TEDxChange
Melinda Gates: Let's put birth control back on the agenda
梅琳達·蓋茲：把節育放回全球議題
Filmed:
Readability: 3.8
1,260,206 views
避孕。近年來這項話題大受爭議。但是應該這樣嗎？梅琳達·蓋茲相信全球社會變遷議題，與確保婦女能控制生育息息相關。她在這場重要的演講中，要大家重新檢視一項她想在未來十年宣導的議題。
Melinda Gates - Philanthropist
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value. Full bio
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:04
Today, I'd like to talk with you
0
160
1695
今天，我想跟大家談談
00:05
about something that should be
a totally uncontroversial topic.
a totally uncontroversial topic.
1
1880
5296
本來應該完全沒有爭議的話題。
00:11
But, unfortunately,
it's become incredibly controversial.
it's become incredibly controversial.
2
7200
4920
但不幸的是，這話題大受爭議。
00:17
This year, if you think about it,
3
13200
1572
今年，如果你想一下，
00:19
over a billion couples
will have sex with one another.
will have sex with one another.
4
15440
3480
超過百萬對伴侶會有性行為。
00:23
Couples like this one,
5
19640
1200
像這對，
00:26
and this one,
6
22200
1200
這一對，
00:27
and this one,
7
23960
1456
還有這一對。
00:29
and, yes,
8
25440
1200
是的，
00:31
even this one.
9
27080
1216
甚至這一對。
00:32
(Laughter)
10
28320
1896
（笑聲）
00:34
And my idea is this --
11
30240
1560
我的信念是這樣，
00:36
all these men and women
should be free to decide
should be free to decide
12
32640
4536
所有男人女人
都應該可以自由決定
都應該可以自由決定
00:41
whether they do or do not
want to conceive a child.
want to conceive a child.
13
37200
3680
他們要不要懷孕生子。
00:45
And they should be able to use
one of these birth control methods
one of these birth control methods
14
41680
3456
他們應該可以用這些避孕法
00:49
to act on their decision.
15
45160
2280
按著自己的決定行事。
00:53
Now, I think you'd have a hard time
16
49040
2856
現在，我想你大概很難找到
00:55
finding many people
who disagree with this idea.
who disagree with this idea.
17
51920
3360
太多不同意這個想法的人。
01:00
Over one billion people use birth control
without any hesitation at all.
without any hesitation at all.
18
56240
6000
超過十億人毫不猶豫地避孕。
01:07
They want the power
to plan their own lives
to plan their own lives
19
63400
3560
他們想要有計畫自己人生的權力，
01:11
and to raise healthier, better educated
and more prosperous families.
and more prosperous families.
20
67560
5080
及撫養更健康、教育程度更高、
更富有的家庭。
更富有的家庭。
01:18
But, for an idea that is
so broadly accepted in private,
so broadly accepted in private,
21
74200
5360
然而，節育這個在私底下
如此廣為接受的想法，
如此廣為接受的想法，
01:24
birth control certainly generates
a lot of opposition in public.
a lot of opposition in public.
22
80360
4360
在公眾顯然遭受很大反對。
01:29
Some people think
when we talk about contraception
when we talk about contraception
23
85520
3416
有些人認為我們談的避孕，
01:32
that it's code for abortion,
24
88960
1520
是墮胎的代碼，
01:35
which it's not.
25
91040
1200
事實並非如此。
01:36
Some people -- let's be honest --
26
92720
2376
有些人
──我們就打開天窗說亮話吧──
──我們就打開天窗說亮話吧──
01:39
they're uncomfortable with the topic
because it's about sex.
because it's about sex.
27
95120
3280
覺得這個話題令他們不自在，
因為這在談性行為。
因為這在談性行為。
01:43
Some people worry
28
99320
1736
有些人擔心
01:45
that the real goal of family planning
is to control populations.
is to control populations.
29
101080
4360
家庭計畫的真正目的
是控制人口。
是控制人口。
01:50
These are all side issues
30
106720
3816
但這些都是枝節的問題，
01:54
that have attached themselves
to this core idea that men and women
to this core idea that men and women
31
110560
5776
攀附在這個核心信念上，
即男人女人都應該
能決定什麼時候要有小孩。
能決定什麼時候要有小孩。
02:00
should be able to decide
when they want to have a child.
when they want to have a child.
32
116360
3720
02:05
And as a result, birth control has
almost completely and totally disappeared
almost completely and totally disappeared
33
121240
6576
結果是，節育幾乎已完全
自全球衛生綱領上消失。
02:11
from the global health agenda.
34
127840
1600
02:14
The victims of this paralysis
are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
35
130280
6216
這個癱瘓政策的受害者，
是撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲人
是撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲人
02:20
and South Asia.
36
136520
1200
及南亞人。
02:23
Here in Germany, the proportion of people
that use contraception
that use contraception
37
139040
4376
在德國這裡，
大眾使用避孕法的比例
大眾使用避孕法的比例
02:27
is about 66 percent.
38
143440
1736
約為 66%。
02:29
That's about what you'd expect.
39
145200
2120
這數字跟預期差不多。
02:31
In El Salvador, very similar, 66 percent.
40
147960
3400
在薩爾瓦多也很類似，66%。
02:35
Thailand, 64 percent.
41
151920
2520
泰國，64%，
02:39
But let's compare that to other places,
42
155440
2336
但將此數字與其他地方相較，
02:41
like Uttar Pradesh,
one of the largest states in India.
one of the largest states in India.
43
157800
3696
如印度的大省「北方邦」。
02:45
In fact, if Uttar Pradesh
was its own country,
was its own country,
44
161520
3776
事實上，如果北方邦獨立，
02:49
it would be the fifth largest
country in the world.
country in the world.
45
165320
3480
會是世界上第五大國家。
02:53
Their contraception rate -- 29 percent.
46
169840
3520
他們的避孕率，29%。
02:58
Nigeria, the most populous
country in Africa, 10 percent.
country in Africa, 10 percent.
47
174200
5640
奈及利亞，非洲人口
最密集的國家，10%。
最密集的國家，10%。
03:04
Chad, 2 percent.
48
180680
2360
查德，2%。
03:09
Let's just take one country
in Africa, Senegal.
in Africa, Senegal.
49
185640
3136
就拿非洲的塞內加爾為例。
03:12
Their rate is about 12 percent.
50
188800
2056
他們的避孕率約為 12%。
03:14
But why is it so low?
51
190880
1800
但為什麼會這麼低？
03:17
One reason is that the most popular
contraceptives are rarely available.
contraceptives are rarely available.
52
193400
5480
原因之一是拿不到
最普遍使用的避孕用品。
最普遍使用的避孕用品。
03:23
Women in Africa will tell you
over and over again
over and over again
53
199560
2896
非洲女人會一再地告訴你，
03:26
that what they prefer today
is an injectable.
is an injectable.
54
202480
3096
她們現在比較喜歡用注射法。
03:29
They get it in their arm --
and they go about four times a year,
and they go about four times a year,
55
205600
4016
她們在手臂上打一針，
一年打四次，
一年打四次，
03:33
they have to get it every three months --
to get their injection.
to get their injection.
