TEDxChange
Melinda Gates: Let's put birth control back on the agenda
梅琳达·盖茨: 让我们把人口控制重新提上日程
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1,260,206 views
避孕，这一话题近些年来变的很有争议。那么，避孕是否有必要呢？在梅琳达·盖茨看来，很多的社会发展问题，与女性是否能够控制她们的孩子数量息息相关。在这个演讲中，她会通过大量的事实依据，告诉我们，她对这一议题的看法。
Melinda Gates - Philanthropist
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value. Full bio
Melinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:04
Today, I'd like to talk with you
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今天，我想和大家谈谈
00:05
about something that should be
a totally uncontroversial topic.
a totally uncontroversial topic.
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一个本应毫无争议的话题。
但很不幸，
这个话题现在变得饱受争议。
这个话题现在变得饱受争议。
00:11
But, unfortunately,
it's become incredibly controversial.
it's become incredibly controversial.
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00:17
This year, if you think about it,
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想想看，就在今年，
00:19
over a billion couples
will have sex with one another.
will have sex with one another.
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有超过十亿对伴侣发生性关系。
00:23
Couples like this one,
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比如这对，
00:26
and this one,
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还有这对，
00:27
and this one,
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这对，
00:29
and, yes,
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没错，
00:31
even this one.
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也包括这对。
00:32
(Laughter)
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（大笑）
00:34
And my idea is this --
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而我是这样想的——
00:36
all these men and women
should be free to decide
should be free to decide
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所有这些男男女女都应该自由决定
他们是否愿意生育子女。
00:41
whether they do or do not
want to conceive a child.
want to conceive a child.
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00:45
And they should be able to use
one of these birth control methods
one of these birth control methods
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同时他们应该能够根据自己的决定
使用某种避孕方法。
00:49
to act on their decision.
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00:53
Now, I think you'd have a hard time
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现在应该已经很难找到
很多不同意这个观点的人了。
00:55
finding many people
who disagree with this idea.
who disagree with this idea.
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01:00
Over one billion people use birth control
without any hesitation at all.
without any hesitation at all.
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超过十亿人会毫不犹豫地
使用避孕措施。
使用避孕措施。
01:07
They want the power
to plan their own lives
to plan their own lives
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他们想要掌控自己的生活，
01:11
and to raise healthier, better educated
and more prosperous families.
and more prosperous families.
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想要营造一个更健康、教育程度更高、
更富裕的家庭。
更富裕的家庭。
01:18
But, for an idea that is
so broadly accepted in private,
so broadly accepted in private,
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然而，避孕这么一个在私底下
被广泛接受的想法，
被广泛接受的想法，
01:24
birth control certainly generates
a lot of opposition in public.
a lot of opposition in public.
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在公开场合却遭到了诸多反对。
01:29
Some people think
when we talk about contraception
when we talk about contraception
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有些人觉得当我们谈论避孕时，
01:32
that it's code for abortion,
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我们实际上是在说堕胎，
01:35
which it's not.
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但事实并非如此。
01:36
Some people -- let's be honest --
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坦白地说，有些人
对这个话题感到不自在，
因为它和性有关。
因为它和性有关。
01:39
they're uncomfortable with the topic
because it's about sex.
because it's about sex.
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01:43
Some people worry
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有些人担心
01:45
that the real goal of family planning
is to control populations.
is to control populations.
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计划生育的真正目的是
控制人口数量。
控制人口数量。
01:50
These are all side issues
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但是这些都是围绕
男女各方应该自由决定
什么时候要孩子
什么时候要孩子
01:54
that have attached themselves
to this core idea that men and women
to this core idea that men and women
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02:00
should be able to decide
when they want to have a child.
when they want to have a child.
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这个核心观点的次要问题。
02:05
And as a result, birth control has
almost completely and totally disappeared
almost completely and totally disappeared
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就这样，在全球的卫生议程上，
避孕的话题
避孕的话题
几乎完全消失了。
02:11
from the global health agenda.
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02:14
The victims of this paralysis
are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
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这一议程缺失的受害者是
是撒哈拉周边，以及
是撒哈拉周边，以及
南亚的人民。
02:20
and South Asia.
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02:23
Here in Germany, the proportion of people
that use contraception
that use contraception
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在德国，使用避孕措施的人口比例
大约是66%。
02:27
is about 66 percent.
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02:29
That's about what you'd expect.
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应该跟各位预期的差不多。
02:31
In El Salvador, very similar, 66 percent.
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在塞尔瓦多也大概是66%
02:35
Thailand, 64 percent.
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在泰国，是64%
02:39
But let's compare that to other places,
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但把这个数字和其他地方比较一下，
02:41
like Uttar Pradesh,
one of the largest states in India.
one of the largest states in India.
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比如北方邦，印度最大的邦（省）之一。
02:45
In fact, if Uttar Pradesh
was its own country,
was its own country,
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实际上，如果北方邦是一个国家，
02:49
it would be the fifth largest
country in the world.
country in the world.
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它会成为世界上人口数量
第五大的国家。
第五大的国家。
02:53
Their contraception rate -- 29 percent.
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那里避孕率只有29%。
02:58
Nigeria, the most populous
country in Africa, 10 percent.
country in Africa, 10 percent.
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尼日利亚，非洲人口最多的国家，10%。
03:04
Chad, 2 percent.
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乍得，2%。
03:09
Let's just take one country
in Africa, Senegal.
in Africa, Senegal.
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我们来看看非洲的一个国家，
塞内加尔。
塞内加尔。
避孕率大约是12%。
03:12
Their rate is about 12 percent.
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为什么会这么低？
03:14
But why is it so low?
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03:17
One reason is that the most popular
contraceptives are rarely available.
contraceptives are rarely available.
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其中一个原因是最常用的避孕工具
在那里都很难获得。
在那里都很难获得。
03:23
Women in Africa will tell you
over and over again
over and over again
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非洲的女性会一次又一次地告诉你，
她们更喜欢使用一种注射剂。
03:26
that what they prefer today
is an injectable.
is an injectable.
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（把避孕药物）注射在手臂上，
一年四次。
一年四次。
03:29
They get it in their arm --
and they go about four times a year,
and they go about four times a year,
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每三个月就要去注射一次。
03:33
they have to get it every three months --
to get their injection.
to get their injection.
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非洲女人喜欢这种方法，
是因为这样可以瞒着丈夫，
是因为这样可以瞒着丈夫，
03:36
The reason women like it so much in Africa
is they can hide it from their husbands,
is they can hide it from their husbands,
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03:42
who sometimes want a lot of children.
