigeuke tofauti
kwa dawa tofauti.
kwa dawa tofauti.
03:51
So even if you have a drug
that's highly effective,
that's highly effective,
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Hivyo hata kama una dawa yenye
kufanya kazi vizuri,
kufanya kazi vizuri,
03:53
that kills almost all the cells,
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ambayo huua karibia seli zote,
03:55
there is a chance
that there's a small population
that there's a small population
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kunauwezekano kwamba
kuna idadi ndogo ya seli
kuna idadi ndogo ya seli
03:58
that's resistant to the drug.
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ambayo ni sugu kwa dawa.
04:00
This ultimately is the population
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Hii hatimaye ni idadi ya seli
04:02
that comes back,
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ambazo hurudi,
04:03
and takes over the patient.
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na kumchukua tena mgonjwa.
04:05
So then the question is:
What do we do with this information?
What do we do with this information?
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Sasa basi swali ni:
Tunafanyia nini taarifa hii?
Tunafanyia nini taarifa hii?
04:08
Well, the key, then,
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Chamsingi basi,
04:10
is to apply all these exciting
advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
advancements in cancer therapy earlier,
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Ni kutumia maboresho yote haya
ya kusisimua kwa tiba ya saratani mapema,
ya kusisimua kwa tiba ya saratani mapema,
04:14
as soon as we can,
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mapema tunavyoweza,
04:16
before these resistance clones emerge.
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kabla ya seli sugu zinazojinakili kuibuka
04:19
The key to cancer and curing cancer
is early detection.
is early detection.
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Kitu muhimu kwa saratani na kuitibu
ni kuigundua mapema
ni kuigundua mapema
04:24
And we intuitively know this.
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na wote tunaelewa haraka hili.
04:26
Finding cancer early
results in better outcomes,
results in better outcomes,
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Kugundua saratani mapema
hupelekea matokeo mazuri,
hupelekea matokeo mazuri,
04:29
and the numbers show this as well.
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na takwimu zinaonyesha hili pia.
04:31
For example, in ovarian cancer,
if you detect cancer in stage four,
if you detect cancer in stage four,
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Mfano, katika saratani ya ovari,
ukiigundua ikiwa hatua ya nne,
ukiigundua ikiwa hatua ya nne,
04:35
only 17 percent of the women
survive at five years.
survive at five years.
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ni asilimia 17 pekee ya wanawake
husalia kwa miaka mitano
husalia kwa miaka mitano
04:39
However, if you are able to detect
this cancer as early as stage one,
this cancer as early as stage one,
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Ingawa, ikiwa utaweza kugundua
saratani hii mapema ikiwa hatua ya kwanza,
saratani hii mapema ikiwa hatua ya kwanza,
04:43
over 92 percent of women will survive.
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zaidi ya asilimia 92 watasalia.
04:46
But the sad fact is, only 15 percent
of women are detected at stage one,
of women are detected at stage one,
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Kinachohuzuni sha ni, asilimia 15 tu ya
wanawake hugundua ikiwa hatua ya kwanza,
wanawake hugundua ikiwa hatua ya kwanza,
04:51
whereas the vast majority, 70 percent,
are detected in stages three and four.
are detected in stages three and four.
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ambapo wengi wao, asilimia 70
hugunduka katia hatua ya tatu au ya nne.
hugunduka katia hatua ya tatu au ya nne.
04:57
We desperately need
better detection mechanisms for cancers.
better detection mechanisms for cancers.
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Tunahitaji bila kukata tamaa
njia bora za kugundua saratani.
njia bora za kugundua saratani.
05:02
The current best ways to screen cancer
fall into one of three categories.
fall into one of three categories.
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Njia bora za sasa za kupima saratani
ziko kwenye moja ya vipengele vitatu,
ziko kwenye moja ya vipengele vitatu,
05:06
First is medical procedures,
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Kwanza ni vipimo vya kitabibu,
05:08
which is like colonoscopy
for colon cancer.
for colon cancer.
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kama vile kolonoskopi kiangaza utumbo
kwa saratani ya utumbo.
kwa saratani ya utumbo.
