Melinda Gates: Let's put birth control back on the agenda
メリンダ・ゲイツ:バースコントロールをもう一度、国際課題として見直そう
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value. Full bio
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a totally uncontroversial topic.
論争するべきではないことです
it's become incredibly controversial.
反対意見を聞くことも多くなりました
will have sex with one another.
性交渉を持っています
should be free to decide
子どもを作るかどうかの選択は
want to conceive a child.
one of these birth control methods
これらの避妊手段を
who disagree with this idea.
without any hesitation at all.
バースコントロールを行っています
to plan their own lives
家族を健康に育て―
and more prosperous families.
豊かにする力が欲しいのです
so broadly accepted in private,
広く受け入れられているにも関わらず―
a lot of opposition in public.
反論にされます
when we talk about contraception
because it's about sex.
不快に思っている人もいるでしょう
is to control populations.
いるでしょう
to this core idea that men and women
という核になる考え方に―
when they want to have a child.
almost completely and totally disappeared
国際保健の課題から―
are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
サハラ以南のアフリカや―
that use contraception
避妊手段の使用率は―
one of the largest states in India.
ウッタルプラデシュ
was its own country,
1つの国だとすると―
country in the world.
なったでしょう
country in Africa, 10 percent.
ナイジェリアでは10%
in Africa, Senegal.
例に挙げてみましょう
contraceptives are rarely available.
手に入らないことが理由の1つです
over and over again
is an injectable.
口々に言います
and they go about four times a year,
to get their injection.
is they can hide it from their husbands,
子だくさんを望む夫から―
a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,
診療所へ行くものの―
to go get her injection.
遠くにある診療所まで歩いて行きます
sometimes leaves her children,
出て行くこともあります
when it's going to be available again.
入手されるか分かりません
across the continent of Africa today.
アフリカ諸国で起こっています
has become a life-and-death crisis.
生死にかかわる危機に遭っているのです
who say they don't want to be pregnant
出産の際に命を落とす―
100,000 women a year.
in the first place,
その子は生後1ヶ月以内に―
in that first month of life.
these mothers and these children.
守りたいと思うでしょう
we got confused by our own conversation.
私たちは混乱し―
やめてしまいました
progress on this issue,
about what our agenda is.
about population control.
the power to save their lives,
自分の命を守り
女性に与え
the best possible future.
ベストな未来を与えることです
in the global health community
私たちがすべきことはたくさんあります
better in the future --
as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.
下痢や肺炎で
millions of children a year.
small plots of land in Africa --
to feed their children.
作物をたくさん作れますよね
children are educated around the world.
教育を受けられるようにすべきです
and most transformative things we can do
to birth control methods
入手できるようにすることです
and all Americans, at some point,
必要に応じて 当たり前のように―
about what our agenda is,
明確に理解できている限り
waiting to happen
this totally uncontroversial idea.
いつ起きてもおかしくないのです
I grew up in a Catholic home.
a practicing Catholic.
and a principal her entire life.
as a young girl how to read.
字の読み方を教わりました
for my entire childhood
家を出るまで―
a high priority in the school.
大切にしていました
that I learned in high school.
私は信じています
to question received teachings.
教わりました
and my peers questioned
教えの一つがこれです
talking about contraception
we're going to promote promiscuity.
セックスを軽視する傾向を助長してしまう
to be asked about contraception --
質問を投げかけることが適切だと思います
had nothing to do with promiscuity.
セックスを軽視するようなものではありません
I wanted to go to college.
大学へ行きたかった
female computer science graduates
コンピュータサイエンス学士を取得したことを
so I went on to business school
ビジネススクールにも通いました
female executives at Microsoft.
女性最年少で役員に就任しました
when I left my parents' home
新しい仕事を始めるために―
to start this new job at Microsoft.
今でも覚えています
to give me five years of higher education.
両親は多くを犠牲にしてきました
down the porch at home --
玄関を出てポーチへ降りると
this great education,
and have kids right away,
子どもを産むことになっても
that would make me the very happiest.
して欲しかったのです
自由でした
when I was ready.
と思っていました
exactly sure how to be great parents.
よく分かりませんでした
before we had our second child.
少し待ちました
that we have three children
産んだのは―
the very most for my children?