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有些丈夫想要很多个孩子。
03:45
The problem is every other time
a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,
a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,
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但问题是，通常当她们去
当地诊所的时候，
当地诊所的时候，
注射剂都处于断货状态。
03:50
that injection is stocked out.
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03:53
It's stocked out 150 days out of the year.
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全年有150天都是如此。
03:58
So can you imagine the situation --
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所以你们可以想象一下——
一个女人，走那么远的路去打针。
04:00
she walks all this way
to go get her injection.
to go get her injection.
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04:03
She leaves her field,
sometimes leaves her children,
sometimes leaves her children,
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她离开田地，有时候还得离开孩子，
去到诊所却发现没货。
04:06
and it's not there.
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她甚至也无从得知什么时候
可以恢复供应。
可以恢复供应。
04:07
And she doesn't know
when it's going to be available again.
when it's going to be available again.
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04:11
This is the same story
across the continent of Africa today.
across the continent of Africa today.
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今天，整个非洲大陆都是这样的情况。
04:16
And so what we've created as a world
has become a life-and-death crisis.
has become a life-and-death crisis.
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因此，我们在当今世界上创造了一个
出生和死亡的危机。
出生和死亡的危机。
04:21
There are 100,000 women [per year]
who say they don't want to be pregnant
who say they don't want to be pregnant
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有10万名女性
表示她们不想怀孕，
表示她们不想怀孕，
04:27
and they die in childbirth --
100,000 women a year.
100,000 women a year.
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然后她们却死于分娩——
整整10万名女性，每一年。
整整10万名女性，每一年。
04:32
There are another 600,000 women [per year]
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（每年）还有60万女性
04:34
who say they didn't want to be pregnant
in the first place,
in the first place,
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一开始表示不想怀孕，
但还是把孩子生了下来，
04:37
and they give birth to a baby
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孩子在出生一个月后便夭折了。
04:39
and her baby dies
in that first month of life.
in that first month of life.
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04:43
I know everyone wants to save
these mothers and these children.
these mothers and these children.
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我知道，每个人都想拯救
这些母亲和孩子。
这些母亲和孩子。
04:50
But somewhere along the way,
we got confused by our own conversation.
we got confused by our own conversation.
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但在这个过程中，
我们会为自己的说辞感到困惑。
我们会为自己的说辞感到困惑。
我们停止了挽救生命的步伐。
04:56
And we stopped trying to save these lives.
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05:01
So if we're going to make
progress on this issue,
progress on this issue,
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因此，如果我们希望
这个问题有所改善，
这个问题有所改善，
05:04
we have to be really clear
about what our agenda is.
about what our agenda is.
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我们必须非常清楚该干些什么。
05:08
We're not talking about abortion.
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我们在讨论的并不是堕胎，
05:11
We're not talking
about population control.
about population control.
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也不是人口控制。
05:14
What I'm talking about is giving women
the power to save their lives,
the power to save their lives,
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而是赋予女性权利，
使她们能够拯救自己的生命，
使她们能够拯救自己的生命，
05:21
to save their children's lives
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拯救孩子的生命，
和为她们的家庭创造最好的未来。
05:23
and to give their families
the best possible future.
the best possible future.
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05:28
Now, as a world,
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如今，放眼全球，
如果想让世界的未来变得更美好，
05:29
there are lots of things we have to do
in the global health community
in the global health community
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全球卫生界还任重而道远——
05:33
if we want to make the world
better in the future --
better in the future --
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05:36
things like fight diseases.
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比如说如何对抗疾病。
大家可能都知道，
现在还有很多儿童会死于痢疾和肺炎。
现在还有很多儿童会死于痢疾和肺炎。
05:38
So many children today die of diarrhea,
as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.
as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.
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这两种病每年让数百万儿童丧命。
05:42
They kill literally
millions of children a year.
millions of children a year.
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05:45
We also need to help small farmers --
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我们还需要帮助小农场主——
那些在小块土地上耕种的非洲农民——
05:47
farmers who plow
small plots of land in Africa --
small plots of land in Africa --
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05:52
so that they can grow enough food
to feed their children.
to feed their children.
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保证他们种的粮食足够
喂饱自己的孩子。
喂饱自己的孩子。
05:54
And we have to make sure that
children are educated around the world.
children are educated around the world.
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我们还需要确保
全世界的儿童都能接受教育。
全世界的儿童都能接受教育。
05:59
But one of the simplest
and most transformative things we can do
and most transformative things we can do
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但我们能做的最简单、
最有成效的事情之一，
最有成效的事情之一，
06:04
is to give everybody access
to birth control methods
to birth control methods
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就是让所有人都能有效避孕，
06:08
that almost all Germans have access to
and all Americans, at some point,
and all Americans, at some point,
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在某种程度上说，
就是能够使用那些几乎所有
就是能够使用那些几乎所有
德国人和美国人常用的避孕措施。
06:13
they use these tools during their life.
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06:17
And I think as long as we're really clear
about what our agenda is,
about what our agenda is,
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我认为，只要我们有明确的计划，
一场全球性的变革就会发生，
06:23
there's a global movement
waiting to happen
waiting to happen
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06:25
and ready to get behind
this totally uncontroversial idea.
this totally uncontroversial idea.
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成为这个毫无争议的话题背后
强有力的支撑。
强有力的支撑。
06:32
When I grew up,
I grew up in a Catholic home.
I grew up in a Catholic home.
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我是在一个天主教的家庭长大的。
06:35
I still consider myself
a practicing Catholic.
a practicing Catholic.
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我始终认为自己是
一个虔诚的天主教徒。
一个虔诚的天主教徒。
06:39
My mom's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.
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我曾祖父的兄弟曾是耶稣会的牧师。
06:43
My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
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我祖父的姐妹曾是
一名多米尼加的修女。
一名多米尼加的修女。
06:46
She was a schoolteacher
and a principal her entire life.
and a principal her entire life.
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一生中，她只担任过教师和校长。
06:50
In fact, she's the one who taught me
as a young girl how to read.
as a young girl how to read.
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是她在我小的时候，
教会了我如何认字。
教会了我如何认字。
06:55
I was very close to her.
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我们的关系非常密切。
06:57
And I went to Catholic schools
for my entire childhood
for my entire childhood
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儿时的我就读的都是天主教的学校，
直到我离开家上大学为止。
07:00
until I left home to go to university.
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07:03
In my high school, Ursuline Academy,
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在我的高中，乌尔苏拉学院，
07:07
the nuns made service and social justice
a high priority in the school.
a high priority in the school.
