TED2012
Terry Moore: Why is 'x' the unknown?
Terri Mur: Nega "x" bu noaniqlik?
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Nega "x" noaniqlik belgisi hisoblanadi? Ushbu qisqa va qiziq suhbatda Terri Mur sizga savolga javobni taqdim etadi.
Terry Moore - Thinker
Terry Moore is the director of the Radius Foundation, a forum for exploring and gaining insight from different worldviews. Full bio
Terry Moore is the director of the Radius Foundation, a forum for exploring and gaining insight from different worldviews. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I have the answer to a question that we've all asked.
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Menda hammamizni o'ylantiradigan
savolga javob bor.
savolga javob bor.
00:20
The question is,
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Savol shunday,
00:21
Why is it that the letter X
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nega X harfi
00:23
represents the unknown?
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noaniqlikni anglatadi?
00:25
Now I know we learned that in math class,
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Bilaman, biz uni matematika darslarida
o'rganganmiz,
o'rganganmiz,
00:28
but now it's everywhere in the culture --
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lekin hozir u hamma joyda uchraydi —
00:30
The X prize, the X-Files,
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X mukofoti, X-Files,
00:33
Project X, TEDx.
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Loyiha X, TEDx.
00:36
Where'd that come from?
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Bular qayerdan paydo bo'lgan?
00:38
About six years ago
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Olti yilcha oldin
00:40
I decided that I would learn Arabic,
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men arab tilini o'rganishga qaror qildim.
00:42
which turns out to be a supremely logical language.
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Juda mantiqiy til bo'lib chiqdi.
00:46
To write a word or a phrase
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Arab tilida so'z, ibora yoki
00:49
or a sentence in Arabic
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gap yozish bu xuddi
00:50
is like crafting an equation,
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formula tuzgandek,
00:53
because every part is extremely precise
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chunki har bir qismi juda aniq
00:55
and carries a lot of information.
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va ko'p ma'lumotga ega.
00:58
That's one of the reasons
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Bu biz g'arb ilm-fani deb
00:59
so much of what we've come to think of
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biladigan ko'pchilik bilimlar,
01:01
as Western science and mathematics and engineering
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matematika va injeneriya deb ataydiganimiz
01:04
was really worked out in the first few centuries of the Common Era
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aslida eramizning dastlabki asrlarida
forslar, arablar va turklar
forslar, arablar va turklar
01:08
by the Persians and the Arabs and the Turks.
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tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.
01:11
This includes the little system in Arabic
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Bu arab tilida bir katta bo'lmagan
sistemani,
sistemani,
01:13
called al-jebra.
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"al-jabr"ni o'z ichiga oladi.
01:15
And al-jebr roughly translates to
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Uni shunday tarjima qilish mumkin:
01:18
"the system for reconciling disparate parts."
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"ajratish qismlarini tasdiqlash tizimi".
01:22
Al-jebr finally came into English as algebra.
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"Al-jabr" bizning tilimizga algebra
ko'rinishida kirib keldi.
ko'rinishida kirib keldi.
01:26
One example among many.
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Bu ko'pchilik misollardan biri.
01:28
The Arabic texts containing this mathematical wisdom
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Ushbu matematik donolini o'z ichiga
oladigan arab matnlari
oladigan arab matnlari
01:32
finally made their way to Europe --
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nihoyat Yevropa kirib kelgan —
01:34
which is to say Spain --
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aniqrog'i Ispaniyaga —
01:35
in the 11th and 12th centuries.
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XI va XII asrlarda.
01:38
And when they arrived
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Kirib kelganida,
01:39
there was tremendous interest
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juda katta qiziqish bilan
01:41
in translating this wisdom
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bu bilimlarni Yevropa tillariga
01:42
into a European language.
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tarjima qilish boshlangan.
01:44
But there were problems.
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Lekin bu ko'p muammo tug'dirgan.
01:46
One problem
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Shulardan bittasi
01:48
is there are some sounds in Arabic
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arab tilida yevropaliklar uchun
o'rganmasdan turib
o'rganmasdan turib
01:51
that just don't make it through a European voice box
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talaffuz qilishda qiyinchilik
tug'diradigan
tug'diradigan
01:54
without lots of practice.
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tovushlarning mavjudligi edi.
01:56
Trust me on that one.
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Ishoning.