子どもたちに1番望むことは何か?
they want to do in life.
for the foundation around the world
女性たちがみんな 同じことを―
in one called Korogocho --
コロゴチョというスラムを訪れました
"standing shoulder to shoulder."
「協力して困難を乗り越える」という意味です
that's pictured here.
女性たちと話しました
about their family life in the slums,
どのようなものか 率直に―
about what they did for birth control.
とてもオープンに教えてくれました
in the red sweater,
マリアーヌが
two-hour conversation
一言でまとめてくれました
every good thing to this child
「もう1人子どもを産む前に―
every good thing to our children.
あらゆる幸を授けたいのです
to provide every good thing.
世界共通ではありません
from domestic violence.
夫の暴力に悩まされています
broach the subject of contraception,
避妊を話題にすることなど―
who lack basic education.
教育を受けていません
who do have knowledge and do have power
女性の多くでも―
to have smaller families.
選択してきました
for a quarter of a millennium,
国をまたぎ 250年間続いています
of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
変わっていません
their family size in the mid-1700s.
家族の大きさを縮小し始めました
this trend spread all across Europe.
この傾向はヨーロッパ全土に広がりました
as I learned this history,
私が驚いたことは―
lines but around cultural lines.
文化的な経路で広がったことです
made that change as a group.
集団で変化を起こしたのです
for their family,
or whether they were poor.
関係ありません
toward smaller families spread
広がったのは―
was driven by an idea --
動かされたからでした
can exercise conscious control
意識的に調整できる―
the ability to affect the future,
受け入れるのではなく―
went down every decade
安定するまで150年間―
until it stabilized.
the contraceptives weren't that good.
これだけ長い時間がかかりました
in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years
家族の大きさが安定するまで―
to stabilize in this country.
the transition started in the 1960s,
1960年代に始まり―
because of modern contraception.
加速しました
it's important to pause for a moment
ときには立ち止まって―
such a contentious issue.
を思い出すことが大切です
強制的な避妊が―
and coercive policies.
adopted very specific numeric targets
数値目標を掲げ―
having an IUD placed in their bodies.
補助金を支払いました
really smart in this situation.
インドの女性たちは 実に賢明でした
they got paid six rupees.
6ルピーが支払われます
and had the IUD removed for one rupee.
除去してくれる病院へ行きました
were sterilized without their consent.
同意もなく不妊化されてきました
the Mississippi appendectomy --
were given anesthesia
麻酔薬を打たれ
without their knowledge.
不妊化されていました
weren't even needed.
必要ですらなかったということです
wanted to lower their family size.
again and again,
to have smaller families.
have innately different desires.
という根拠はありません
they will have fewer children.
少なく産むことにするでしょう
all women get what they want now?
希望を支える努力をしていくのか?
to some century-long struggle,
与え続けていくのか?
was coitus interruptus?
it doesn't need justification.
言い訳は要りません
to bring every good thing to our children
自分の子どもにあらゆる幸を授けたい―
I met a young businesswoman,
1人の働く女性に出会いました
out of her home.
would go to the local jeans factory
地元のジーンズ工場へ行き
and resell them.
she had three children,
having children after their third one.
she simply said,
my business if I had another child."
仕事ができななくなる」
that she was getting out of her business
3人の子どもに十分な教育を―
an education to all three of her children.
about her family's future.
とても楽観的でした
of men and women have gone through.
that they have it exactly right.
証明されています
more opportunities
over when they have them.
子どもたちに与えられるのです
on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.
データを集め 調査されています
pieces of research that's been running.
調査されている場所です
避妊することを選びました
were chosen to get contraceptives.
and access to contraception.
避妊薬や避妊具を入手しました
following those villages,
quality of life than their neighbors.
暮らしをしていることがわかりました
to die in childbirth.
可能性が少なくなりました
to die in the first thirty days of life.
可能性が少なくなりました
things like livestock or land or savings.
財産もできました
had more schooling.
教育を受けました
of effects over millions of families,
何百万もの家族に掛け合わせると―
economic development.
economic miracle of the 1980s --
よく語られますが―
of economic growth across that region
主要因の一つは
towards smaller families.
at the individual family level --
about what's best for their children.
決めることから始まります
and that decision,
regional and national trends.
広がります
are given the opportunity
自身のために―
a virtuous cycle of development
アフリカ大陸全土に―
build a better future.