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修女们非常看重服务和社会正义感。
07:14
Today, in the [Gates] Foundation's work,
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如今，在（盖茨）基金会的工作中，
07:16
I believe I'm applying the lessons
that I learned in high school.
that I learned in high school.
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我相信我正在运用那些
在高中学到的知识。
在高中学到的知识。
07:22
So, in the tradition of Catholic scholars,
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按照天主教学者的惯例，
07:25
the nuns also taught us
to question received teachings.
to question received teachings.
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修女们同样会教导我们去质疑
被灌输的教义。
被灌输的教义。
07:31
And one of the teachings that we girls
and my peers questioned
and my peers questioned
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而我们女孩子以及同伴们
质疑的教义之一就是，
质疑的教义之一就是，
计划生育真的是个罪孽吗？
07:36
was is birth control really a sin?
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07:41
Because I think one of the reasons
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因为我认为
07:43
we have this huge discomfort
talking about contraception
talking about contraception
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我们谈避孕的时候
会感到很不适的原因之一，
会感到很不适的原因之一，
07:47
is this lingering concern
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是一个挥之不去的忧虑，
07:49
that if we separate sex from reproduction,
we're going to promote promiscuity.
we're going to promote promiscuity.
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如果我们独立地看待性交和生殖，
滥交将不可避免。
滥交将不可避免。
07:55
And I think that's a reasonable question
to be asked about contraception --
to be asked about contraception --
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而我觉得有关避孕的问题
是非常合理的——
是非常合理的——
避孕对性道德的影响究竟是什么？
07:59
what is its impact on sexual morality?
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08:05
But, like most women,
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但是，如同多数的女性，
08:06
my decision about birth control
had nothing to do with promiscuity.
had nothing to do with promiscuity.
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我对计划生育所做的决定和滥交无关。
08:11
I had a plan for my future.
I wanted to go to college.
I wanted to go to college.
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我对未来有自己的计划。我想上大学。
我在大学里埋头苦读，
08:15
I studied really hard in college,
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我很荣幸可以成为大学里
少数选修计算机科学的
少数选修计算机科学的
08:17
and I was proud to be one of the very few
female computer science graduates
female computer science graduates
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女性毕业生之一。
08:22
at my university.
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08:24
I wanted to have a career,
so I went on to business school
so I went on to business school
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我想拥有自己的事业，
所以我接着报读了商学院，
所以我接着报读了商学院，
后来我成为了
微软最年轻的女性行政人员之一。
微软最年轻的女性行政人员之一。
08:27
and I became one of the youngest
female executives at Microsoft.
female executives at Microsoft.
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08:33
I still remember, though,
when I left my parents' home
when I left my parents' home
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我仍然还记得离开父母，
移居到另一个城市，
开始在微软的新工作的时候。
开始在微软的新工作的时候。
08:36
to move across the country
to start this new job at Microsoft.
to start this new job at Microsoft.
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08:40
They had sacrificed a lot
to give me five years of higher education.
to give me five years of higher education.
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为了让我接受五年的高等教育，
我的父母牺牲了很多。
我的父母牺牲了很多。
08:46
But they said, as I left home --
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可是在我离家，
08:47
and I literally went down the front steps,
down the porch at home --
down the porch at home --
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走下台阶，走到门廊的时候，
他们对我说，
08:51
and they said,
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08:52
"Even though you've had
this great education,
this great education,
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"虽然你接受了良好的教育，
08:55
if you decide to get married
and have kids right away,
and have kids right away,
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但如果你决定马上结婚生子，
09:00
that's OK by us, too."
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我们都会支持你的。"
09:03
They wanted me to do the thing
that would make me the very happiest.
that would make me the very happiest.
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他们希望我能做令我最开心的事情。
09:08
I was free to decide what that would be.
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我有自己做决定的自由。
09:11
It was an amazing feeling.
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那是一种很棒的感觉。
09:14
In fact, I did want to have kids --
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其实，我确实想要孩子——
09:18
but I wanted to have them
when I was ready.
when I was ready.
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但我想在做好准备的情况下再去生。
09:22
And so now, Bill and I have three.
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现在，我和比尔拥有三个孩子。
09:26
And when our eldest daughter was born,
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当我们的长女出生时，
09:28
we weren't, I would say,
exactly sure how to be great parents.
exactly sure how to be great parents.
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我们不确定如何当好父母。
09:32
Maybe some of you know that feeling.
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可能你们当中会有人明白那种感觉。
09:35
And so we waited a little while
before we had our second child.
before we had our second child.
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于是，我们隔了一段日子
才生下第二个孩子。
才生下第二个孩子。
09:39
And it's no accident
that we have three children
that we have three children
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我们三个孩子的出生都隔了三年的时间，
这并不难理解。
09:42
that are spaced three years apart.
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09:45
Now, as a mother, what do I want
the very most for my children?
the very most for my children?
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身为母亲，
我对孩子最大的期望是什么呢？
我对孩子最大的期望是什么呢？
09:51
I want them to feel the way I did --
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我希望他们会和当年的我
有同样的感受——
有同样的感受——
09:54
like they can do anything
they want to do in life.
they want to do in life.
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比如他们一生都可以做
所有自己想做的事。
所有自己想做的事。
10:00
And so, what has struck me
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过去的十年里，
10:01
as I've travelled the last decade
for the foundation around the world
for the foundation around the world
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我为了基金会的事情走遍了世界，
10:06
is that all women want that same thing.
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发现所有女性也都想要这样的生活。
10:11
Last year, I was in Nairobi, in the slums,
in one called Korogocho --
in one called Korogocho --
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去年，我拜访了内罗毕（非洲）的
一个叫科罗戈乔的贫民窟——
一个叫科罗戈乔的贫民窟——
10:16
which literally means when translated,
"standing shoulder to shoulder."
"standing shoulder to shoulder."
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地名直译的意思是"肩并肩地站着"。
10:21
And I spoke with this women's group
that's pictured here.
that's pictured here.
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我和照片里的女性团体交流。
10:24
And the women talked very openly
about their family life in the slums,
about their family life in the slums,
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女人们坦诚地聊起在
贫民窟里的家庭生活，
贫民窟里的家庭生活，
10:29
what it was like.
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到底是什么样子的。
她们也毫不避讳地聊起如何避孕。
10:30
And they talked quite intimately
about what they did for birth control.
about what they did for birth control.