01:58
Also, those very sounds
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Bundan tashqari, nu tovushlar
02:00
tend not to be represented
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yevropa tillarida mavjud bo'lmagan
02:02
by the characters that are available in European languages.
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turli belgilarda berilgan edi.
02:05
Here's one of the culprits.
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"Aybdor"lardan biri —
02:07
This is the letter SHeen,
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'sheen' harfi,
02:09
and it makes the sound we think of as SH -- "sh."
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biz uchun 'sh' bo'lib eshitiladigan.
02:13
It's also the very first letter
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U shuningdek 'shayun' so'zidagi
02:15
of the word shalan,
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birinchi harfdir.
02:18
which means "something"
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Bu so'z "nimadir" degan ma'noni,
02:19
just like the the English word "something" --
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xuddi biz tushunadigan so'zni,
02:21
some undefined, unknown thing.
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qandaydir aniq bo'lmagan narsani
anglatadi.
anglatadi.
02:24
Now in Arabic,
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Arab tilida
02:26
we can make this definite
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uni aniq qilish mumkin,
02:27
by adding the definite article "al."
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'al' artiklini qo'shish orqali.
02:29
So this is al-shalan --
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Bu bilan 'al-shayun' —
02:32
the unknown thing.
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"bu noaniq narsa".
02:33
And this is a word that appears throughout early mathematics,
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Bu so'z XX asrda, ildizni hisoblash kabi
02:37
such as this 10th century derivation of proofs.
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dastlabki matematik hisoblashlarda
uchraydi.
uchraydi.
02:44
The problem for the Medieval Spanish scholars
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O'rta asrlarda bu materialni tarjima
qilayotgan
qilayotgan
02:46
who were tasked with translating this material
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ispan olimlarining muammosi shunda ediki,
02:49
is that the letter SHeen and the word shalan
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sheen harfi va shayun so'zini ispan tilida
02:53
can't be rendered into Spanish
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keltirib bo'lmas edi,
02:55
because Spanish doesn't have that SH,
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chunki ispan tilida 'sh' tovushi ham,
02:58
that "sh" sound.
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'sh' harfi ham yo'q edi.
02:59
So by convention,
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Shuning uchun ular,
03:01
they created a rule in which
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bsohqacha yechim o'ylab topishdi,
03:02
they borrowed the CK sound, "ck" sound,
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qadimgi yunon tilidan "kai" ko'rinishidagi
03:07
from the classical Greek
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"k" tovushini olishga
03:08
in the form of the letter Kai.
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qaror qilishdi.
03:11
Later when this material was translated
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Keyinchalik, bu material umumyevropa
tiliga,
tiliga,
03:14
into a common European language,
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aynan lotin tiliga tarjima qilingach —
03:16
which is to say Latin,
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ular yunon tilidagi 'kai' harfini
03:18
they simply replaced the Greek Kai
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oddiygina qilib lotin tilidagi
03:20
with the Latin X.
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X harfiga almashtirishdi.
03:23
And once that happened,
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Aynan shundan keyin
03:24
once this material was in Latin,
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bu materialni lotin tilida chiqara
boshlashdi,
boshlashdi,
03:26
it formed the basis for mathematics textbooks
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va bu matematika darsliklarining asosiga
aylandi,
aylandi,
03:30
for almost 600 years.
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keyingi 600 yil davomida.
03:32
But now we have the answer to our question.
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Endi biz savolimizga javob oldik.
03:34
Why is it that X is the unknown?
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Nega X — bu noaniqlik?
03:37
X is the unknown
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X — noaniqlik ekanligini sababi shuki,
03:39
because you can't say "sh" in Spanish.
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ispan tilida "sh" tovushi mavjud emas.
03:42
(Laughter)
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(Kulgu)
03:45
And I thought that was worth sharing.
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Va men buni sizlarga ulashishga qaror
qildim.
qildim.
03:47
(Applause)
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(Qarsaklar)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Terry Moore - ThinkerTerry Moore is the director of the Radius Foundation, a forum for exploring and gaining insight from different worldviews.
Why you should listen
Terry Moore directs the Radius Foundation in New York, which, as its website says, "seeks new ways of exploring and understanding dissimilar conceptual systems or paradigms -- scientific, religious, philosophical, and aesthetic -- with the aim to find a world view of more complete insight and innovation. The Radius Foundation is a forum for different views."
The foundation has published several works that examine the intersection of religion and metaphysics with science and social action.
Terry Moore | Speaker | TED.com