56
209640
3056
她們必須每三個月打一次。
03:36
The reason women like it so much in Africa
is they can hide it from their husbands,
is they can hide it from their husbands,
57
212720
5280
非洲婦女這麼喜歡這種方法的原因
是她們可以向丈夫隱瞞，
是她們可以向丈夫隱瞞，
03:42
who sometimes want a lot of children.
58
218600
2000
丈夫有時候想要很多小孩。
03:45
The problem is every other time
a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,
a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,
59
221280
5496
問題是塞內加爾的女人去診所時，
03:50
that injection is stocked out.
60
226800
1760
常常發現注射劑缺貨。
03:53
It's stocked out 150 days out of the year.
61
229440
4360
每年有 150 天缺貨。
03:58
So can you imagine the situation --
62
234400
1856
你可以想像這種情況嗎？
04:00
she walks all this way
to go get her injection.
to go get her injection.
63
236280
2896
她走了好長一段路去打避孕針。
04:03
She leaves her field,
sometimes leaves her children,
sometimes leaves her children,
64
239200
3176
她得丟下她的田，
有時候還得丟下孩子，
有時候還得丟下孩子，
04:06
and it's not there.
65
242400
1456
卻發現沒有藥。
04:07
And she doesn't know
when it's going to be available again.
when it's going to be available again.
66
243880
2762
她也不知道
什麼時候才會再進貨。
什麼時候才會再進貨。
04:11
This is the same story
across the continent of Africa today.
across the continent of Africa today.
67
247440
4880
這樣的故事
每天都在非洲大陸上演。
每天都在非洲大陸上演。
04:16
And so what we've created as a world
has become a life-and-death crisis.
has become a life-and-death crisis.
68
252880
4615
我們全體共創的問題
已經變成生死存亡的危機。
已經變成生死存亡的危機。
04:21
There are 100,000 women [per year]
who say they don't want to be pregnant
who say they don't want to be pregnant
69
257519
5681
每年有十萬名婦女說
她們不想要懷孕，
她們不想要懷孕，
04:27
and they die in childbirth --
100,000 women a year.
100,000 women a year.
70
263720
3720
結果死於難產。
每年十萬名婦女！
每年十萬名婦女！
04:32
There are another 600,000 women [per year]
71
268080
2416
每年還有六十萬名婦女
04:34
who say they didn't want to be pregnant
in the first place,
in the first place,
72
270520
2816
說她們其實不想懷孕，
04:37
and they give birth to a baby
73
273360
2096
但還是生下小孩，
04:39
and her baby dies
in that first month of life.
in that first month of life.
74
275480
3200
小孩卻在頭一個月內死亡。
04:43
I know everyone wants to save
these mothers and these children.
these mothers and these children.
75
279840
5920
我知道每個人都想拯救
這些母親及孩子，
這些母親及孩子，
04:50
But somewhere along the way,
we got confused by our own conversation.
we got confused by our own conversation.
76
286800
5816
但是在拯救之路上，
我們卻被自己的爭論困惑。
我們卻被自己的爭論困惑。
04:56
And we stopped trying to save these lives.
77
292640
3040
然後我們就停止拯救這些生命。
05:01
So if we're going to make
progress on this issue,
progress on this issue,
78
297160
2840
所以，如果我們要在
這項議題上有進展，
這項議題上有進展，
05:04
we have to be really clear
about what our agenda is.
about what our agenda is.
79
300640
3520
我們必須很清楚明瞭
我們的意圖是什麼。
我們的意圖是什麼。
05:08
We're not talking about abortion.
80
304880
2336
我們不是在談墮胎。
05:11
We're not talking
about population control.
about population control.
81
307240
2840
我們不是在談人口控制。
05:14
What I'm talking about is giving women
the power to save their lives,
the power to save their lives,
82
310640
6496
我在談的是給女性拯救
自己生命的權力，
自己生命的權力，
05:21
to save their children's lives
83
317160
2096
拯救自己孩子的生命，
05:23
and to give their families
the best possible future.
the best possible future.
84
319280
3280
並且給她們的家庭最好的未來。
05:28
Now, as a world,
85
324080
1856
那麼，從世界整體看，
05:29
there are lots of things we have to do
in the global health community
in the global health community
86
325960
3256
我們要為全球健康做很多事，
05:33
if we want to make the world
better in the future --
better in the future --
87
329240
2429
如果我們想讓這個世界
有更美好的未來，
有更美好的未來，
05:36
things like fight diseases.
88
332360
1776
像對抗疾病這種就是要做的。
05:38
So many children today die of diarrhea,
as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.
as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.
89
334160
4536
你們之前聽到了，
今天有太多孩子死於腹瀉及肺炎。
今天有太多孩子死於腹瀉及肺炎。
05:42
They kill literally
millions of children a year.
millions of children a year.
90
338720
2616
這兩種病一年會殺死
數百萬名孩童。
數百萬名孩童。
05:45
We also need to help small farmers --
91
341360
2096
我們也必須幫助非洲小農，
05:47
farmers who plow
small plots of land in Africa --
small plots of land in Africa --
92
343480
3920
他們耕種小塊土地，
05:52
so that they can grow enough food
to feed their children.
to feed their children.
93
348000
2896
如此他們才能種植
足夠的食物餵養孩子。
足夠的食物餵養孩子。
05:54
And we have to make sure that
children are educated around the world.
children are educated around the world.
94
350920
3320
我們必須確保
全世界孩童都能受教育。
全世界孩童都能受教育。
05:59
But one of the simplest
and most transformative things we can do
and most transformative things we can do
95
355040
5296
但是還有一件既簡單
又能帶來改變的事，
又能帶來改變的事，
06:04
is to give everybody access
to birth control methods
to birth control methods
96
360360
3856
就是讓每一個人
都能取得節育的方法，
都能取得節育的方法，
06:08
that almost all Germans have access to
and all Americans, at some point,
and all Americans, at some point,
97
364240
5456
就像幾乎每位德國人、
美國人能拿到一樣，
美國人能拿到一樣，
他們在人生的某個階段
使用這些用品。
使用這些用品。
06:13
they use these tools during their life.
98
369720
2160
06:17
And I think as long as we're really clear
about what our agenda is,
about what our agenda is,
99
373000
6096
我認為只要我們真的很清楚
我們的意圖是什麼，
我們的意圖是什麼，
06:23
there's a global movement
waiting to happen
waiting to happen
100
379120
2616
就會產生全球性的運動，
06:25
and ready to get behind
this totally uncontroversial idea.
this totally uncontroversial idea.
101
381760
4880
準備好支持這項
完全沒有爭議的想法。
完全沒有爭議的想法。
06:32
When I grew up,
I grew up in a Catholic home.
I grew up in a Catholic home.
102
388480
3296
我在天主教家庭長大。
06:35
I still consider myself
a practicing Catholic.
a practicing Catholic.
103
391800
2840
我仍然視自己
為虔誠的天主教徒。
為虔誠的天主教徒。
06:39
My mom's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.
104
395280
4096
我母親的伯公是耶穌會修士。
06:43
My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
105
399400
3416
我的姑婆是道明會修女。
06:46
She was a schoolteacher
and a principal her entire life.
and a principal her entire life.
106
402840
3736
她教鞭執了一輩子。
06:50
In fact, she's the one who taught me
as a young girl how to read.
as a young girl how to read.
107
406600
3480
事實上，她是我小時候
教我認字的人。
教我認字的人。
06:55
I was very close to her.