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10:34
Marianne, in the center of the screen
in the red sweater,
in the red sweater,
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这位屏幕中央穿着红外套的女人
叫马丽安，
叫马丽安，
10:38
she summed up that entire
two-hour conversation
two-hour conversation
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她用了一句话为整个两小时的谈话
做了一个总结，让我十分难忘。
10:41
in a phrase that I will never forget.
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10:45
She said, "I want to bring
every good thing to this child
every good thing to this child
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她说，"我想确保现在这个孩子
能拥有最好的，
能拥有最好的，
10:52
before I have another."
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1400
然后再考虑生第二个。"
10:55
And I thought -- that's it.
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我想——就是这样了。
这是最普遍的想法。
10:57
That's universal.
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10:59
We all want to bring
every good thing to our children.
every good thing to our children.
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我们都想让孩子们拥有最好的。
11:04
But what's not universal is our ability
to provide every good thing.
to provide every good thing.
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但不是所有人都有能力
为孩子提供最好的。
为孩子提供最好的。
11:09
So many women suffer
from domestic violence.
from domestic violence.
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很多女人都遭受家庭暴力。
11:12
And they can't even
broach the subject of contraception,
broach the subject of contraception,
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她们甚至根本不能提及避孕，
即便是在自己的婚姻中。
11:15
even inside their own marriage.
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11:18
There are many women
who lack basic education.
who lack basic education.
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很多女人都缺乏基础教育。
11:21
Even many of the women
who do have knowledge and do have power
who do have knowledge and do have power
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很多有知识和权力的女人
11:27
don't have access to contraceptives.
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甚至都无法采取避孕措施。
11:30
For 250 years, parents around the world
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5016
在过去的250年里，世界各地的父母
都决定建立比较小的家庭。
11:35
have been deciding
to have smaller families.
to have smaller families.
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11:38
This trend has been steady
for a quarter of a millennium,
for a quarter of a millennium,
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这个趋势稳定了250年，
无论他们处在什么样的
地理和文化背景下。
地理和文化背景下。
11:43
across cultures and across geographies,
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11:46
with the glaring exception
of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
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5480
除了南非洲和南亚地区以外。
11:53
The French started bringing down
their family size in the mid-1700s.
their family size in the mid-1700s.
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在18世纪中期，
法国人就开始减小家庭规模。
法国人就开始减小家庭规模。
在接下来的150年里，
这个趋势蔓延到了整个欧洲。
这个趋势蔓延到了整个欧洲。
11:58
And over the next 150 years,
this trend spread all across Europe.
this trend spread all across Europe.
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12:05
The surprising thing to me,
as I learned this history,
as I learned this history,
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我在学习这段历史的时候，
令我惊讶的是，
令我惊讶的是，
12:08
was that it spread not along socioeconomic
lines but around cultural lines.
lines but around cultural lines.
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导致这种趋势蔓延的并不是
社会科学的考量，而是文化的考量。
社会科学的考量，而是文化的考量。
用共同语言沟通的人们携手改变了趋势。
12:15
People who spoke the same language
made that change as a group.
made that change as a group.
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他们都为了家庭而作出了同样的选择，
12:19
They made the same choice
for their family,
for their family,
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无关贫富。
12:21
whether they were rich
or whether they were poor.
or whether they were poor.
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3000
12:26
The reason that trend
toward smaller families spread
toward smaller families spread
193
742400
3216
倾向小家庭的趋势之所以会蔓延，
是因为这个方式是
由一个想法引起的——
由一个想法引起的——
12:29
was that this whole way
was driven by an idea --
was driven by an idea --
194
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3200
12:33
the idea that couples
can exercise conscious control
can exercise conscious control
195
749320
5016
那个想法就是夫妻们有权力
刻意地掌控家庭人口数量。
12:38
over how many children they have.
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1920
12:41
This is a very powerful idea.
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3560
这是很有影响力的想法。
12:45
It means that parents have
the ability to affect the future,
the ability to affect the future,
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这意味着父母们有权力影响未来，
12:50
not just accept it as it is.
199
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3240
而不必接受一切现实。
12:54
In France, the average family size
went down every decade
went down every decade
200
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在法国，家庭的平均人口数量
每十年都会发生缩减，
每十年都会发生缩减，
直到150年后才稳定下来。
12:59
for 150 years in a row
until it stabilized.
until it stabilized.
201
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3720
13:03
It took so long back then because
the contraceptives weren't that good.
the contraceptives weren't that good.
202
779440
4320
过渡期如此之长主要是因为
那时侯的避孕方式效果并不好。
那时侯的避孕方式效果并不好。
13:08
In Germany, this transition started
in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years
in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years
203
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6216
在德国，这个趋势在19世纪末
就已经开始了，仅仅五十年的时间
就已经开始了，仅仅五十年的时间
家庭人口数量就稳定了下来。
13:14
for family size
to stabilize in this country.
to stabilize in this country.
204
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2640
13:18
And in Asia and Latin America,
the transition started in the 1960s,
the transition started in the 1960s,
205
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4616
亚洲和拉美的过渡期发生在1960年代，
13:22
and it happened much faster
because of modern contraception.
because of modern contraception.
206
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4120
因为有了现代的避孕法，
过渡期更短了。
过渡期更短了。
13:29
I think, as we go through this history,
it's important to pause for a moment
it's important to pause for a moment
207
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但我认为，在我们回顾这短历史的时候，
应该停下来想想，
应该停下来想想，
13:35
and to remember why this has become
such a contentious issue.
such a contentious issue.
208
811000
5056
这个话题为什么如此惹争议。
这是因为有的家庭计划项目
13:40
It's because some family planning programs
209
816080
2656
采取了不正当的奖励及强制性的政策。
13:42
resorted to unfortunate incentives
and coercive policies.
and coercive policies.
210
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4840
13:48
For instance, in the 1960s, India
adopted very specific numeric targets
adopted very specific numeric targets
211
824480
6856
比如，在1960年代，
印度制定了很具体的数字指标，
印度制定了很具体的数字指标，
他们会奖励愿意把
节育器安装在体内的女性。
节育器安装在体内的女性。
13:55
and they paid women to accept
having an IUD placed in their bodies.
having an IUD placed in their bodies.
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14:00
Now, Indian women were
really smart in this situation.
really smart in this situation.
213
836200
3376
面对这种情况，
印度的女人表现得很聪明。
印度的女人表现得很聪明。
她们安装节育器时，得到了六个卢比。
14:03
When they went to get an IUD inserted,
they got paid six rupees.
they got paid six rupees.
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3496
然后她们做了什么呢？
14:07
And so what did they do?