05:11
Second is protein biomarkers,
like PSA for prostate cancer.
like PSA for prostate cancer.
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Pili ni vipimo vya protini,
kama PSA kwa saratani ya tezi dume.
kama PSA kwa saratani ya tezi dume.
05:16
Or third, imaging techniques,
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Au tatu vipimo vya picha,
05:19
such as mammography for breast cancer.
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kama mamografi kwa saratani ya matiti.
05:22
Medical procedures are the gold standard;
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Vipimo vya kitatibu ni viwango bora;
05:24
however, they are highly invasive
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ingawa, hutumia vifaa vyenye ncha
05:26
and require a large
infrastructure to implement.
infrastructure to implement.
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na huhitaji miundombinu itumiayo
eneo kubwa kwa upimaji.
eneo kubwa kwa upimaji.
05:30
Protein markers, while effective
in some populations,
in some populations,
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Vipimo ya Protini, vikiwa na matokeo
mazuri kwa baadhi ya majaribio,
mazuri kwa baadhi ya majaribio,
05:33
are not very specific
in some circumstances,
in some circumstances,
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havitoi majibu kamili kwa
hali nyingine za majaribio
hali nyingine za majaribio
05:36
resulting in high numbers
of false positives,
of false positives,
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ambayo hupelekea matokeo
ya kiwango kisicho sahihi,
ya kiwango kisicho sahihi,
05:39
which then results in unnecessary work-ups
and unnecessary procedures.
and unnecessary procedures.
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ambayo pia hupelekea utafiti zaidi usio
na lazima au upasuaji
na lazima au upasuaji
05:45
Imaging methods,
while useful in some populations,
while useful in some populations,
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utafiti kwa njia ya picha waweza kuwa
na manufaa kwa baadhi
na manufaa kwa baadhi
05:48
expose patients to harmful radiation.
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huweka wagonjwa kwenye mionzi hatarishi.
05:51
In addition, it is not applicable
to all patients.
to all patients.
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kwa kuongezea, haitumiki
kwa wagonjwa wote.
kwa wagonjwa wote.
05:54
For example, mammography has problems
in women with dense breasts.
in women with dense breasts.
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Mfano, kipimo cha mamografia kina matatizo
kwa wanawake wenye matiti yaliyojaa
kwa wanawake wenye matiti yaliyojaa
05:59
So what we need is a method
that is noninvasive,
that is noninvasive,
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Hivyo tunachohitaji ni njia
ambazo hazihitaji upasuaji
ambazo hazihitaji upasuaji
06:02
that is light in infrastructure,
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huo ni mwanga kwa miundombinu,
06:04
that is highly specific,
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na ni bayana kikamillifu
06:06
that also does not have false positives,
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ambayo pia haina majibu yasiyo sahihi
06:09
does not use any radiation
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haitumii mionzi yoyote
06:11
and is applicable to large populations.
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na inatumika kwa idadi kubwa
06:14
Even more importantly,
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na cha muhimu zaidi
06:15
we need a method
to be able to detect cancers
to be able to detect cancers
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tunahitaji njia itakayoweza
kugundua saratani
kugundua saratani
06:17
before they're 100 million cells in size.
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kabla kufikia ukubwa wa seli milioni 100
06:21
Does such a technology exist?
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Teknolojia ya aina hiyo ipo?
06:23
Well, I wouldn't be up here
giving a talk if it didn't.
giving a talk if it didn't.
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Nisingkuwepo hapa kufanya
mjadala kama isingekuwepo.
mjadala kama isingekuwepo.
06:26
I'm excited to tell you about
this latest technology we've developed.
this latest technology we've developed.
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Nina shauku ya kuwaambia kuhusu
teknolojia mpya tuliyoendeleza
teknolojia mpya tuliyoendeleza
06:31
Central to our technology
is a simple blood test.
is a simple blood test.