108
411040
1400
我跟她非常親。
06:57
And I went to Catholic schools
for my entire childhood
for my entire childhood
109
413280
3216
我整個童年都讀天主教學校，
07:00
until I left home to go to university.
110
416520
2240
直到我離家去讀大學。
07:03
In my high school, Ursuline Academy,
111
419800
2760
在我的高中，聖吳甦樂學園，
07:07
the nuns made service and social justice
a high priority in the school.
a high priority in the school.
112
423200
5720
修女高度重視服務及社會正義。
07:14
Today, in the [Gates] Foundation's work,
113
430080
2336
今天，我在蓋茲基金會的工作，
07:16
I believe I'm applying the lessons
that I learned in high school.
that I learned in high school.
114
432440
4160
我相信那正是在
應用高中所學之道。
應用高中所學之道。
07:22
So, in the tradition of Catholic scholars,
115
438120
2896
在天主教學者的傳統風氣下，
07:25
the nuns also taught us
to question received teachings.
to question received teachings.
116
441040
5120
修女也教導我們
要質疑接受到的教誨。
要質疑接受到的教誨。
07:31
And one of the teachings that we girls
and my peers questioned
and my peers questioned
117
447200
5256
我們女孩子及同學
常質疑的一項教條，
常質疑的一項教條，
07:36
was is birth control really a sin?
118
452480
3560
就是節育真的是罪嗎？
07:41
Because I think one of the reasons
119
457400
1736
因為我認為
07:43
we have this huge discomfort
talking about contraception
talking about contraception
120
459160
4336
我們對談論避孕會這麼不自在，
07:47
is this lingering concern
121
463520
1976
是因為這個想法在作怪，
07:49
that if we separate sex from reproduction,
we're going to promote promiscuity.
we're going to promote promiscuity.
122
465520
5320
即如果我們把性與繁衍後代分開，
我們就在鼓勵淫亂。
我們就在鼓勵淫亂。
07:55
And I think that's a reasonable question
to be asked about contraception --
to be asked about contraception --
123
471560
4256
我想要談避孕的話，
接下來這個問題就得提出來談──
接下來這個問題就得提出來談──
07:59
what is its impact on sexual morality?
124
475840
3800
避孕對性道德會產生什麼影響？
08:05
But, like most women,
125
481160
1336
但是，就像大多數女性，
08:06
my decision about birth control
had nothing to do with promiscuity.
had nothing to do with promiscuity.
126
482520
4720
我決定要節育與淫亂完全無關。
08:11
I had a plan for my future.
I wanted to go to college.
I wanted to go to college.
127
487840
3456
我對未來有計畫。
我想去上大學。
我想去上大學。
08:15
I studied really hard in college,
128
491320
2336
我在大學非常認真讀書，
08:17
and I was proud to be one of the very few
female computer science graduates
female computer science graduates
129
493680
4736
我也很自傲自己是校內
電腦科學系少數女性畢業生之一。
電腦科學系少數女性畢業生之一。
08:22
at my university.
130
498440
1280
08:24
I wanted to have a career,
so I went on to business school
so I went on to business school
131
500280
3336
我想要發展事業，
所以我進了商學院，
所以我進了商學院，
08:27
and I became one of the youngest
female executives at Microsoft.
female executives at Microsoft.
132
503640
3480
我也成為微軟的
年輕女性高級主管一員。
年輕女性高級主管一員。
08:33
I still remember, though,
when I left my parents' home
when I left my parents' home
133
509040
3095
但是我仍然記得在我離家，
08:36
to move across the country
to start this new job at Microsoft.
to start this new job at Microsoft.
134
512159
3481
橫跨美國大陸到微軟
開始新工作時的一景。
開始新工作時的一景。
08:40
They had sacrificed a lot
to give me five years of higher education.
to give me five years of higher education.
135
516120
5240
他們犧牲了很多
讓我接受五年的高等教育。
讓我接受五年的高等教育。
08:46
But they said, as I left home --
136
522120
1576
但我離家時他們對我說
08:47
and I literally went down the front steps,
down the porch at home --
down the porch at home --
137
523720
3336
──真的就在我走下前門
台階的時候──
台階的時候──
他們說：
08:51
and they said,
138
527080
1216
「即使妳受了這麼好的教育，
08:52
"Even though you've had
this great education,
this great education,
139
528320
2400
08:55
if you decide to get married
and have kids right away,
and have kids right away,
140
531400
4520
如果妳馬上就想結婚生小孩，
09:00
that's OK by us, too."
141
536560
1680
我們也不會反對。」
09:03
They wanted me to do the thing
that would make me the very happiest.
that would make me the very happiest.
142
539080
5256
他們想要我去做
讓自己最幸福的事。
讓自己最幸福的事。
09:08
I was free to decide what that would be.
143
544360
2936
我可以自由決定要做什麼。
09:11
It was an amazing feeling.
144
547320
2160
這感覺真好。
09:14
In fact, I did want to have kids --
145
550680
3896
事實上，我的確想要孩子，
09:18
but I wanted to have them
when I was ready.
when I was ready.
146
554600
3240
但我想在我準備好時再要。
09:22
And so now, Bill and I have three.
147
558520
2560
所以現在，
比爾和我有三個孩子。
比爾和我有三個孩子。
09:26
And when our eldest daughter was born,
148
562000
2200
我的大女兒出生時，
09:28
we weren't, I would say,
exactly sure how to be great parents.
exactly sure how to be great parents.
149
564960
3696
我必須說我們不太清楚
怎麼當好父母。
怎麼當好父母。
09:32
Maybe some of you know that feeling.
150
568680
1960
可能在座有些人了解那種感覺。
09:35
And so we waited a little while
before we had our second child.
before we had our second child.
151
571240
3080
所以我們等了一陣子
才懷第二個孩子。
才懷第二個孩子。
09:39
And it's no accident
that we have three children
that we have three children
152
575040
3656
我們有三個孩子，
09:42
that are spaced three years apart.
153
578720
2240
每個間隔三年並非偶然。
09:45
Now, as a mother, what do I want
the very most for my children?
the very most for my children?
154
581600
4880
現在，身為母親，
我最想要給我的孩子什麼？
我最想要給我的孩子什麼？
09:51
I want them to feel the way I did --
155
587520
2200
我想要他們
跟我當時的感覺一樣，
跟我當時的感覺一樣，
09:54
like they can do anything
they want to do in life.
they want to do in life.
156
590240
3960
就是他們能做任何想做的事。
10:00
And so, what has struck me
157
596040
1616
所以，我很驚訝，
10:01
as I've travelled the last decade
for the foundation around the world
for the foundation around the world
158
597680
4000
當我過去十年為基金會
在全世界奔走時，
在全世界奔走時，
10:06
is that all women want that same thing.
159
602280
3960
看到所有的女性都有同樣的心願。
10:11
Last year, I was in Nairobi, in the slums,
in one called Korogocho --
in one called Korogocho --
160
607520
4936
去年，我在奈洛比
一個叫科羅哥丘的貧民窟，
一個叫科羅哥丘的貧民窟，
10:16
which literally means when translated,
"standing shoulder to shoulder."
"standing shoulder to shoulder."
161
612480
4560
翻譯出來就是
「比肩繼踵 」的意思。
「比肩繼踵 」的意思。
10:21
And I spoke with this women's group
that's pictured here.
that's pictured here.