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14:08
They waited a few hours or a few days,
216
844960
2016
她们等了几个小时或几天，
然后到另一个服务提供者那里，
用一个卢比把节育器拿出来。
用一个卢比把节育器拿出来。
14:11
and they went to another service provider
and had the IUD removed for one rupee.
and had the IUD removed for one rupee.
217
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5200
14:18
For decades in the United States,
218
854200
2560
几十年来，在美国，
14:21
African-American women
were sterilized without their consent.
were sterilized without their consent.
219
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4680
非洲裔美国女性往往在
未经同意的情况下被节育。
未经同意的情况下被节育。
14:26
The procedure was so common
220
862880
2216
这种程序非常普遍，
14:29
it became known as
the Mississippi appendectomy --
the Mississippi appendectomy --
221
865120
3520
被称为密西西比阑尾切除术——
14:33
a tragic chapter in my country's history.
222
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3000
是我国历史中一个悲惨的章节。
14:37
And as recently as the 1990s, in Peru,
223
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2776
更近一点的，1990年代的秘鲁，
安第斯山脉地区的女性
被迫服下麻醉药，
被迫服下麻醉药，
14:40
women from the Andes region
were given anesthesia
were given anesthesia
224
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3496
然后在不知情的情况下被节育了。
14:43
and they were sterilized
without their knowledge.
without their knowledge.
225
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2920
14:48
The most startling thing about this
226
884200
2616
最惊人的是，
这些强制性的政策完全是多余的。
14:50
is that these coercive policies
weren't even needed.
weren't even needed.
227
886840
2736
它们实行在
14:53
They were carried out in places
228
889600
1816
已经开始减小家庭规模的地方。
14:55
where parents already
wanted to lower their family size.
wanted to lower their family size.
229
891440
4120
15:00
Because in region after region,
again and again,
again and again,
230
896120
3296
因为在一个又一个的地区，一次又一次，
父母们都不约而同想要缩减家庭规模。
15:03
parents have wanted
to have smaller families.
to have smaller families.
231
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2920
15:07
There's no reason to believe
232
903600
1776
我们没有理由相信
15:09
that African women
have innately different desires.
have innately different desires.
233
905400
3600
非洲女性生来就有不同的欲望。
15:13
Given the option,
they will have fewer children.
they will have fewer children.
234
909520
3680
如果有选择的话，
她们会选择少生孩子。
她们会选择少生孩子。
15:18
The question is:
235
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1496
问题是：
15:19
will we invest in helping
all women get what they want now?
all women get what they want now?
236
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我们会竭尽所能帮助
全体女性争取她们的权利吗？
全体女性争取她们的权利吗？
15:25
Or, are we going to condemn them
to some century-long struggle,
to some century-long struggle,
237
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4696
或者，我们只能眼睁睁
看着她们再挣扎几十年，
看着她们再挣扎几十年，
15:30
as if this was still revolutionary France
238
926600
2736
仿佛这还是法国革命时期，
而最好的方法是体外射精？
15:33
and the best method
was coitus interruptus?
was coitus interruptus?
239
929360
2800
15:39
Empowering parents --
it doesn't need justification.
it doesn't need justification.
240
935320
4280
赋予父母们应有的权利——
并不需要理由。
并不需要理由。
15:44
But here's the thing -- our desire
to bring every good thing to our children
to bring every good thing to our children
241
940560
6856
不过，我们想让孩子拥有
最好的一切的欲望，
最好的一切的欲望，
15:51
is a force for good throughout the world.
242
947440
2840
是能够让世界变得更好的力量。
15:54
It's what propels societies forward.
243
950640
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这推动了社会的进步。
15:58
In that same slum in Nairobi,
I met a young businesswoman,
I met a young businesswoman,
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954600
3936
在奈罗比的同一个贫民窟，
我遇到了一个年轻的女商人，
我遇到了一个年轻的女商人，
16:02
and she was making backpacks
out of her home.
out of her home.
245
958560
2216
她正在家门口做背包。
她和年幼的孩子会到当地的牛仔裤工厂，
16:04
She and her young kids
would go to the local jeans factory
would go to the local jeans factory
246
960800
3336
16:08
and collect scraps of denim.
247
964160
1736
去收集剩余的牛仔布料。
16:09
She'd create these backpacks
and resell them.
and resell them.
248
965920
2536
她会做好背包然后把它们转售。
在我们的谈话中，她说她有三个孩子，
16:12
And when I talked with her,
she had three children,
she had three children,
249
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2381
16:14
and I asked her about her family.
250
970885
1576
我问了她的家庭情况。
她说她和丈夫决定
16:16
And she said she and her husband decided
251
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2091
在生下第三个孩子之后，就不再生了。
16:18
that they wanted to stop
having children after their third one.
having children after their third one.
252
974600
3016
我问她为什么，她只是说，
16:21
And so when I asked her why,
she simply said,
she simply said,
253
977640
2656
"如果再多一个孩子，
我就不能做生意了。"
我就不能做生意了。"
16:24
"Well, because I couldn't run
my business if I had another child."
my business if I had another child."
254
980320
3496
16:27
And she explained the income
that she was getting out of her business
that she was getting out of her business
255
983840
3239
她解释说做生意赚来的钱，
使她有能力让三个孩子们都接受教育。
16:31
afforded her to be able to give
an education to all three of her children.
an education to all three of her children.
256
987103
3720
16:35
She was incredibly optimistic
about her family's future.
about her family's future.
257
991280
4280
对于家庭的未来，她表现得非常乐观。
16:41
This is the same mental calculus
258
997160
2536
这种内心的衡量，
16:43
that hundreds of millions
of men and women have gone through.
of men and women have gone through.
259
999720
4176
是成千上万的男人女人都经历过的。
16:47
And evidence proves
that they have it exactly right.
that they have it exactly right.
260
1003920
3800
而事实证明他们的决定是明智的。
16:52
They are able to give their children
more opportunities
more opportunities
261
1008320
3896
他们通过合理的控制生育，
16:56
by exercising control
over when they have them.
over when they have them.
262
1012240
3280
有能力让孩子们拥有更多的机遇。
17:01
In Bangladesh,
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在孟加拉，
17:02
there's a district called Matlab.
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有个叫 Matlab 的县。
17:04
It's where researchers have collected data
on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.
on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.
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那里的研究人员从1963 年开始，
收集了超过了18万居民的资料。
收集了超过了18万居民的资料。
在全球卫生界内，
17:11
In the global health community,
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我们认为这是为期最久的研究之一。
17:12
we like to say it's one of the longest
pieces of research that's been running.
pieces of research that's been running.