築くのを手助けできます
have the opportunity
to the full variety of methods.
that women want.
入手できるようにすること
both rich and poor governments alike
豊かな政府も貧しい政府も―
最優先しなければなりません
in this room and globally,
私たちにできることがあります
of millions of families
何百万もの家族がいること
to contraception today
their lives if they did have access.
and the members of her women's group
このグループの女性たちが
out amongst themselves and in public,
話すことができるなら
to bring every good thing to our children.
自分の子どもに幸を授けたいのですから
ありがとうございました
and everything else.
あらゆることに感謝します
近年 賢い人々が―
say something to the effect of,
耳にするんです
about the population issue anymore.
naturally all over the world.
世界中で小さくなりつつあるのだから
at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."
そこまでだ」 と
at the statistics across Africa,
アフリカ全体の統計を見れば―
though, from a different lens.
見る必要があると思います
from the ground upwards.
we got ourselves in so much trouble
population numbers over time.
Yes, we need to make the right choices.
正しい選択が必要です
at the family level.
決めるべきなのです
and letting them choose what to do
自ら選択する環境を整えることで
that we have seen globally --
places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
アフガニスタンを除いてですが
around the world
lives and empowering women and so on.
ことはもちろんだが―
is going to increase the likelihood
行われる性交渉を―
that sex is absolutely sacred.
and it's sacred in the United States,
and so many places around the world.
世界中のどこにおいてもです
in my country who are sexually experienced
アメリカ人女性の98%が―
doesn't make sex any less sacred.
汚すものではないと言っています
to make choices about their lives.
ということです
the sacredness of the family
by saving their lives.
doing to promote this issue?
どう進めていくのですか?
and people listening on the web --
join the conversation.
Join the conversation.
参加してください
has either changed your life
避妊の経験を教えてください
of people saying, "This makes sense.
世論の高まりが必要なのです
no matter where they live."
入手できるようにするべきだ」 と
that we're going to do
行うことになっています
a whole host of African nations,
アフリカ諸国も参加します
on the global health agenda.
取り上げようと訴えるのです
from the bottom up with governments
教育を受けられるようにするのです
want the tool, they have it,
避妊手段を選ぶことができます
lots of options available
their local healthcare worker
of those nuns who taught you at school
修道女の方々が―
this TED Talk at some point.
ご覧になると思います
or are they cheering you on?
応援してくれるでしょうか?
to see the TED Talk
and I plan to send it to them.
動画を送ろうと思っていましたから
were incredibly progressive.
非常に進歩的なんですよ
about social justice and service.
誇りに思ってくれるとうれしいです
incredibly passionate about this issue
私が熱心になったのは―
in the developing world.
has become very close to heart
とても大切なものになりました
and they are so often voiceless.
声を上げることはありません
they should have access.
入手方法を得るべきなのです
what I've learned from them
財団での10年間の経験を―
that I've already done at the foundation.
感じてもらえるとうれしいです
today an amazing group of speakers
大切な声をまとめてくれたことに―
I have so many follow-up questions.
多くのことを学び 質問もたくさん頂きました
of this work is a journey.
about the journey through energy,
社会形成をめぐる旅についての
on this platform?"
on these development issues,
私たちは
You learn by trying and making mistakes.
挑戦して 失敗して学びます
that helps lead to the answer
that can help you answer it.
for the panelists from today.
たくさん見つかり―
all of us on this journey with you.
ありがとうございました
MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
クリス ありがとう
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melinda Gates - PhilanthropistMelinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value.
Why you should listen
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. As co-chair, Melinda French Gates helps shape and approve strategies, review results, advocate for foundation issues and set the overall direction. In developing countries, the foundation focuses on improving people's health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them a chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to dramatically improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
In recent years, Melinda French Gates has become a vocal advocate for access to contraception, advancing the idea that empowering women to decide whether and when to have children can have transformational effects on societies. In 2012, Gates spearheaded the London Summit on Family Planning, with the goal of delivering contraceptives to 120 million women in developing countries by 2020. When asked why she got involved in this issue, Gates said, "We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to the contraceptives we have here in the United States and we weren't providing them because of political controversy in our country. To me, that was just a crime. I kept looking around trying to find the person to get this back on the global stage. I realized I just had to do it."
Melinda Gates | Speaker | TED.com