162
617880
3016
我與這張照片上的
當地婦女團體談話。
當地婦女團體談話。
10:24
And the women talked very openly
about their family life in the slums,
about their family life in the slums,
163
620920
4136
這些婦女非常公開地談論
她們在貧民窟中的生活
她們在貧民窟中的生活
10:29
what it was like.
164
625080
1416
是什麼樣子。
10:30
And they talked quite intimately
about what they did for birth control.
about what they did for birth control.
165
626520
3600
她們也很親密地談論
她們如何節育。
她們如何節育。
10:34
Marianne, in the center of the screen
in the red sweater,
in the red sweater,
166
630920
3136
瑪莉安，螢幕中間穿紅色毛衣的，
10:38
she summed up that entire
two-hour conversation
two-hour conversation
167
634080
3736
她總結這場兩小時的對話，
10:41
in a phrase that I will never forget.
168
637840
2320
說了句我永遠忘不了的話。
10:45
She said, "I want to bring
every good thing to this child
every good thing to this child
169
641240
6360
她說：「我想先給這個孩子最好的一切，
再生下一個孩子。」
10:52
before I have another."
170
648520
1400
10:55
And I thought -- that's it.
171
651120
2056
我就想，就是這樣。
10:57
That's universal.
172
653200
1640
這是普世皆然的想法。
10:59
We all want to bring
every good thing to our children.
every good thing to our children.
173
655240
4600
我們都想給孩子最好的一切。
11:04
But what's not universal is our ability
to provide every good thing.
to provide every good thing.
174
660960
4320
但是怎麼給他們最好的
卻非普世皆然。
卻非普世皆然。
11:09
So many women suffer
from domestic violence.
from domestic violence.
175
665960
2696
許多婦女遭受家暴。
11:12
And they can't even
broach the subject of contraception,
broach the subject of contraception,
176
668680
3056
她們甚至無法提出避孕的話題，
11:15
even inside their own marriage.
177
671760
1840
即使已經結婚了也不行。
11:18
There are many women
who lack basic education.
who lack basic education.
178
674240
2880
很多女性沒有受過基本教育。
11:21
Even many of the women
who do have knowledge and do have power
who do have knowledge and do have power
179
677840
5000
甚至許多受過教育、
有能力的女性
有能力的女性
11:27
don't have access to contraceptives.
180
683440
2656
也無法拿到避孕品。
11:30
For 250 years, parents around the world
181
686120
5016
250 年來，全世界的父母
11:35
have been deciding
to have smaller families.
to have smaller families.
182
691160
2760
都決定要小一點的家庭。
11:38
This trend has been steady
for a quarter of a millennium,
for a quarter of a millennium,
183
694960
4176
這種潮流在過去
250 年來都是如此，
250 年來都是如此，
11:43
across cultures and across geographies,
184
699160
2840
無論文化、無論地理位置，
11:46
with the glaring exception
of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
185
702800
5480
只有一個很明顯的例外，
就是撒哈拉以南的非洲及南亞。
就是撒哈拉以南的非洲及南亞。
11:53
The French started bringing down
their family size in the mid-1700s.
their family size in the mid-1700s.
186
709920
4456
法國自 18 世紀中
開始減少家庭人口。
開始減少家庭人口。
11:58
And over the next 150 years,
this trend spread all across Europe.
this trend spread all across Europe.
187
714400
5920
接下來 150 年
這個潮流席捲歐洲。
這個潮流席捲歐洲。
12:05
The surprising thing to me,
as I learned this history,
as I learned this history,
188
721000
3576
我在讀這段歷史時很驚訝
12:08
was that it spread not along socioeconomic
lines but around cultural lines.
lines but around cultural lines.
189
724600
6816
這不是以社經地位傳播，
而是以文化為基礎傳播。
而是以文化為基礎傳播。
12:15
People who spoke the same language
made that change as a group.
made that change as a group.
190
731440
3856
說同樣語言的人
以團體的形式做出改變。
以團體的形式做出改變。
12:19
They made the same choice
for their family,
for their family,
191
735320
2576
他們為了家庭做出相同的決定，
12:21
whether they were rich
or whether they were poor.
or whether they were poor.
192
737920
3000
無論他們是富是貧。
12:26
The reason that trend
toward smaller families spread
toward smaller families spread
193
742400
3216
小家庭趨勢能廣傳的原因，
12:29
was that this whole way
was driven by an idea --
was driven by an idea --
194
745640
3200
是整件事受這個想法驅使，
12:33
the idea that couples
can exercise conscious control
can exercise conscious control
195
749320
5016
就是夫婦能實行節育，
12:38
over how many children they have.
196
754360
1920
自行決定他們要有多少孩子。
12:41
This is a very powerful idea.
197
757640
3560
這是很有影響力的想法。
12:45
It means that parents have
the ability to affect the future,
the ability to affect the future,
198
761680
4240
這意味著父母能影響未來，
12:50
not just accept it as it is.
199
766400
3240
而非被動的接受。
12:54
In France, the average family size
went down every decade
went down every decade
200
770960
4056
在法國，平均家庭人口數
每十年就縮小一次，
每十年就縮小一次，
12:59
for 150 years in a row
until it stabilized.
until it stabilized.
201
775040
3720
持續了 150 年，直到穩定為止。
13:03
It took so long back then because
the contraceptives weren't that good.
the contraceptives weren't that good.
202
779440
4320
要花這麼長的時間是因為
過去的避孕效果不太好。
過去的避孕效果不太好。
13:08
In Germany, this transition started
in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years
in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years
203
784480
6216
德國於 1880 年代開始轉變，
然後只花了 50 年
然後只花了 50 年
13:14
for family size
to stabilize in this country.
to stabilize in this country.
204
790720
2640
就使這個國家的家庭人數達到穩定。
13:18
And in Asia and Latin America,
the transition started in the 1960s,
the transition started in the 1960s,
205
794120
4616
在亞洲及南美，
轉變始於 1960 年代，
轉變始於 1960 年代，
13:22
and it happened much faster
because of modern contraception.
because of modern contraception.
206
798760
4120
由於現代化的避孕法，
這種轉變發展更快。
這種轉變發展更快。
13:29
I think, as we go through this history,
it's important to pause for a moment
it's important to pause for a moment
207
805160
5816
我認為，在我們討論歷史的同時，
我們必須暫停一下，
我們必須暫停一下，
13:35
and to remember why this has become
such a contentious issue.
such a contentious issue.
208
811000
5056
並回想為什麼這會變成
如此受爭論的議題。
如此受爭論的議題。
13:40
It's because some family planning programs
209
816080
2656
這是因為某些家庭計畫
13:42
resorted to unfortunate incentives
and coercive policies.
and coercive policies.
210
818760
4840
使出不適宜的誘因和高壓政策。
13:48
For instance, in the 1960s, India
adopted very specific numeric targets
adopted very specific numeric targets
211
824480
6856
例如在 1960 年代，
印度採用非常具體的數字目標，
印度採用非常具體的數字目標，
13:55
and they paid women to accept
having an IUD placed in their bodies.
having an IUD placed in their bodies.
212
831360
4280
而且他們還付錢給女性，
讓她們在體內裝上子宮環。
讓她們在體內裝上子宮環。
14:00
Now, Indian women were
really smart in this situation.
really smart in this situation.