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我们拥有很多很好的卫生数据。
17:16
We have so many great health statistics.
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在其中一项研究当中，他们做了什么？
17:18
In one of the studies, what did they do?
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他们让一半的村民了解如何避孕。
17:21
Half the villagers
were chosen to get contraceptives.
were chosen to get contraceptives.
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17:25
They got education
and access to contraception.
and access to contraception.
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他们得到了避孕方面的教育，
获得了必要的避孕工具。
获得了必要的避孕工具。
17:28
Twenty years later,
following those villages,
following those villages,
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在20年后对这些村子的随访中，
17:31
what we learned is that they had a better
quality of life than their neighbors.
quality of life than their neighbors.
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我们发现这些村民都拥有
比邻居们优越的生活水平。
比邻居们优越的生活水平。
17:35
The families were healthier.
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实施避孕的家庭比较健康。
更少的女性会难产而死。
17:37
The women were less likely
to die in childbirth.
to die in childbirth.
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17:40
Their children were less likely
to die in the first thirty days of life.
to die in the first thirty days of life.
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孩子们在生下来的三十天内
死亡的可能性也减少了。
死亡的可能性也减少了。
17:44
The children were better nourished.
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孩子们获得了更好的营养补充。
家庭也都比较富裕。
17:47
The families were also wealthier.
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17:49
The adult women's wages were higher.
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成年女性的工资都比较高。
17:51
Households had more assets --
things like livestock or land or savings.
things like livestock or land or savings.
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家家户户都有较多资产，
例如畜牧业、土地和储蓄。
例如畜牧业、土地和储蓄。
17:56
Finally, their sons and daughters
had more schooling.
had more schooling.
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最后，他们的儿女
都接受了更多的教育。
都接受了更多的教育。
18:01
So when you multiply these types
of effects over millions of families,
of effects over millions of families,
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当你们把这些影响
乘以数百万个家庭的时候，
乘以数百万个家庭的时候，
18:07
the product can be large-scale
economic development.
economic development.
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得到的可能是大型的经济发展。
18:11
People talk about the Asian
economic miracle of the 1980s --
economic miracle of the 1980s --
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人们都会谈起1980年代
亚洲的经济奇迹——
亚洲的经济奇迹——
但那并不是奇迹。
18:15
but it wasn't really a miracle.
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那个区域的经济之所以会
快速发展的主要原因之一，
快速发展的主要原因之一，
18:17
One of the leading causes
of economic growth across that region
of economic growth across that region
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18:21
was this cultural trend
towards smaller families.
towards smaller families.
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是倾向小家庭的文化趋势。
18:26
Sweeping changes start
at the individual family level --
at the individual family level --
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广泛的变化发生在了个人家庭中——
家庭为孩子们的未来
做出了最好的选择。
做出了最好的选择。
18:30
the family making a decision
about what's best for their children.
about what's best for their children.
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18:35
When they make that change
and that decision,
and that decision,
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他们做出的选择和改变，
18:38
those become sweeping
regional and national trends.
regional and national trends.
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成为了地区性和全国性的广泛趋势。
18:43
When families in sub-Saharan Africa
are given the opportunity
are given the opportunity
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当撒哈拉以南的非洲家庭得到
18:47
to make those decisions for themselves,
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为自己做出选择的机会时，
18:50
I think it will help spark
a virtuous cycle of development
a virtuous cycle of development
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我觉得这就会在整个
大洲的社区中推动
大洲的社区中推动
触发发展的良性循环。
18:53
in communities across the continent.
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18:58
We can help poor families
build a better future.
build a better future.
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我们可以帮助贫困家庭建立更好的未来。
我们可以坚决主张所有人都有机会
19:01
We can insist that all people
have the opportunity
have the opportunity
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认识避孕，
19:05
to learn about contraceptives
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以及得到齐全的避孕方式的途径。
19:07
and have access
to the full variety of methods.
to the full variety of methods.
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19:12
I think the goal here is really clear:
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我认为现在的目标很明确：
最大范围的让女性得到想要的避孕措施。
19:14
universal access to birth control
that women want.
that women want.
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19:20
And for that to happen, it means that
both rich and poor governments alike
both rich and poor governments alike
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而为了实现这个目标，
所有的政府，不论贫富，
所有的政府，不论贫富，
都必须让避孕得到重视。
19:25
must make contraception a total priority.
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19:29
We can do our part,
in this room and globally,
in this room and globally,
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3976
我们可以在这个房间里，
或者在全球范围内尽自己的力量，
或者在全球范围内尽自己的力量，
19:33
by talking about the hundreds
of millions of families
of millions of families
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通过谈论上亿个
19:37
that don't have access
to contraception today
to contraception today
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无法合理避孕的家庭，
以及他们如果能避孕，生活将如何改变。
19:39
and what it would do to change
their lives if they did have access.
their lives if they did have access.
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19:44
I think if Marianne
and the members of her women's group
and the members of her women's group
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3736
我想如果马丽安和女性团体的成员
能够公开地谈论这个话题，
19:48
can talk about this openly
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能够在彼此和公众间讨论这个话题，
19:50
and have this discussion
out amongst themselves and in public,
out amongst themselves and in public,
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3400
19:54
we can, too.
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我们也一样可以。
19:56
And we need to start now.
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我们必须现在就开始行动。
19:59
Because like Marianne, we all want
to bring every good thing to our children.
to bring every good thing to our children.
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6560
因为像马丽安一样，
我们都想让自己的孩子拥有最好的。
我们都想让自己的孩子拥有最好的。
20:06
And where is the controversy in that?
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而在这个问题上，
是否还存在任何争议呢？
是否还存在任何争议呢？
20:10
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
20:11
(Applause)
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2736
克里斯 安德勋（CA）：
谢谢。
谢谢。
20:14
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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20:22
I have some questions for Melinda.
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我有一些问题想问梅琳达。
（掌声终止）
20:26
(Applause ends)
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谢谢你的勇敢和所做的一切。
20:27
Thank you for your courage
and everything else.
and everything else.
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2960
20:31
So, Melinda, in the last few years
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梅琳达，在过去的几年里，
20:34
I've heard a lot of smart people
say something to the effect of,
say something to the effect of,
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3720
我听过很多聪明的人说过类似的话，
20:39
"We don't need to worry
about the population issue anymore.
about the population issue anymore.
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3456
"我们不必担心人口问题了。
20:42
Family sizes are coming down
naturally all over the world.
naturally all over the world.
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3496
家庭规模已在世界范围内不断减小，
我们的人口最多增加到
90或者100亿人。就这样。"
90或者100亿人。就这样。"
20:46
We're going to peak
at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."
at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."