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Kiini cha teknolojia yetu
ni kipimo rahisi cha damu
ni kipimo rahisi cha damu
06:34
The blood circulatory system,
while seemingly mundane,
while seemingly mundane,
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Mfumo wa mzunguko wa damu,
wakati unaonekana ni wa kawaida
wakati unaonekana ni wa kawaida
06:38
is essential for you to survive,
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ni muhimu sana kwa wewe kuishi
06:40
providing oxygen
and nutrients to your cells,
and nutrients to your cells,
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kutoa hewa ya oksijeni
na virutubisho kwa seli zako,
na virutubisho kwa seli zako,
06:43
and removing waste and carbon dioxide.
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na kuondoa taka na kaboni daioksidi
06:45
Here's a key biological insight:
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Haya ni melezo ya msingi kibaolojia:
06:48
Cancer cells grow and die
faster than normal cells,
faster than normal cells,
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Seli za saratani hukua na kufa
haraka kuliko seli za kawaida,
haraka kuliko seli za kawaida,
06:51
and when they die,
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na zinapokufa,
06:52
DNA is shed into the blood system.
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DNA hunyambuka kwenye mfumo wa damu,
06:55
Since we know the signatures
of these cancer cells
of these cancer cells
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Kwakuwa tunajua alama ya
seli hizi za saratani
seli hizi za saratani
06:58
from all the different cancer
genome sequencing projects,
genome sequencing projects,
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kwenye saratani tofauti za
kazi za mfuatano wa genome
kazi za mfuatano wa genome
07:01
we can look for those signals in the blood
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tunaweza kuona hivyo viashiria kwenye damu
07:03
to be able to detect these cancers early.
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kuweza kugundua saratani hizi mapema.
07:06
So instead of waiting for cancers
to be large enough to cause symptoms,
to be large enough to cause symptoms,
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Hivyo badala ya kusubiri kwa saratani
kuwa kubwa kiasi cha kuonyesha dalili,
kuwa kubwa kiasi cha kuonyesha dalili,
07:10
or for them to be dense enough
to show up on imaging,
to show up on imaging,
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au kwa zenyewe kujaa kiasi cha
kuonekana kwa vipimo vya picha
kuonekana kwa vipimo vya picha
07:13
or for them to be prominent enough
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au kwa zenyewe kujitokeza vyakutosha
07:15
for you to be able to visualize
on medical procedures,
on medical procedures,
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kwa wewe kuweza kuziona kwenye
mchakato wa kitabibu
mchakato wa kitabibu
07:18
we can start looking for cancers
while they are relatively pretty small,
while they are relatively pretty small,
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tunaweza kuanza kutafuta saratani
zingali bado ndogo sana,
zingali bado ndogo sana,
07:22
by looking for these small amounts
of DNA in the blood.
of DNA in the blood.
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kwa kuangalia hiki kiasi kidogo cha
DNA kwenye damu.
DNA kwenye damu.
07:27
So let me tell you how we do this.
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Hivyo ngoja niwaambie tunavyofanya
07:29
First, like I said, we start off
with a simple blood test --
with a simple blood test --
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Kwanza kama nilivyosema, tunaanza
na kipimo rahisi cha damu--
na kipimo rahisi cha damu--
07:32
no radiation, no complicated equipment --
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bila mionzi, bila vifaa vya kutatanisha--
07:35
a simple blood test.
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kipimo rahisi cha damu.
07:36
Then the blood is shipped to us,
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Kisha damu huletwa kwetu,
07:38
and what we do
is extract the DNA out of it.
is extract the DNA out of it.
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na tunachofanya
tunatoa DNA kutoka kwenye damu
tunatoa DNA kutoka kwenye damu
07:41
While your body is mostly healthy cells,
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Wwakati mwili wako una seli zenye afya
07:43
most of the DNA that's detected
will be from healthy cells.
will be from healthy cells.
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DNA nyingi zinazogundulika
zinakuwa kutoka kwenye seli zenye afya.
zinakuwa kutoka kwenye seli zenye afya.
07:47
However, there will be a small amount,
less than one percent,
less than one percent,
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Ingawa kunaweza kuwa na kiasi kidogo,
pungufu ya asilimia moja,
pungufu ya asilimia moja,
07:50
that comes from the cancer cells.