213
836200
3376
印度女性在這方面真的很精明。
14:03
When they went to get an IUD inserted,
they got paid six rupees.
they got paid six rupees.
214
839600
3496
她們每次去裝子宮環，
就會得到六盧比。
就會得到六盧比。
14:07
And so what did they do?
215
843120
1200
所以她們怎麼做呢？
14:08
They waited a few hours or a few days,
216
844960
2016
她們會等幾小時或幾天，
14:11
and they went to another service provider
and had the IUD removed for one rupee.
and had the IUD removed for one rupee.
217
847000
5200
然後去另一家醫院
付一盧比取出子宮環。
付一盧比取出子宮環。
14:18
For decades in the United States,
218
854200
2560
美國曾有數十年的歷史，
14:21
African-American women
were sterilized without their consent.
were sterilized without their consent.
219
857280
4680
非裔女性未經同意
就被強迫絕育。
就被強迫絕育。
14:26
The procedure was so common
220
862880
2216
這項手術普遍到
14:29
it became known as
the Mississippi appendectomy --
the Mississippi appendectomy --
221
865120
3520
被稱為「密西西比闌尾切除術」，
14:33
a tragic chapter in my country's history.
222
869200
3000
真是我國歷史上悲慘的一章。
14:37
And as recently as the 1990s, in Peru,
223
873400
2776
即使近如 1990 年代，
14:40
women from the Andes region
were given anesthesia
were given anesthesia
224
876200
3496
秘魯安地斯區域的女性
還被施以麻醉，
還被施以麻醉，
14:43
and they were sterilized
without their knowledge.
without their knowledge.
225
879720
2920
在不知情的狀況下被絕育。
14:48
The most startling thing about this
226
884200
2616
這樣的事件最令人驚訝的，
14:50
is that these coercive policies
weren't even needed.
weren't even needed.
227
886840
2736
是這些高壓政策其實是不必要的。
14:53
They were carried out in places
228
889600
1816
實施這些政策的地方，
14:55
where parents already
wanted to lower their family size.
wanted to lower their family size.
229
891440
4120
那裡的父母
老早就想減少家庭人數。
老早就想減少家庭人數。
15:00
Because in region after region,
again and again,
again and again,
230
896120
3296
因為我們在世界各地，
一次又一次地看見，
一次又一次地看見，
15:03
parents have wanted
to have smaller families.
to have smaller families.
231
899440
2920
父母都想要小一點的家庭。
15:07
There's no reason to believe
232
903600
1776
沒有理由相信
15:09
that African women
have innately different desires.
have innately different desires.
233
905400
3600
非洲婦女有天生不同的要求。
15:13
Given the option,
they will have fewer children.
they will have fewer children.
234
909520
3680
給她們選擇，
她們會少生幾個孩子。
她們會少生幾個孩子。
15:18
The question is:
235
914080
1496
問題是，
15:19
will we invest in helping
all women get what they want now?
all women get what they want now?
236
915600
5480
我們現在就會投資幫助
所有女性得到她們想要的嗎？
所有女性得到她們想要的嗎？
15:25
Or, are we going to condemn them
to some century-long struggle,
to some century-long struggle,
237
921880
4696
還是，我們要迫使她們
困在過去數百年的掙扎中，
困在過去數百年的掙扎中，
15:30
as if this was still revolutionary France
238
926600
2736
好像我們還在法國大革命時期，
15:33
and the best method
was coitus interruptus?
was coitus interruptus?
239
929360
2800
最好的避孕法是體外射精？
15:39
Empowering parents --
it doesn't need justification.
it doesn't need justification.
240
935320
4280
授予父母自主權，
這不需要理由。
這不需要理由。
15:44
But here's the thing -- our desire
to bring every good thing to our children
to bring every good thing to our children
241
940560
6856
重點是，想把最好的都給孩子的願望，
15:51
is a force for good throughout the world.
242
947440
2840
是促使世界各地「求善」的力量。
15:54
It's what propels societies forward.
243
950640
2480
這是推動社會前進的力量。
15:58
In that same slum in Nairobi,
I met a young businesswoman,
I met a young businesswoman,
244
954600
3936
在奈洛比同一所貧民窟，
我遇見一名年輕的女生意人，
我遇見一名年輕的女生意人，
16:02
and she was making backpacks
out of her home.
out of her home.
245
958560
2216
她在家裡製作背包。
16:04
She and her young kids
would go to the local jeans factory
would go to the local jeans factory
246
960800
3336
她和年幼的孩子
會去當地的牛仔褲工廠
會去當地的牛仔褲工廠
16:08
and collect scraps of denim.
247
964160
1736
收集丹寧碎布。
16:09
She'd create these backpacks
and resell them.
and resell them.
248
965920
2536
她製作成這些背包然後轉售。
16:12
And when I talked with her,
she had three children,
she had three children,
249
968480
2381
我跟她談的時候，
她有三個小孩，
她有三個小孩，
16:14
and I asked her about her family.
250
970885
1576
我問她家裡的情況。
16:16
And she said she and her husband decided
251
972485
2091
她說她和丈夫決定
16:18
that they wanted to stop
having children after their third one.
having children after their third one.
252
974600
3016
他們生三個以後就不要再生了。
16:21
And so when I asked her why,
she simply said,
she simply said,
253
977640
2656
我問她為什麼，
她的回答很簡單：
她的回答很簡單：
16:24
"Well, because I couldn't run
my business if I had another child."
my business if I had another child."
254
980320
3496
「嗯，如果我再生孩子，
就不能做生意了。」
就不能做生意了。」
16:27
And she explained the income
that she was getting out of her business
that she was getting out of her business
255
983840
3239
她解釋她從生意賺到的收入
16:31
afforded her to be able to give
an education to all three of her children.
an education to all three of her children.
256
987103
3720
足以讓她的三個小孩都受教育。
16:35
She was incredibly optimistic
about her family's future.
about her family's future.
257
991280
4280
她對她家的前景非常樂觀。
16:41
This is the same mental calculus
258
997160
2536
同樣的想法
16:43
that hundreds of millions
of men and women have gone through.
of men and women have gone through.
259
999720
4176
在千千萬萬男女的心中盤算著。
16:47
And evidence proves
that they have it exactly right.
that they have it exactly right.
260
1003920
3800
證據顯示他們算的很對。
16:52
They are able to give their children
more opportunities
more opportunities
261
1008320
3896
他們透過控制何時要小孩，
就能給孩子更好的機會。
就能給孩子更好的機會。
16:56
by exercising control
over when they have them.
over when they have them.
262
1012240
3280
17:01
In Bangladesh,
263
1017280
1296
在孟加拉共和國
17:02
there's a district called Matlab.
264
1018600
1936
有個行政區稱為麥特拉伯。
17:04
It's where researchers have collected data
on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.
on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.
265
1020560
6736
研究人員自 1963 年起已從
超過十八萬居民收集數據。
超過十八萬居民收集數據。
17:11
In the global health community,
266
1027319
1537
在全球健康圈內，
17:12
we like to say it's one of the longest
pieces of research that's been running.
pieces of research that's been running.
267
1028880
3696
我們都說那是
史上最長的研究。
史上最長的研究。
我們得到很多
很棒的健康統計數字。
很棒的健康統計數字。
17:16
We have so many great health statistics.