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2960
20:50
Are they wrong?
326
1246720
1216
他们错了吗？
梅琳达·盖茨（MG）：
如果你看看非洲的数据，
如果你看看非洲的数据，
20:51
Melinda Gates: If you look
at the statistics across Africa,
at the statistics across Africa,
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1247960
2776
他们的确错了。
20:54
they are wrong.
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1250760
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我认为我们需要以
不同的角度来看待问题。
不同的角度来看待问题。
20:56
And I think we need to look at it,
though, from a different lens.
though, from a different lens.
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我们需要追源溯本的看问题，
20:59
We need to look at it
from the ground upwards.
from the ground upwards.
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我觉得这是我们在避孕的问题上
给自己惹了
给自己惹了
21:01
I think that's one of the reasons
we got ourselves in so much trouble
we got ourselves in so much trouble
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3256
21:04
on this issue of contraception.
332
1260560
1696
这么多麻烦的原因之一、
21:06
We looked at it from top down
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1262280
1381
我们只是着眼现在这个时间点，
然后说我们想要在未来
有不同的人口数据。
有不同的人口数据。
21:07
and said we want to have different
population numbers over time.
population numbers over time.
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1263685
3531
没错，我们关心地球。
没错，我们需要做出正确的选择。
没错，我们需要做出正确的选择。
21:11
Yes, we care about the planet.
Yes, we need to make the right choices.
Yes, we need to make the right choices.
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3296
21:14
But the choices have to be made
at the family level.
at the family level.
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1270560
2576
但这些选择必须以家庭为重。
只有让人们有能力和途径
选择想做的事，
选择想做的事，
21:17
And it's only by giving people access
and letting them choose what to do
and letting them choose what to do
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1273160
4336
21:21
that you get those sweeping changes
that we have seen globally --
that we have seen globally --
338
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3056
才能得到那些全球性的广泛变化——
21:24
except for sub-Saharan Africa and those
places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
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4680
除了南非和南亚、阿富汗的某些地区。
21:31
CA: Some people on the right in America
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CA: 有些在美国，
21:34
and in many conservative cultures
around the world
around the world
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3400
以及在世界各地的
很多保守的文化里的人，
很多保守的文化里的人，
21:39
might say something like this:
342
1295360
1816
可能会说类似这样的话：
21:41
"It's all very well to talk about saving
lives and empowering women and so on.
lives and empowering women and so on.
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"谈论拯救生命，赋予女性权利
等等的问题是没错。
等等的问题是没错。
但性爱是神圣的。
21:44
But, sex is sacred.
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1300891
1960
21:48
What you're proposing
is going to increase the likelihood
is going to increase the likelihood
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1304000
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你的提议将会增加
性爱发生在婚姻外的可能性。
21:52
that lots of sex happens outside marriage.
346
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2216
而那是不对的。"
21:54
And that is wrong."
347
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21:56
What would you say to them?
348
1312600
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你会对他们说什么？
MG：我会说性爱的确是神圣的。
21:58
MG: I would say
that sex is absolutely sacred.
that sex is absolutely sacred.
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22:01
And it's sacred in Germany,
and it's sacred in the United States,
and it's sacred in the United States,
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它在德国、美国是神圣的。
它在法国和世界各国都是神圣的。
22:05
and it's sacred in France
and so many places around the world.
and so many places around the world.
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1321080
3096
在我国98％有性经验的女性表示，
22:08
And the fact that 98 percent of women
in my country who are sexually experienced
in my country who are sexually experienced
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4896
使用节育措施并不会
让性爱变得不再神圣。
让性爱变得不再神圣。
22:13
say they use birth control
doesn't make sex any less sacred.
doesn't make sex any less sacred.
353
1329120
4176
这只是代表她们
能为自己的生活做选择。
能为自己的生活做选择。
22:17
It just means that they're getting
to make choices about their lives.
to make choices about their lives.
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3256
我觉得在做选择的时候，
22:20
And I think in that choice,
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我们也在尊敬家庭，
22:21
we're also honoring
the sacredness of the family
the sacredness of the family
356
1337920
2896
22:24
and the sacredness of the mother's life
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2256
和一位母亲的生命，
以及挽救孩子的生命的神圣。
22:27
and the childrens' lives
by saving their lives.
by saving their lives.
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2256
那也是非常神圣的。
22:29
To me, that's incredibly sacred, too.
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2280
22:32
CA: So what is your foundation
doing to promote this issue?
doing to promote this issue?
360
1348760
4736
CA： 你的基金会如何提倡这个问题？
这里的人和在网络上的观众——
22:37
And what could people here
and people listening on the web --
and people listening on the web --
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4016
你希望他们做些什么？
22:41
what would you like them to do?
362
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22:43
MG: I would say this --
join the conversation.
join the conversation.
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1359120
2143
MG：我想说——要积极参与讨论，
我们在屏幕上列出了网站。
请加入我们的讨论。
请加入我们的讨论。
22:45
We've listed the website up here.
Join the conversation.
Join the conversation.
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1361287
4169
告诉我们避孕如何改变了你的生活，
22:49
Tell your story about how contraception
has either changed your life
has either changed your life
365
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3816
或你认识的人的生活。
22:53
or somebody's life that you know.
366
1369320
2016
然后说你赞同这种做法。
22:55
And say that you're for this.
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22:56
We need a groundswell
of people saying, "This makes sense.
of people saying, "This makes sense.
368
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2715
我们需要听到越来越多的人说，
"这很有道理。
"这很有道理。
我们需要让全体女性获得避孕的措施——
不论她们身在何处。"
不论她们身在何处。"
22:59
We've got to give all women access --
no matter where they live."
no matter where they live."
369
1375504
3392
23:02
And one of the things
that we're going to do
that we're going to do
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2096
而我们将会做的事情之一
就是7月11号在伦敦
举办一个大型的活动，
举办一个大型的活动，
23:05
is do a large event July 11 in London,
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3176
跟许多国家，包括许多非洲国家，
23:08
with a whole host of countries,
a whole host of African nations,
a whole host of African nations,
372
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3376
宣布我们要把这个（避孕）
重新列入全球卫生议程里。
重新列入全球卫生议程里。
23:11
to all say we're putting this back
on the global health agenda.
on the global health agenda.