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zinazotoka kwenye seli za saratani
07:53
Then we use molecular biology methods
to be able to enrich this DNA
to be able to enrich this DNA
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Kisha hutumia njia za molekyuli kibaolojia
kurutubisha hii DNA
kurutubisha hii DNA
07:57
for areas of the genome which are known
to be associated with cancer,
to be associated with cancer,
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kwa maeneo ya genome ambayo hufahamika
kuhusishwa na saratani.
kuhusishwa na saratani.
08:02
based on the information
from the cancer genomics projects.
from the cancer genomics projects.
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kutokana na taarifa kutoka kwenye
kazi za genome za saratani
kazi za genome za saratani
08:05
We're able to then put this DNA
into DNA-sequencing machines
into DNA-sequencing machines
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Tunaweza kuweka hii DNA kwenye
mashine za mfuatano wa DNA
mashine za mfuatano wa DNA
08:09
and are able to digitize the DNA
into A's, C's, T's and G's
into A's, C's, T's and G's
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na zinaweza kuweka DNA kidigitali
kuwa A,C,T na G
kuwa A,C,T na G
08:14
and have this final readout.
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na kufikia tamati kuzisoma
08:16
Ultimately, we have information
of billions of letters
of billions of letters
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Hatimaye , tuna taarifa ya
mabilioni ya herufi
mabilioni ya herufi
08:22
that output from this run.
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matokeo hayo kwa majaribio haya,
08:26
We then apply statistical
and computational methods
and computational methods
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Tunayatumia njia za kitakwimu
na za ukokotoaji
na za ukokotoaji
08:29
to be able to find
the small signal that's present,
the small signal that's present,
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kuweza kupata viashiria vidogo
vilivyopo
vilivyopo
08:32
indicative of the small amount
of cancer DNA in the blood.
of cancer DNA in the blood.
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vinavyoonyesha kiasi kidogo
cha DNA za saratani kwenye damu.
cha DNA za saratani kwenye damu.
08:37
So does this actually work in patients?
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Kwahiyo hii inafanya kazi kwa wagonjwa?
08:39
Well, because there's no way
of really predicting right now
of really predicting right now
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Hivyo, kwakuwa hakuna njia ya
kutegemea kutabiri sasa hivi
kutegemea kutabiri sasa hivi
08:43
which patients will get cancer,
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wagonjwa wapi watapata saratani
08:44
we use the next best population:
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tunatumia idadi bora inayofuata:
08:47
cancers in remission;
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saratani zilizotulia:
08:49
specifically, lung cancer.
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hususan, saratani ya mapafu
08:52
The sad fact is, even with the best drugs
that we have today,
that we have today,
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kinachosikitisha, pamoja na dawa bora
tulizonazo hivi leo,
tulizonazo hivi leo,
08:55
most lung cancers come back.
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saratani nyingi za mapafu hurudi.
08:57
The key, then, is to see
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kitu muhimu basi ni kuona
08:59
whether we're able to detect
these recurrences of cancers
these recurrences of cancers
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ikiwa tunaweza kugundua
kujirudia huku kwa saratani
kujirudia huku kwa saratani
09:02
earlier than with standard methods.
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mapema zaidi ya kutumia njia za kawaida
09:05
We just finished a major trial
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Hivi karibuni tumemaliza jaribio kubwa
09:07
with Professor Charles Swanton
at University College London,
at University College London,
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pamoja na Profesa Charles Swaton
kwenye Chuo kikuu London,
kwenye Chuo kikuu London,
09:11
examining this.
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kuchunguza hili.
09:12
Let me walk you through
an example of one patient.
an example of one patient.
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Ngoja niwaelekeze kupitia
mfano wa mgonjwa mmoja.
mfano wa mgonjwa mmoja.
09:16
Here's an example of one patient
who undergoes surgery
who undergoes surgery
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Hapa ni mfano wa mgonjwa mmoja
anayefanyiwa upasuaji
anayefanyiwa upasuaji
09:19
at time point zero,
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kwa wakati nukta sifuri,
09:20
and then undergoes chemotherapy.
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na kisha anapitia tibakemo inayotumia
kemikali
kemikali
09:23
Then the patient is under remission.