268
1032599
2177
17:18
In one of the studies, what did they do?
269
1034800
2536
其中一項研究，
你猜他們做什麼？
你猜他們做什麼？
17:21
Half the villagers
were chosen to get contraceptives.
were chosen to get contraceptives.
270
1037359
4096
給予半數村民一些避孕用品。
17:25
They got education
and access to contraception.
and access to contraception.
271
1041480
3176
他們能拿到避孕用品，
並學會如何使用。
並學會如何使用。
17:28
Twenty years later,
following those villages,
following those villages,
272
1044680
3176
二十年後，追蹤這些村莊，
17:31
what we learned is that they had a better
quality of life than their neighbors.
quality of life than their neighbors.
273
1047880
4016
我們發現他們的生活品質
比鄰居更好。
比鄰居更好。
17:35
The families were healthier.
274
1051920
1696
家人更健康。
17:37
The women were less likely
to die in childbirth.
to die in childbirth.
275
1053640
3136
婦女比較不會因難產而死。
17:40
Their children were less likely
to die in the first thirty days of life.
to die in the first thirty days of life.
276
1056800
4016
他們的孩子比較不會
在滿月前夭折。
在滿月前夭折。
17:44
The children were better nourished.
277
1060840
2296
孩童營養較好。
17:47
The families were also wealthier.
278
1063160
2016
家庭更富有。
17:49
The adult women's wages were higher.
279
1065200
2496
成年女性的薪水較高。
17:51
Households had more assets --
things like livestock or land or savings.
things like livestock or land or savings.
280
1067720
4520
每戶人家擁有較多資產，
像是更多家畜、土地或儲蓄。
像是更多家畜、土地或儲蓄。
17:56
Finally, their sons and daughters
had more schooling.
had more schooling.
281
1072800
3520
最後，他們的兒女就學機會更大。
18:01
So when you multiply these types
of effects over millions of families,
of effects over millions of families,
282
1077480
5520
所以當你把這些效應
乘上數百萬家庭，
乘上數百萬家庭，
18:07
the product can be large-scale
economic development.
economic development.
283
1083440
3280
其結果就是大規模的經濟發展。
18:11
People talk about the Asian
economic miracle of the 1980s --
economic miracle of the 1980s --
284
1087560
4056
大家都在談論 1980 年代
亞洲經濟奇蹟，
亞洲經濟奇蹟，
18:15
but it wasn't really a miracle.
285
1091640
2056
但這其實不是奇蹟。
18:17
One of the leading causes
of economic growth across that region
of economic growth across that region
286
1093720
3536
那塊區域經濟成長的
主要原因之一，
主要原因之一，
18:21
was this cultural trend
towards smaller families.
towards smaller families.
287
1097280
3840
是小家庭文化的潮流。
18:26
Sweeping changes start
at the individual family level --
at the individual family level --
288
1102600
3896
要徹底改變，
必須從各個家庭開始，
必須從各個家庭開始，
18:30
the family making a decision
about what's best for their children.
about what's best for their children.
289
1106520
4440
每個家庭自己決定
什麼對他們的孩子最好。
什麼對他們的孩子最好。
18:35
When they make that change
and that decision,
and that decision,
290
1111760
3016
當他們做出這樣的改變、
這樣的決定，
這樣的決定，
18:38
those become sweeping
regional and national trends.
regional and national trends.
291
1114800
3720
就會變成席捲區域及國家的潮流。
18:43
When families in sub-Saharan Africa
are given the opportunity
are given the opportunity
292
1119160
4136
當撒哈拉沙漠以南的
非洲家庭有了這樣的機會，
非洲家庭有了這樣的機會，
18:47
to make those decisions for themselves,
293
1123320
2360
能為自己做出這樣的決定，
18:50
I think it will help spark
a virtuous cycle of development
a virtuous cycle of development
294
1126280
3256
我想這就會在
整個非洲大陸的社區內
整個非洲大陸的社區內
18:53
in communities across the continent.
295
1129560
2760
激發良性發展循環。
18:58
We can help poor families
build a better future.
build a better future.
296
1134000
3856
我們能幫助貧窮家庭
創造更好的前景。
創造更好的前景。
19:01
We can insist that all people
have the opportunity
have the opportunity
297
1137880
3696
我們能堅決主張
所有人都有機會
所有人都有機會
19:05
to learn about contraceptives
298
1141600
1936
學到避孕法，
19:07
and have access
to the full variety of methods.
to the full variety of methods.
299
1143560
3280
並能取得各式各樣的避孕用品。
19:12
I think the goal here is really clear:
300
1148040
2856
我想這裡的目標非常明確：
19:14
universal access to birth control
that women want.
that women want.
301
1150920
4880
全面普及女性想要的節育。
19:20
And for that to happen, it means that
both rich and poor governments alike
both rich and poor governments alike
302
1156360
5296
要實現這點，
意味著無論貧富，
意味著無論貧富，
所有的政府
都必須將避孕列為優先。
都必須將避孕列為優先。
19:25
must make contraception a total priority.
303
1161680
3520
19:29
We can do our part,
in this room and globally,
in this room and globally,
304
1165760
3976
無論在這裡或在全球，
我們都要盡自己的力量去告訴大家，
我們都要盡自己的力量去告訴大家，
19:33
by talking about the hundreds
of millions of families
of millions of families
305
1169760
3256
這世界還有數不清的家庭
19:37
that don't have access
to contraception today
to contraception today
306
1173040
2896
到今天仍無法取得避孕用品，
19:39
and what it would do to change
their lives if they did have access.
their lives if they did have access.
307
1175960
3720
以及如果他們能拿到，
生活會有什麼樣的改變。
生活會有什麼樣的改變。
19:44
I think if Marianne
and the members of her women's group
and the members of her women's group
308
1180680
3736
我想如果瑪莉安
及她的婦女團體成員
及她的婦女團體成員
19:48
can talk about this openly
309
1184440
2296
能公開談論這件事，
19:50
and have this discussion
out amongst themselves and in public,
out amongst themselves and in public,
310
1186760
3400
能在她們之間
及在公眾前談這件事，
及在公眾前談這件事，
19:54
we can, too.
311
1190800
1360
我們也可以。
19:56
And we need to start now.
312
1192760
1480
而且我們必須現在就開始。
19:59
Because like Marianne, we all want
to bring every good thing to our children.
to bring every good thing to our children.
313
1195480
6560
因為就像瑪莉安，
我們都想給孩子最好的一切。
我們都想給孩子最好的一切。
20:06
And where is the controversy in that?
314
1202800
2640
這有什麼爭議呢？
20:10
Thank you.
315
1206160
1216
謝謝。
20:11
(Applause)
316
1207400
2736
（掌聲）
20:14
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
317
1210160
1240
克里斯·安德森：謝謝妳。
20:22
I have some questions for Melinda.
318
1218360
3976
我有一些問題想問梅琳達。
20:26
(Applause ends)
319
1222360
1296
（掌聲結束）
20:27
Thank you for your courage
and everything else.
and everything else.
320
1223680
2960
謝謝妳的勇氣和所作所為。
20:31
So, Melinda, in the last few years
321
1227480
2496
梅琳達，過去幾年
20:34
I've heard a lot of smart people
say something to the effect of,
say something to the effect of,
322
1230000
3720
我聽到很多自以為是的人說，
大概是這個意思，
大概是這個意思，
20:39
"We don't need to worry
about the population issue anymore.
about the population issue anymore.