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1387640
3136
我们将会投入资源，
23:14
We're going to commit resources to it,
374
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1856
并与政府从基层开始策划，
23:16
and we're going to do planning
from the bottom up with governments
from the bottom up with governments
375
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3136
以确保女性受到避孕方面的教育——
23:19
to make sure that women are educated --
376
1395840
2096
让她们可以在需要的时候
得到避孕工具，
得到避孕工具，
23:21
so that if they
want the tool, they have it,
want the tool, they have it,
377
1397960
2456
23:24
and that they have
lots of options available
lots of options available
378
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2096
也会有很多的选择，
无论是通过当地的卫生保健员，
23:26
either through
their local healthcare worker
their local healthcare worker
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2096
还是当地的社区诊所。
23:28
or their local community rural clinic.
380
1404680
1880
23:31
CA: Melinda, I'm guessing that some
of those nuns who taught you at school
of those nuns who taught you at school
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4576
CA：我猜想在学校教过你的一些修女
总有一天会看到这个讲座。
23:36
are going to see
this TED Talk at some point.
this TED Talk at some point.
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1412520
2640
23:39
Are they going to be horrified,
or are they cheering you on?
or are they cheering you on?
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1415960
2896
她们会为你的所作所为吓到，
还是会为你感到高兴？
还是会为你感到高兴？
MG：我知道她们会看到这个讲座，
23:42
MG: I know they're going
to see the TED Talk
to see the TED Talk
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1418880
2096
因为她们知道我会举办这个讲座，
而且我打算把讲座发给她们。
而且我打算把讲座发给她们。
23:45
because they know that I'm doing it
and I plan to send it to them.
and I plan to send it to them.
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你知道吗，教过我的修女们
观念非常与时俱进。
观念非常与时俱进。
23:48
And, you know, the nuns who taught me
were incredibly progressive.
were incredibly progressive.
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1424160
3136
我希望她们会以我为荣，
23:51
I hope that they'll be very proud of me
387
1427320
1896
因为我实践了她们教会我的
社会正义和服务。
社会正义和服务。
23:53
for living out what they taught us
about social justice and service.
about social justice and service.
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1429240
3936
我已经开始对这个问题非常的关切，
23:57
I have come to feel
incredibly passionate about this issue
incredibly passionate about this issue
389
1433200
3896
介于我在发展中的
世界里所看到的一切。
世界里所看到的一切。
24:01
because of what I've seen
in the developing world.
in the developing world.
390
1437120
2776
24:03
And for me, this topic
has become very close to heart
has become very close to heart
391
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4856
对我而言，
这个课题已经根植于我的内心，
这个课题已经根植于我的内心，
因为我亲眼见到了
这些没有话语权的女人。
这些没有话语权的女人。
24:08
because you meet these women
and they are so often voiceless.
and they are so often voiceless.
392
1444800
3056
但她们本不应该这样——
24:11
And yet they shouldn't be --
393
1447880
1336
她们应该表达自己的意见，
应该有途径避孕。
应该有途径避孕。
24:13
they should have a voice,
they should have access.
they should have access.
394
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我希望她们会觉得
24:15
And so I hope they'll feel
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24:17
that I'm living out
what I've learned from them
what I've learned from them
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我实践了从她们身上,
以及我通过在基金会
几十年的工作所学到的。
几十年的工作所学到的。
24:19
and from the decades of work
that I've already done at the foundation.
that I've already done at the foundation.
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24:24
CA: So, you and your team brought together
today an amazing group of speakers
today an amazing group of speakers
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CA：今天，你和你的队伍集合了
一群很棒的演讲人，
一群很棒的演讲人，
我们很感激。
24:28
to whom we're all grateful.
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24:31
Did you learn anything?
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你学到了什么吗？
（笑声）
24:33
(Laughter)
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24:34
MG: Oh my gosh, I learned so many things.
I have so many follow-up questions.
I have so many follow-up questions.
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MG：我学到了好多。
我有好多跟进的问题。
我有好多跟进的问题。
我觉得这项工作是个充满未知的旅程。
24:38
And I think a lot
of this work is a journey.
of this work is a journey.
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你听到了关于能量的讨论，
24:40
You heard the discussion
about the journey through energy,
about the journey through energy,
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或者社会设计，
24:44
or the journey through social design,
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或者还有这样的质疑，
24:47
or the journey in the coming and saying,
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"为什么这个平台上没有任何的女性？"
24:49
"Why aren't there any women
on this platform?"
on this platform?"
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我觉得我们这些从事发展问题的人，
24:51
And I think for all of us who work
on these development issues,
on these development issues,
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都是通过与人交流来学习的。
24:54
you learn by talking to other people.
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你通过实践来学习。
你通过尝试和犯错来学习。
你通过尝试和犯错来学习。
24:56
You learn by doing.
You learn by trying and making mistakes.
You learn by trying and making mistakes.
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你问的问题也很重要。
24:59
And it's the questions you ask.
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有的时候是你的提问帮忙引出了答案，
25:00
Sometimes it's the questions you ask
that helps lead to the answer
that helps lead to the answer
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也许下一个人就能够回答你的问题。
25:04
the next person
that can help you answer it.
that can help you answer it.
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今天我给小组成员准备了很多问题。
25:06
So I have lots of questions
for the panelists from today.
for the panelists from today.
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我觉得这会是很精彩的一天。
25:09
And I thought it was just an amazing day.
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CA： 梅琳达，谢谢你邀请我们和你
一起搭上这个旅程。
一起搭上这个旅程。
25:11
CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting
all of us on this journey with you.
all of us on this journey with you.
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非常感谢你。
MG：没问题。谢谢你，克里斯。
MG：没问题。谢谢你，克里斯。
25:14
Thank you so much.
MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melinda Gates - PhilanthropistMelinda French Gates is co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where she puts into practice the idea that every life has equal value.
Why you should listen
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation works to help all people lead healthy, productive lives. As co-chair, Melinda French Gates helps shape and approve strategies, review results, advocate for foundation issues and set the overall direction. In developing countries, the foundation focuses on improving people's health with vaccines and other life-saving tools and giving them a chance to lift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to dramatically improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.
In recent years, Melinda French Gates has become a vocal advocate for access to contraception, advancing the idea that empowering women to decide whether and when to have children can have transformational effects on societies. In 2012, Gates spearheaded the London Summit on Family Planning, with the goal of delivering contraceptives to 120 million women in developing countries by 2020. When asked why she got involved in this issue, Gates said, "We knew that 210 million women were saying they wanted access to the contraceptives we have here in the United States and we weren't providing them because of political controversy in our country. To me, that was just a crime. I kept looking around trying to find the person to get this back on the global stage. I realized I just had to do it."
Melinda Gates | Speaker | TED.com