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Kisha mgonjwa huingia kipindi cha
ugonjwa kutulia
ugonjwa kutulia
09:26
He is monitored using clinical exams
and imaging methods.
and imaging methods.
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Hufuatiliwa kwa kutumia njia za uchunguzi
na picha
na picha
09:31
Around day 450, unfortunately,
the cancer comes back.
the cancer comes back.
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ikifika siku ya 450, bahati mbaya
saratani inarudi.
saratani inarudi.
09:37
The question is:
Are we able to catch this earlier?
Are we able to catch this earlier?
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Swali ni:
tunaweza kuigundua mapema?
tunaweza kuigundua mapema?
09:39
During this whole time,
we've been collecting blood serially
we've been collecting blood serially
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Kwa kipindi chote hiki tumekuwa
tukikusanya damu kwa mfululizo
tukikusanya damu kwa mfululizo
09:43
to be able to measure
the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
the amount of ctDNA in the blood.
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kuweza kupima kiasi
cha ctDNA kwenye damu.
cha ctDNA kwenye damu.
09:47
So at the initial time point, as expected,
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Kwa muda cha awali , kama ilivyotegemewa
09:50
there's a high level
of cancer DNA in the blood.
of cancer DNA in the blood.
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kuna kiwango kikubwa cha
DNA ya saratani kwenye damu.
DNA ya saratani kwenye damu.
09:54
However, this goes away to zero
in subsequent time points
in subsequent time points
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Ingawa hii huenda kuwa sifuri
katika pointi za muda unaofuata
katika pointi za muda unaofuata
09:58
and remains negligible
after subsequent points.
after subsequent points.
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na kubakia isiyo na umuhimu
baada ya pointi zinazofuata
baada ya pointi zinazofuata
10:02
However, around day 340, we see the rise
of cancer DNA in the blood,
of cancer DNA in the blood,
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Ingawa, karibia siku ya 340, tunaona
ongezeko la DNA kwenye damu,
ongezeko la DNA kwenye damu,
10:08
and eventually, it goes up higher
for days 400 and 450.
for days 400 and 450.
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na hatimaye inaongezeka
kwa siku ya 400 na 450,
kwa siku ya 400 na 450,
10:13
Here's the key, if you've missed it:
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Hiki ni muhimu, kama ilikupita:
10:15
At day 340, we see the rise
in the cancer DNA in the blood.
in the cancer DNA in the blood.
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kwenye siku ya 340 tunaona ongezeko
la DNA ya saratani kwenye damu.
la DNA ya saratani kwenye damu.
10:20
That means we are catching this cancer
over a hundred days earlier
over a hundred days earlier
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Hii inamaanisha tunaikamata hii saratani
zaidi ya siku mia moja mapema
zaidi ya siku mia moja mapema
10:25
than traditional methods.
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kuliko njia zilizo zoeleka.
10:27
This is a hundred days earlier
where we can give therapies,
where we can give therapies,
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Hii ni siku mia moja mapema
ambapo tunaweza kutoa tiba,
ambapo tunaweza kutoa tiba,
10:29
a hundred days earlier
where we can do surgical interventions,
where we can do surgical interventions,
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siku mia moja mapema tunaweza
kuzuia kwa kufanya upasuaji
kuzuia kwa kufanya upasuaji
10:33
or even a hundred days less
for the cancer to grow
for the cancer to grow
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au hata pungufu ya siku mia moja
kwa saratani kukua
kwa saratani kukua
10:36
or a hundred days less
for resistance to occur.
for resistance to occur.
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au pungufu ya siku mia moja
kwa usugu wa ugonjwa. kutokea
kwa usugu wa ugonjwa. kutokea
10:40
For some patients, this hundred days
means the matter of life and death.
means the matter of life and death.
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Kwa baadhi ya wagonjwa siku hizi mia moja
ni suala la kufa au kupona
ni suala la kufa au kupona
10:45
We're really excited
about this information.
about this information.
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Tuna shauku kubwa kuhusu
taarifa hii.
taarifa hii.