323
1235400
3456
「我們不用再擔心人口問題了。
20:42
Family sizes are coming down
naturally all over the world.
naturally all over the world.
324
1238880
3496
世界各地家庭人數正在自然減少。
20:46
We're going to peak
at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."
at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."
325
1242400
2960
我們在 90 億或 100 億
達到高峰。就這樣。」
達到高峰。就這樣。」
20:50
Are they wrong?
326
1246720
1216
他們說錯了嗎？
20:51
Melinda Gates: If you look
at the statistics across Africa,
at the statistics across Africa,
327
1247960
2776
梅琳達·蓋茲：
如果你看非洲的統計數字，
如果你看非洲的統計數字，
他們的確說錯了。
20:54
they are wrong.
328
1250760
1216
20:56
And I think we need to look at it,
though, from a different lens.
though, from a different lens.
329
1252000
3056
但我認為我們其實
要從不同的角度看這件事。
要從不同的角度看這件事。
我們需要從底部向上看。
20:59
We need to look at it
from the ground upwards.
from the ground upwards.
330
1255080
2176
21:01
I think that's one of the reasons
we got ourselves in so much trouble
we got ourselves in so much trouble
331
1257280
3256
我想這就是我們讓自己在避孕議題上
陷入這麼大麻煩的原因之一。
陷入這麼大麻煩的原因之一。
21:04
on this issue of contraception.
332
1260560
1696
21:06
We looked at it from top down
333
1262280
1381
我們從上向下看，
21:07
and said we want to have different
population numbers over time.
population numbers over time.
334
1263685
3531
然後說隨著時間
我們想要有不同的人口數。
我們想要有不同的人口數。
21:11
Yes, we care about the planet.
Yes, we need to make the right choices.
Yes, we need to make the right choices.
335
1267240
3296
是，我們是很關心地球。
是，我們需要做正確的決定。
是，我們需要做正確的決定。
21:14
But the choices have to be made
at the family level.
at the family level.
336
1270560
2576
但是選擇必須是從家庭層面。
21:17
And it's only by giving people access
and letting them choose what to do
and letting them choose what to do
337
1273160
4336
只有給大家管道
及讓他們選擇要做什麼，
及讓他們選擇要做什麼，
21:21
that you get those sweeping changes
that we have seen globally --
that we have seen globally --
338
1277520
3056
結果才是我們
在全球看到的徹底改變，
在全球看到的徹底改變，
21:24
except for sub-Saharan Africa and those
places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
339
1280600
4680
除了撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲
及南亞幾個地方和阿富汗。
及南亞幾個地方和阿富汗。
21:31
CA: Some people on the right in America
340
1287920
2096
克：有些右翼美國人
21:34
and in many conservative cultures
around the world
around the world
341
1290040
3400
及全球許多保守派文化
21:39
might say something like this:
342
1295360
1816
可能會說：
21:41
"It's all very well to talk about saving
lives and empowering women and so on.
lives and empowering women and so on.
343
1297200
3667
「要談拯救生命
及賦權女性等等是很好。
及賦權女性等等是很好。
21:44
But, sex is sacred.
344
1300891
1960
但是，性是神聖的。
21:48
What you're proposing
is going to increase the likelihood
is going to increase the likelihood
345
1304000
4016
妳所提出的可能會增加
21:52
that lots of sex happens outside marriage.
346
1308040
2216
婚外性行為。
21:54
And that is wrong."
347
1310280
1440
這是不對的。」
21:56
What would you say to them?
348
1312600
2056
妳對他們有什麼要說的嗎？
21:58
MG: I would say
that sex is absolutely sacred.
that sex is absolutely sacred.
349
1314680
3256
梅：我要說性絕對是神聖的。
22:01
And it's sacred in Germany,
and it's sacred in the United States,
and it's sacred in the United States,
350
1317960
3096
性在德國是神聖的，
性在美國也是神聖的，
性在美國也是神聖的，
22:05
and it's sacred in France
and so many places around the world.
and so many places around the world.
351
1321080
3096
在法國也是，
在全世界許多地方都是。
在全世界許多地方都是。
22:08
And the fact that 98 percent of women
in my country who are sexually experienced
in my country who are sexually experienced
352
1324200
4896
在我國，98% 有性行為的女性
說她們節育
說她們節育
22:13
say they use birth control
doesn't make sex any less sacred.
doesn't make sex any less sacred.
353
1329120
4176
並不會讓性行為變得不神聖。
22:17
It just means that they're getting
to make choices about their lives.
to make choices about their lives.
354
1333320
3256
這只代表她們要選擇
怎樣過生活。
怎樣過生活。
22:20
And I think in that choice,
355
1336600
1296
而且我覺得這樣的選擇，
22:21
we're also honoring
the sacredness of the family
the sacredness of the family
356
1337920
2896
也讓我們尊榮家庭的神聖，
22:24
and the sacredness of the mother's life
357
1340840
2256
當母親的神聖，
22:27
and the childrens' lives
by saving their lives.
by saving their lives.
358
1343120
2256
及孩子的生活，
因為這拯救了他們的生命。
因為這拯救了他們的生命。
22:29
To me, that's incredibly sacred, too.
359
1345400
2280
對我而言，這也非常神聖。
22:32
CA: So what is your foundation
doing to promote this issue?
doing to promote this issue?
360
1348760
4736
克：那麼妳的基金會
如何宣導這項議題？
如何宣導這項議題？
22:37
And what could people here
and people listening on the web --
and people listening on the web --
361
1353520
4016
在座的人及網路上聽的人
又可以做什麼？
又可以做什麼？
22:41
what would you like them to do?
362
1357560
1536
妳希望他們做什麼？
22:43
MG: I would say this --
join the conversation.
join the conversation.
363
1359120
2143
梅：我會這麼說，參與對話。
22:45
We've listed the website up here.
Join the conversation.
Join the conversation.
364
1361287
4169
我們在上面列了幾個網站。
參與對話。
參與對話。
22:49
Tell your story about how contraception
has either changed your life
has either changed your life
365
1365480
3816
告訴大家避孕
如何改變了妳的生活，
如何改變了妳的生活，
22:53
or somebody's life that you know.
366
1369320
2016
或是你知道誰的生活因此而改變。
22:55
And say that you're for this.
367
1371360
1381
表達你的支持。
22:56
We need a groundswell
of people saying, "This makes sense.
of people saying, "This makes sense.
368
1372765
2715
我們需要高漲的輿論說：
「這很有道理。
「這很有道理。
22:59
We've got to give all women access --
no matter where they live."
no matter where they live."
369
1375504
3392
我們要給所有女性取得的管道。
無論她們住在哪裡。」
無論她們住在哪裡。」
23:02
And one of the things
that we're going to do
that we're going to do
370
1378920
2096
而且有件我們即將要做的事，
23:05
is do a large event July 11 in London,
371
1381040
3176
就是七月十一日在倫敦
舉辦一場大型活動，
舉辦一場大型活動，
23:08
with a whole host of countries,
a whole host of African nations,
a whole host of African nations,
372
1384240
3376
許多國家，許多非洲國家都要參加，
23:11
to all say we're putting this back
on the global health agenda.
on the global health agenda.