10:48
Because of this assignment,
we've done additional studies now
we've done additional studies now
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Kwa sababu ya kazi hii
tumefanya utafiti wa ziada sasa
tumefanya utafiti wa ziada sasa
10:51
in other cancers,
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katika saratani nyingine
10:52
including breast cancer, lung cancer
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ikijumuisha saratani ya matiti, mapafu
10:56
and ovarian cancer,
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na saratani ya ovari,
10:58
and I can't wait to see how much earlier
we can find these cancers.
we can find these cancers.
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nina hamu kubwa kuona ni mapema
kiasi gani tutagundua saratani hizi.
kiasi gani tutagundua saratani hizi.
11:04
Ultimately, I have a dream,
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Hatimaye, nina ndoto,
11:06
a dream of two vials of blood,
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ndoto ya vichupa viwili vya damu,
11:09
and that, in the future, as part of all
of our standard physical exams,
of our standard physical exams,
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na hiyo, mbeleni, kama sehemu ya
uchunguzi wetu wa kawaida wa mwili,
uchunguzi wetu wa kawaida wa mwili,
11:13
we'll have two vials of blood drawn.
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tutakuwa na vichupa 2
vilivyotolewa damu
vilivyotolewa damu
11:15
And from these two vials of blood
we will be able to compare
we will be able to compare
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na kwenye vichupa hivi vya damu
tutaweza kulinganisha
tutaweza kulinganisha
11:19
the DNA from all known
signatures of cancer,
signatures of cancer,
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DNA kutoka kwenye alama
zote za saratani
zote za saratani
11:22
and hopefully then detect cancers
months to even years earlier.
months to even years earlier.
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kwa matumaini ya kugundua saratani
miezi au hata miaka mapema
miezi au hata miaka mapema
11:27
Even with the therapies we have currently,
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Hata pamoja na tiba tulizonazo sasa,
11:29
this could mean that millions
of lives could be saved.
of lives could be saved.
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hii inamaanisha mamilioni ya
maisha yanaweza kuokolewa.
maisha yanaweza kuokolewa.
11:32
And if you add on to that
recent advancements in immunotherapy
recent advancements in immunotherapy
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na ukiongezea maendeleo hivi
karibuni ya tiba ya kingamaradhi
karibuni ya tiba ya kingamaradhi
11:36
and targeted therapies,
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na tiba za kulenga
11:37
the end of cancer is in sight.
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mwisho wa saratani unaonekana.
11:40
The next time you hear the word "cancer,"
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Utakapo sikia tena neno "saratani"
11:43
I want you to add to the emotions: hope.
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Nataka uongeze kwenye hisia: matumaini.
11:46
Hold on.
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Subiri kwanza.
11:48
Cancer researchers all around the world
are working feverishly
are working feverishly
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Watafiti wa saratani duniani
wanafanya kazi kwa msisimko mkubwa
wanafanya kazi kwa msisimko mkubwa
11:51
to beat this disease,
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kuushinda ugonjwa huu
11:53
and tremendous progress is being made.
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na maendeleo makubwa yanafanywa.
11:55
This is the beginning of the end.
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Huu ni mwanzo wa mwisho wake.
11:58
We will win the war on cancer.
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Tutashinda vita dhidi ya saratani.
12:00
And to me, this is amazing news.
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Na kwangu, hizi ni habari za kustaajabu
12:03
Thank you.
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Ahsanteni.
12:04
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jimmy Lin - GeneticistTED Fellow Jimmy Lin is developing technologies to catch cancer early.
Why you should listen
C. Jimmy Lin, MD, PhD, MHS is the Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Oncology at Natera and a TED Fellow. He comes from a long history as a pioneer in cancer genomics. Most recently, he led the clinical genomics program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Previously, at Johns Hopkins and Washington University in St. Louis, Lin was part of one of the first clinical genomics labs in academia and led the computational analyses of the first ever exome sequencing studies in cancer, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and melanoma.
Lin has published in top academic journals, such as Science, Nature and Cell, and he has been an expert in national and international media outlets, such as New York Times, Forbes, Bloomberg Businessweek, The Washington Post, and the Financial Times.
Jimmy Lin | Speaker | TED.com