373
1387640
3136
宣告我們要把這個
放回全球健康議題。
放回全球健康議題。
23:14
We're going to commit resources to it,
374
1390800
1856
我們承諾要找出資源，
23:16
and we're going to do planning
from the bottom up with governments
from the bottom up with governments
375
1392680
3136
我們會與政府一起從下而上計畫，
23:19
to make sure that women are educated --
376
1395840
2096
要確保婦女要受教育，
23:21
so that if they
want the tool, they have it,
want the tool, they have it,
377
1397960
2456
所以如果她們想要用品就會得到，
23:24
and that they have
lots of options available
lots of options available
378
1400440
2096
而且她們還會有很多選擇，
23:26
either through
their local healthcare worker
their local healthcare worker
379
1402560
2096
透過當地醫療人員
23:28
or their local community rural clinic.
380
1404680
1880
或當地的社區診所拿到。
23:31
CA: Melinda, I'm guessing that some
of those nuns who taught you at school
of those nuns who taught you at school
381
1407920
4576
克：梅琳達，
我猜某些在學校教過妳的修女
我猜某些在學校教過妳的修女
23:36
are going to see
this TED Talk at some point.
this TED Talk at some point.
382
1412520
2640
可能也有機會看到這場 TED 演講。
23:39
Are they going to be horrified,
or are they cheering you on?
or are they cheering you on?
383
1415960
2896
她們會嚇壞了，
或是為妳加油打氣？
或是為妳加油打氣？
梅：我知道她們會看這場 TED 演講，
23:42
MG: I know they're going
to see the TED Talk
to see the TED Talk
384
1418880
2096
因為她們知道我在做這個，
而且我也計畫要送一份給她們。
而且我也計畫要送一份給她們。
23:45
because they know that I'm doing it
and I plan to send it to them.
and I plan to send it to them.
385
1421000
3136
23:48
And, you know, the nuns who taught me
were incredibly progressive.
were incredibly progressive.
386
1424160
3136
你知道，教過我的幾位修女
想法都非常先進，
想法都非常先進，
23:51
I hope that they'll be very proud of me
387
1427320
1896
我很希望她們會以我為榮，
23:53
for living out what they taught us
about social justice and service.
about social justice and service.
388
1429240
3936
因為我身體力行
她們教導的社會正義及服務。
她們教導的社會正義及服務。
23:57
I have come to feel
incredibly passionate about this issue
incredibly passionate about this issue
389
1433200
3896
我逐漸領悟到
我對這項議題的熱情，
我對這項議題的熱情，
24:01
because of what I've seen
in the developing world.
in the developing world.
390
1437120
2776
來自我在發展中國家看到的現象，
24:03
And for me, this topic
has become very close to heart
has become very close to heart
391
1439920
4856
對我而言，這項議題
已成為我全心關注的重點，
已成為我全心關注的重點，
24:08
because you meet these women
and they are so often voiceless.
and they are so often voiceless.
392
1444800
3056
因為妳與這些婦女接觸，
她們常常沒有發言權。
她們常常沒有發言權。
24:11
And yet they shouldn't be --
393
1447880
1336
但她們不應如此，
24:13
they should have a voice,
they should have access.
they should have access.
394
1449240
2536
她們應該要有發言權，
她們應該要有管道。
她們應該要有管道。
24:15
And so I hope they'll feel
395
1451800
1256
所以我希望她們會覺得
24:17
that I'm living out
what I've learned from them
what I've learned from them
396
1453080
2816
我身體力行
從她們身上學到的東西，
從她們身上學到的東西，
24:19
and from the decades of work
that I've already done at the foundation.
that I've already done at the foundation.
397
1455920
3286
還有這數十年我在基金會的經驗。
24:24
CA: So, you and your team brought together
today an amazing group of speakers
today an amazing group of speakers
398
1460200
4376
克：妳和妳的團隊今天
為我們帶來非常棒的講員。
為我們帶來非常棒的講員。
24:28
to whom we're all grateful.
399
1464600
2560
我們都很感謝。
24:31
Did you learn anything?
400
1467680
1816
妳有學到什麼嗎？
24:33
(Laughter)
401
1469520
1216
（笑聲）
24:34
MG: Oh my gosh, I learned so many things.
I have so many follow-up questions.
I have so many follow-up questions.
402
1470760
3816
梅：天啊，我學到好多東西。
我有好多後續問題想問。
我有好多後續問題想問。
24:38
And I think a lot
of this work is a journey.
of this work is a journey.
403
1474600
2256
我想這工作
很大部分是心路歷程。
很大部分是心路歷程。
24:40
You heard the discussion
about the journey through energy,
about the journey through energy,
404
1476880
3856
你聽人談過能源的心路歷程，
24:44
or the journey through social design,
405
1480760
2336
社會設計的心路歷程，
24:47
or the journey in the coming and saying,
406
1483120
1920
可能馬上就有這樣的心路歷程說：
24:49
"Why aren't there any women
on this platform?"
on this platform?"
407
1485064
2152
「為什麼沒有女性站在這個講台上？」
24:51
And I think for all of us who work
on these development issues,
on these development issues,
408
1487240
3376
我想對我們這些
從事發展議題的人而言，
從事發展議題的人而言，
24:54
you learn by talking to other people.
409
1490640
1776
你從對話中學習。
24:56
You learn by doing.
You learn by trying and making mistakes.
You learn by trying and making mistakes.
410
1492440
2856
你從做中學，
從嘗試、從錯中學，
從嘗試、從錯中學，
24:59
And it's the questions you ask.
411
1495320
1496
還有你問的問題。
25:00
Sometimes it's the questions you ask
that helps lead to the answer
that helps lead to the answer
412
1496840
3376
有時候你問的問題，
25:04
the next person
that can help you answer it.
that can help you answer it.
413
1500240
2096
下一個人能幫你回答。
25:06
So I have lots of questions
for the panelists from today.
for the panelists from today.
414
1502360
2696
所以我有很多問題
想問今天的講員。
想問今天的講員。
25:09
And I thought it was just an amazing day.
415
1505080
2056
我認為今天真是太棒了。
25:11
CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting
all of us on this journey with you.
all of us on this journey with you.
416
1507160
3334
克：梅琳達，
謝謝妳邀我們與妳同行。
謝謝妳邀我們與妳同行。
25:14
Thank you so much.
MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
417
1510518
2048
謝謝妳。
梅：謝謝克里斯。
梅：謝謝克里斯。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melinda Gates - PhilanthropistMelinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value.
Why you should listen
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. As co-chair, Melinda French Gates helps shape and approve strategies, review results, advocate for foundation issues and set the overall direction. In developing countries, the foundation focuses on improving people's health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them a chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to dramatically improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
In recent years, Melinda French Gates has become a vocal advocate for access to contraception, advancing the idea that empowering women to decide whether and when to have children can have transformational effects on societies. In 2012, Gates spearheaded the London Summit on Family Planning, with the goal of delivering contraceptives to 120 million women in developing countries by 2020. When asked why she got involved in this issue, Gates said, "We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to the contraceptives we have here in the United States and we weren't providing them because of political controversy in our country. To me, that was just a crime. I kept looking around trying to find the person to get this back on the global stage. I realized I just had to do it."
Melinda Gates | Speaker | TED.com